This paper sets out to provide a brief guide to brain function and the main causes of brain dysfu... more This paper sets out to provide a brief guide to brain function and the main causes of brain dysfunction likely to be encountered in social care and neurodisability practice. For the first issue of Social Care and Neurodisability, it was felt that such an overview paper serving both as a self‐contained aide memoire, and as a ‘signpost’ for other relevant resources, would be a useful tool to sit alongside any subsequent articles published in the Journal and provide some relevant brain function context. We have drawn on clinical experience, key references and the growing area of internet‐based resources in order to provide what is hopefully an accessible paper in the spirit of the ubiquitous ‘Made Simple’ series.
Background and objectives Emerging research supports virtual reality use with people with dementi... more Background and objectives Emerging research supports virtual reality use with people with dementia in the community, but is limited to this area, warranting further investigation in different care settings. The feasibility of virtual reality within an inpatient psychiatric care setting was therefore explored. Research design and methods: Eight people with dementia and 16 caregivers were recruited in January and February 2018 from a UK hospital specialising in progressive neurological conditions. A mixed methods design measured affect and behaviour using the Observed Emotion Rating Scale, Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Neurorehabilitation and St Andrew’s Sexual Behaviour Assessment. Thematic analysis was conducted following semi-structured interviews. Caregivers who worked at the hospital supported people with dementia throughout the process and were interviewed for their views on Head Mounted Display-Virtual Reality (HMD-VR) use with people with dementia. Results HMD-VR was tri...
Most measures of suboptimal effort focus on short-term learning; fewer studies have considered no... more Most measures of suboptimal effort focus on short-term learning; fewer studies have considered non-memory feigned cognitive impairment. This study investigated the utility of the Multiple Errands Test - Simplified Version (MET-SV) in the detection of feigned executive functioning impairment. Performance of simulating malingerers (N = 47) was compared to acquired brain injury (N = 46) and neurologically healthy control groups (N = 50). Although simulating malingerers were successful at feigning a realistic level of impairment compared to the brain injury group, there were significant differences regarding pattern of performance. A logistic regression model successfully classified 84% of simulating malingerers and 74.5% of brain injured individuals. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis supported the discriminatory power of the model. The current study is unique in yielding some understanding of the real-life observation of suspected malingerers compared to individuals with genuine cognitive difficulties. Results suggest the MET-SV can contribute to the clinical assessment of individuals suspected of suboptimal effort in the domain of executive functioning. Further research is needed to establish whether the MET-SV can be reliably used in medico-legal settings.
Malingered anterograde amnesia is a phenomenon that has been exhaustively studied, whereas resear... more Malingered anterograde amnesia is a phenomenon that has been exhaustively studied, whereas research on retrograde amnesia has tended to focus upon functional and organic accounts of impairment. The present review explores studies relevant to extending the malingering paradigm to retrograde amnesia. In the period reviewed, very little work has directly addressed the area of malingered retrograde amnesia. Researchers have tended to explain apparent 'anomalies' in memory performance or individual presentation, as manifestations of unconscious or psychological distress-mediated behaviour. In contrast, research with offenders claiming amnesia for their crimes has emphasized that malingered retrograde amnesia can be identified with relevant assessment methods. Brain imaging work too has begun to clearly describe the associated neural processes that underlie deception. It appears that the necessary coalescence of insights from clinical neuropsychology, brain imaging and neurology has reached a critical moment. Current and previous studies are reviewed that addresses the assessment of malingered retrograde amnesia and evidences that a critical moment has been reached.
... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, ... more ... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, 1990; Prigatano et al., 1996). The Ticehurst Unit was established in a psychiatric hospital whereas at Unsted there was a tradition of physical and