Pada abad ke 19, bidang psikologi semakin berkembang dengan wujudnya bidang kajian psikologi agam... more Pada abad ke 19, bidang psikologi semakin berkembang dengan wujudnya bidang kajian psikologi agama yang bertujuan untuk memahami perasaan, pemikiran dan tingkah laku beragama. Sarjana psikologi Barat telah melakukan pelbagai kajian yang berbeza bagi mengemukakan pandangan dan pemikiran mereka terhadap tingkah laku beragama. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) merupakan salah seorang ahli psikologi Barat yang sangat berpengaruh dalam bidang psikologi dan beliau telah memperkenalkan teori Psikoanalitik. Berdasarkan teori Psikoanalitik, beliau telah megemukakan pandangan dan pemikiran terhadap aspek agama dan aktiviti pelaksanaan tingkah laku beragama yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini memperincikan pemikiran beliau terhadap konsep tingkah laku beragama yang dilakukan oleh seseorang. Perincian yang dilakukan adalah terhadap faktor pembentukan, bentuk dan tujuan tingkah laku beragama. Kajian ini menggunakan metode analisis dokumen dengan pendekatan tematik untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpul daripada buku psikologi karangan Freud sebagai rujukan utama dan disokong oleh jurnal dan artikel yang berkaitan. Hasil kajian menjelaskan tingkah laku beragama adalah tingkah laku yang terhasil dari keinginan seksual dan perasaan untuk memiliki sesuatu keinginan yang bersifat keanak-anakan. Keinginan dan perasaan ini telah membawa kepada penyesalan sehingga menyebabkan tingkah laku beragama terbentuk. Bentuk tingkah laku beragama adalah aktiviti ritual yang dilakukan menurut ajaran agama yang dipercayai seperti upacara pemujaan, penyembahan dan pengorbanan. Tujuannya pula adalah untuk memenuhi keinginan manusia iaitu keinginan kepada perlindungan dan keinginan kepada kebahagiaan. Katakunci: Sigmund Freud; tingkah laku beragama; faktor pembentukan; psikoanalitik; minda bawah sedar Abstract Studies in psychology has expanded in the 19th century with the existence of psychology of religious studies which aims to understand the religious feelings, thoughts and religious behaviors. Western psychologists conducted various different studies of religion and offered their views and thoughts on the religious behaviors of individuals. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was one of the most influential Western psychologists in the field of psychology and and he introduced Psychoanalytic theory. Based on Psychoanalytic theory, he offered his views and thoughts on religion and the religious behavior activities performed by humans. Therefore, this study details his thoughts on the concept of religious behavior performed by a person. The study focuses on formation factors, characteristics and the purpose of religious behavior. Document analysis method was adopted in this study, where data collected from his work i.e. books on psychology as the main reference, which was supported by journals and articles related to this study. The results of the study show that religious behavior is a behavior that results from sexual desire and the feelings of having childish desire. These desires and feelings make humans regret which in turn lead to the formation of religious behaviors. The forms of religious behavior are ritual activities carried out according to religious beliefs, for example ceremonies, worship and sacrifice. The goal of religious behavior is to fulfill the human desires for protection and happiness. Keywords: Sigmund Freud; religious behavior; factors; psychoanalytic; subconscious mind
Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, Nov 20, 2017
ABSTRAK Teori Maslow mempunyai pengaruh yang luas dalam pelbagai aspek kehidupan manusia baik dar... more ABSTRAK Teori Maslow mempunyai pengaruh yang luas dalam pelbagai aspek kehidupan manusia baik dari segi falsafah, agama, psikologi dan juga pendidikan. Teori Maslow mengemukakan lima tahap keperluan yang perlu dipenuhi oleh manusia untuk mencapai kesempurnaan hidup. Namun begitu, teori ini mempunyai kelemahan dari dari sudut ketuhanan, yang mana unsur ketuhanan menjadi unsur paling utama dalam kehidupan seorang Muslim. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan teori Maslow dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim. Kajian ini adalah kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan metodologi analisa dokumen dan kajian ini tidak melibatkan sebarang data atau sampel kajian. Hasil kajian menjelaskan lima tahap keperluan yang dikemukakan oleh teori Maslow mempunyai perkaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim dalam mencapai kehidupan yang sempurna akan tetapi dasar kepada hierarki keperluan seorang Muslim perlu disandarkan kepada Allah SWT atau unsur ketuhanan. Dalam agama Islam lima tahap yang perlu dilalui oleh seorang Muslim adalah lima tahap dalam maqasid syariah yang bertepatan dengan konsep kehidupan Muslim yang terbina atas prinsip akidah, akhlak dan syariah. ABSTRACT Maslow’s theory influences various aspects of human life in terms of philosophy, religion, psychology and education. Maslow’s theory suggests five levels of human’s needs that must be fulfill by humans to reach a perfection of life. However, this theory has the disadvantage about divinity which is the most important element in Muslim’s life. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss Maslow’s theory and its relations to the lives of Muslims. This study is a qualitative study using document analysis methods and this study did not involve any data or samples. The findings from this study stated that the five levels of human’s needs proposed by Maslow’s theory related to Muslim life in achieving a perfect life but the basic of Muslim’s hierarchy needs is Allah SWT or divinity element. In Islam, five levels that need to be traversed by a Muslim is five levels in maqasid syariah which is coincides with the concept of Muslim life. The concept of Muslim life is built on the principle of faith, morals and syariah (Islamic laws).
Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities
Psychologists have conducted empirical studies and observations to explain the development of rel... more Psychologists have conducted empirical studies and observations to explain the development of religious behavior. Psychologists in this field such as Micheal Argyle, Feierman and Ghazali have certainly give their own theories and views in explaining the stages of development of religious behavior. This has certainly been found in many of their books. However, it would be useful to conduct an analysis to find out the views of these religious psychologists and thus be able to conclude about the development stages of religious behavior. Therefore, the objectives of this paper analyzes Argyle, Feierman and Ghazali books which is discusses the question of religious behavior. This study uses qualitative methods through document analysis approach to the work of Religious Behavior from Argyle, Biology of Religious Behavior from Feierman and Ihya Ulum Al-Din from Ghazali. The discussions of all these religious psychologists were analyzed thematically to answer the objectives of the study. Th...
Kertas kerja ini menjelaskan keperluan terhadap memahami agama lain sebagai asas keharmonian aga... more Kertas kerja ini menjelaskan keperluan terhadap memahami agama lain sebagai asas keharmonian agama di Malaysia. Tidak dinafikan bahawa usaha untuk memupuk keharmonian antara penganut agama di Malaysia kerap dilaksanakan sama ada secara teori mahupun praktikal merangkumi program yang melibatkan pelbagai agama akan tetapi isu dan konflik tuntutan dalam isu antara agama di Malaysia masih lagi berlaku. Sejajar dengan situasi ini, beberapa sesi temu bual telah dijalankan bersama informan yang terdiri dari wakil pemimpin- pemimpin bagi agama Islam dan Kristian di Malaysia. Data temu bual ini telah dianalisis secara tematik dengan penggunaan perisian Atlas Ti. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa hubungan antara penganut Muslim dan Bukan Muslim khasnya Muslim –Kristian di Malaysia masih dipenuhi dengan syak wasangka dan salah faham. Fakor utama berpunca dari salah faham terhadap dasar Islamisasi yang dilaksanakan dalam kerajaan. Salah faham ini seterusnya membentuk kumpulan yang terlalu eks...
ABSTRAK Artikel ini memfokuskan hubungan dan interaksi yang berlaku di antara masyarakat Muslim... more ABSTRAK Artikel ini memfokuskan hubungan dan interaksi yang berlaku di antara masyarakat Muslim dan bukan Muslim di Seoul, Korea menurut pandangan dan perspektif daripada dua persatuan Islam di Korea yang dikenali sebagai Generasi Mahasiswa Islam Korea (GMIK) dan Ikatan Keluarga Muslim-Indonesia (IKMI). Korea merupakan sebuah negara yang masyarakatnya terdiri daripada berbilang agama seperti Buddha, Hindu, Kristian dan ada juga sebahagian daripada mereka berpendirian Atheism. Pendekatan temubual dan perbincangan focus group telah digunakan melalui sebuah program mobiliti tanpa kredit yang dianjurkan oleh Kelab Usuluddin dan Falsafah UKM (KUFAH) iaitu Assalamualaikum Seoul ! An Inter-Ideology Journey 2017 (ASEOUL 2017). Kajian mendapati bahawa Korea sebuah negara bukan Islam, maka mempraktikkan tanggungjawab sebagai seorang Muslim dibumi Korea bukanlah suatu perkara yang mudah. Namun Masyarakat Korea bebas mengamalkan agama masing-masing dan juga bebas untuk menyeru dan menyampaik...
Rasulullah SAW as a final prophet is a great rewards of Allah SWT to Muslims ummah. The Allah’s s... more Rasulullah SAW as a final prophet is a great rewards of Allah SWT to Muslims ummah. The Allah’s syariah is the best method for all human beings in religious affairs and worldly affairs until the day of judgement. This syariah has abolished all the previous syariah. However, the syariah still protects the rights and the responsibility of other religions who are living in the Islamic State by giving the rights of social freedom, business activities and the right to practice their rituals beliefs. All these issues are being allowed under the system of ahl zimmah concept where their rights must be protected. However, the current developments have shown the tension in Muslim countries regarding the development of temple and church. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discuss the perspective of the Islamic aqidah on building the temple and church and the misunderstanding on the issues of building the temple and church in the Islamic state. This study uses the data collection method...
Tasamuh is a concept introduced in Islam and was practiced during the time of Prophet Muhammad SA... more Tasamuh is a concept introduced in Islam and was practiced during the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Its concept and practice was proved to be the realistic and practical concept in the multi religious society during his period. Even several centuries after the prophetic time, Tasamuh was also substantiated as good practice of Muslim society towards non-Muslims as to ensure social harmony with regard to sensitive religious issues. Changing of time created life to be more complicated and formed more pluralistic societies. The pluralities of religions and cultures require a fit solution to settle any conflicting issues arose. In this case, much discussion on the concept of tolerance took place compared to the concept of Tasamuh. This paper means to grasp the meaning of Tasamuh and tolerance from their roots either grounded for the sources or resulted from the history of the society. By using method of content analysis of the references that related to Tasamuh and tolerance, the paper e...
This study aims to look at the lecturers’ perception of the dimension of the study centers chairp... more This study aims to look at the lecturers’ perception of the dimension of the study centers chairperson's leadership style. Therefore, this study seeks to identify two dimensions of chairperson’s leadership style, namely task-oriented (leader focuses on the tasks) and relationship-oriented (leader focuses on human relations) leader which promote motivation to lecturers. The researcher conducted a survey in three study centers at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) which involved 75 lecturers as respondents. The questionnaire comprises two dimensions of chairperson’s leadership styles and lecturers’ motivation level. Data from this study were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 to obtain descriptive analysis and statistical inference (Pearson correlation coefficient). Descriptive analysis allows the researcher to identify the chairperson's leadership style either the dimension of task-oriented or relationship oriented being practiced. Meanwhile, statistical inference (Pearson correlation coefficient) is used to determine the relationship of chairperson's leadership style with lecturers’ motivation level. The result shows that dimension of task-oriented were more often being used by the chairperson in three study centers at UKM. The study found that there was a significant relationship between leadership styles with lecturers’ motivation level. There was no significant relationship between dimension of task-oriented with lecturers’ motivation level. On the other hand, significant relationship was identified between dimension of relationship-oriented and religiosity with lecturers’ motivation level.
Pada abad ke 19, bidang psikologi semakin berkembang dengan wujudnya bidang kajian psikologi agam... more Pada abad ke 19, bidang psikologi semakin berkembang dengan wujudnya bidang kajian psikologi agama yang bertujuan untuk memahami perasaan, pemikiran dan tingkah laku beragama. Sarjana psikologi Barat telah melakukan pelbagai kajian yang berbeza bagi mengemukakan pandangan dan pemikiran mereka terhadap tingkah laku beragama. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) merupakan salah seorang ahli psikologi Barat yang sangat berpengaruh dalam bidang psikologi dan beliau telah memperkenalkan teori Psikoanalitik. Berdasarkan teori Psikoanalitik, beliau telah megemukakan pandangan dan pemikiran terhadap aspek agama dan aktiviti pelaksanaan tingkah laku beragama yang dilakukan oleh manusia. Oleh yang demikian, kajian ini memperincikan pemikiran beliau terhadap konsep tingkah laku beragama yang dilakukan oleh seseorang. Perincian yang dilakukan adalah terhadap faktor pembentukan, bentuk dan tujuan tingkah laku beragama. Kajian ini menggunakan metode analisis dokumen dengan pendekatan tematik untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpul daripada buku psikologi karangan Freud sebagai rujukan utama dan disokong oleh jurnal dan artikel yang berkaitan. Hasil kajian menjelaskan tingkah laku beragama adalah tingkah laku yang terhasil dari keinginan seksual dan perasaan untuk memiliki sesuatu keinginan yang bersifat keanak-anakan. Keinginan dan perasaan ini telah membawa kepada penyesalan sehingga menyebabkan tingkah laku beragama terbentuk. Bentuk tingkah laku beragama adalah aktiviti ritual yang dilakukan menurut ajaran agama yang dipercayai seperti upacara pemujaan, penyembahan dan pengorbanan. Tujuannya pula adalah untuk memenuhi keinginan manusia iaitu keinginan kepada perlindungan dan keinginan kepada kebahagiaan. Katakunci: Sigmund Freud; tingkah laku beragama; faktor pembentukan; psikoanalitik; minda bawah sedar Abstract Studies in psychology has expanded in the 19th century with the existence of psychology of religious studies which aims to understand the religious feelings, thoughts and religious behaviors. Western psychologists conducted various different studies of religion and offered their views and thoughts on the religious behaviors of individuals. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was one of the most influential Western psychologists in the field of psychology and and he introduced Psychoanalytic theory. Based on Psychoanalytic theory, he offered his views and thoughts on religion and the religious behavior activities performed by humans. Therefore, this study details his thoughts on the concept of religious behavior performed by a person. The study focuses on formation factors, characteristics and the purpose of religious behavior. Document analysis method was adopted in this study, where data collected from his work i.e. books on psychology as the main reference, which was supported by journals and articles related to this study. The results of the study show that religious behavior is a behavior that results from sexual desire and the feelings of having childish desire. These desires and feelings make humans regret which in turn lead to the formation of religious behaviors. The forms of religious behavior are ritual activities carried out according to religious beliefs, for example ceremonies, worship and sacrifice. The goal of religious behavior is to fulfill the human desires for protection and happiness. Keywords: Sigmund Freud; religious behavior; factors; psychoanalytic; subconscious mind
Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, Nov 20, 2017
ABSTRAK Teori Maslow mempunyai pengaruh yang luas dalam pelbagai aspek kehidupan manusia baik dar... more ABSTRAK Teori Maslow mempunyai pengaruh yang luas dalam pelbagai aspek kehidupan manusia baik dari segi falsafah, agama, psikologi dan juga pendidikan. Teori Maslow mengemukakan lima tahap keperluan yang perlu dipenuhi oleh manusia untuk mencapai kesempurnaan hidup. Namun begitu, teori ini mempunyai kelemahan dari dari sudut ketuhanan, yang mana unsur ketuhanan menjadi unsur paling utama dalam kehidupan seorang Muslim. Oleh itu, makalah ini bertujuan untuk membincangkan teori Maslow dan kaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim. Kajian ini adalah kajian kualitatif yang menggunakan metodologi analisa dokumen dan kajian ini tidak melibatkan sebarang data atau sampel kajian. Hasil kajian menjelaskan lima tahap keperluan yang dikemukakan oleh teori Maslow mempunyai perkaitannya dengan kehidupan Muslim dalam mencapai kehidupan yang sempurna akan tetapi dasar kepada hierarki keperluan seorang Muslim perlu disandarkan kepada Allah SWT atau unsur ketuhanan. Dalam agama Islam lima tahap yang perlu dilalui oleh seorang Muslim adalah lima tahap dalam maqasid syariah yang bertepatan dengan konsep kehidupan Muslim yang terbina atas prinsip akidah, akhlak dan syariah. ABSTRACT Maslow’s theory influences various aspects of human life in terms of philosophy, religion, psychology and education. Maslow’s theory suggests five levels of human’s needs that must be fulfill by humans to reach a perfection of life. However, this theory has the disadvantage about divinity which is the most important element in Muslim’s life. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss Maslow’s theory and its relations to the lives of Muslims. This study is a qualitative study using document analysis methods and this study did not involve any data or samples. The findings from this study stated that the five levels of human’s needs proposed by Maslow’s theory related to Muslim life in achieving a perfect life but the basic of Muslim’s hierarchy needs is Allah SWT or divinity element. In Islam, five levels that need to be traversed by a Muslim is five levels in maqasid syariah which is coincides with the concept of Muslim life. The concept of Muslim life is built on the principle of faith, morals and syariah (Islamic laws).
Journal of Defence Management, Social Science & Humanities
Psychologists have conducted empirical studies and observations to explain the development of rel... more Psychologists have conducted empirical studies and observations to explain the development of religious behavior. Psychologists in this field such as Micheal Argyle, Feierman and Ghazali have certainly give their own theories and views in explaining the stages of development of religious behavior. This has certainly been found in many of their books. However, it would be useful to conduct an analysis to find out the views of these religious psychologists and thus be able to conclude about the development stages of religious behavior. Therefore, the objectives of this paper analyzes Argyle, Feierman and Ghazali books which is discusses the question of religious behavior. This study uses qualitative methods through document analysis approach to the work of Religious Behavior from Argyle, Biology of Religious Behavior from Feierman and Ihya Ulum Al-Din from Ghazali. The discussions of all these religious psychologists were analyzed thematically to answer the objectives of the study. Th...
Kertas kerja ini menjelaskan keperluan terhadap memahami agama lain sebagai asas keharmonian aga... more Kertas kerja ini menjelaskan keperluan terhadap memahami agama lain sebagai asas keharmonian agama di Malaysia. Tidak dinafikan bahawa usaha untuk memupuk keharmonian antara penganut agama di Malaysia kerap dilaksanakan sama ada secara teori mahupun praktikal merangkumi program yang melibatkan pelbagai agama akan tetapi isu dan konflik tuntutan dalam isu antara agama di Malaysia masih lagi berlaku. Sejajar dengan situasi ini, beberapa sesi temu bual telah dijalankan bersama informan yang terdiri dari wakil pemimpin- pemimpin bagi agama Islam dan Kristian di Malaysia. Data temu bual ini telah dianalisis secara tematik dengan penggunaan perisian Atlas Ti. Hasil kajian ini mendapati bahawa hubungan antara penganut Muslim dan Bukan Muslim khasnya Muslim –Kristian di Malaysia masih dipenuhi dengan syak wasangka dan salah faham. Fakor utama berpunca dari salah faham terhadap dasar Islamisasi yang dilaksanakan dalam kerajaan. Salah faham ini seterusnya membentuk kumpulan yang terlalu eks...
ABSTRAK Artikel ini memfokuskan hubungan dan interaksi yang berlaku di antara masyarakat Muslim... more ABSTRAK Artikel ini memfokuskan hubungan dan interaksi yang berlaku di antara masyarakat Muslim dan bukan Muslim di Seoul, Korea menurut pandangan dan perspektif daripada dua persatuan Islam di Korea yang dikenali sebagai Generasi Mahasiswa Islam Korea (GMIK) dan Ikatan Keluarga Muslim-Indonesia (IKMI). Korea merupakan sebuah negara yang masyarakatnya terdiri daripada berbilang agama seperti Buddha, Hindu, Kristian dan ada juga sebahagian daripada mereka berpendirian Atheism. Pendekatan temubual dan perbincangan focus group telah digunakan melalui sebuah program mobiliti tanpa kredit yang dianjurkan oleh Kelab Usuluddin dan Falsafah UKM (KUFAH) iaitu Assalamualaikum Seoul ! An Inter-Ideology Journey 2017 (ASEOUL 2017). Kajian mendapati bahawa Korea sebuah negara bukan Islam, maka mempraktikkan tanggungjawab sebagai seorang Muslim dibumi Korea bukanlah suatu perkara yang mudah. Namun Masyarakat Korea bebas mengamalkan agama masing-masing dan juga bebas untuk menyeru dan menyampaik...
Rasulullah SAW as a final prophet is a great rewards of Allah SWT to Muslims ummah. The Allah’s s... more Rasulullah SAW as a final prophet is a great rewards of Allah SWT to Muslims ummah. The Allah’s syariah is the best method for all human beings in religious affairs and worldly affairs until the day of judgement. This syariah has abolished all the previous syariah. However, the syariah still protects the rights and the responsibility of other religions who are living in the Islamic State by giving the rights of social freedom, business activities and the right to practice their rituals beliefs. All these issues are being allowed under the system of ahl zimmah concept where their rights must be protected. However, the current developments have shown the tension in Muslim countries regarding the development of temple and church. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to discuss the perspective of the Islamic aqidah on building the temple and church and the misunderstanding on the issues of building the temple and church in the Islamic state. This study uses the data collection method...
Tasamuh is a concept introduced in Islam and was practiced during the time of Prophet Muhammad SA... more Tasamuh is a concept introduced in Islam and was practiced during the time of Prophet Muhammad SAW. Its concept and practice was proved to be the realistic and practical concept in the multi religious society during his period. Even several centuries after the prophetic time, Tasamuh was also substantiated as good practice of Muslim society towards non-Muslims as to ensure social harmony with regard to sensitive religious issues. Changing of time created life to be more complicated and formed more pluralistic societies. The pluralities of religions and cultures require a fit solution to settle any conflicting issues arose. In this case, much discussion on the concept of tolerance took place compared to the concept of Tasamuh. This paper means to grasp the meaning of Tasamuh and tolerance from their roots either grounded for the sources or resulted from the history of the society. By using method of content analysis of the references that related to Tasamuh and tolerance, the paper e...
This study aims to look at the lecturers’ perception of the dimension of the study centers chairp... more This study aims to look at the lecturers’ perception of the dimension of the study centers chairperson's leadership style. Therefore, this study seeks to identify two dimensions of chairperson’s leadership style, namely task-oriented (leader focuses on the tasks) and relationship-oriented (leader focuses on human relations) leader which promote motivation to lecturers. The researcher conducted a survey in three study centers at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) which involved 75 lecturers as respondents. The questionnaire comprises two dimensions of chairperson’s leadership styles and lecturers’ motivation level. Data from this study were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 to obtain descriptive analysis and statistical inference (Pearson correlation coefficient). Descriptive analysis allows the researcher to identify the chairperson's leadership style either the dimension of task-oriented or relationship oriented being practiced. Meanwhile, statistical inference (Pearson correlation coefficient) is used to determine the relationship of chairperson's leadership style with lecturers’ motivation level. The result shows that dimension of task-oriented were more often being used by the chairperson in three study centers at UKM. The study found that there was a significant relationship between leadership styles with lecturers’ motivation level. There was no significant relationship between dimension of task-oriented with lecturers’ motivation level. On the other hand, significant relationship was identified between dimension of relationship-oriented and religiosity with lecturers’ motivation level.
Religionswissenschaft or the study of religion is an attempt to understand various aspects of rel... more Religionswissenschaft or the study of religion is an attempt to understand various aspects of religion, especially through the use of other intellectual disciplines. The Muqaddimah is principally meant to be an introduction to the voluminous text of history, namely Kitab al cIbar. Yet, the creation of Muqaddimah includes information on the study of human, which simultaneously includes information and views on religions. There are many views on religion highlighted by Ibn Khaldun in his Muqaddimah. These views on religion mostly describe the roles of religion in human life as found through his sociohistorical approach of cUmrān science. Through the use of qualitative content analysis on Muqaddimah text, this study found that there is a focus made by Ibn Khaldun in his views on religion, namely religion and happiness. This article explores Ibn Khaldun’s views on religion and its roles for human happiness. Many modern scholars of religious study have shared their views on religious roles towards happiness. These modern views came from scholars of many religious backgrounds such as the atheists, seculars and religionists. In the Muqaddimah, Ibn Khaldun pronounces his understanding of happiness, which are not divorced from the religious teachings and practices. This article purports to highlight Ibn Khaldun’s views on religious roles towards happiness, which focusing on Ibn Khaldun’s justifications and rationalizations for such religious roles. From findings on Ibn Khaldun’s views on religious roles towards happiness, this article suggests that Ibn Khaldun’s rationalizations for such religious roles determine his thought style that is integrative (naqlī caqlī) or in tawhidic manner. This article proposes that Muqaddimah is supposed to be taken as a representative of Islamic thought in the midst of many references for religious study, especially in encountering various present views on religious roles in human’s life. Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Religionswissenschaft, Muqaddimah, modern happiness.
Dalam konteks tamadun Barat yang signifikan dengan perkembangan agama Kristian, amalan dialog ant... more Dalam konteks tamadun Barat yang signifikan dengan perkembangan agama Kristian, amalan dialog antara agama berlaku hasil pertembungan antara penganut agama, sama ada secara aman mahupun disebabkan peperangan. Artikel ini membincangkan amalan dialog antara agama daripada sorotan tamadun Barat, berdasarkan peristiwa-peristiwa penting. Reka bentuk kajian adalah bersifat kualitatif dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian kepustakaan. Dapatan menunjukkan amalan dialog antara agama di Barat telah bermula semenjak abad ke-4 Masihi melalui amalan agamawan Kristian dalam menyebarkan ajaran mereka kepada penganut agama lain. Pertembungan antara penganut agama, khususnya antara Kristian dan Islam telah merancakkan lagi pengamalan dialog dengan tujuan missionary. Pada fasa ini, perbincangan dalam dialog lebih menjurus kepada isu teologi. Amalan dialog antara agama di Barat mula mengalami transformasi dari sudut pendekatan yang dilakukan, menjelang akhir abad ke-19, iaitu fokus dialog lebih kepada membina hubungan dan persefahaman antara penganut agama.
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Papers by Jaffary Awang
Keywords: Ibn Khaldun, Religionswissenschaft, Muqaddimah, modern happiness.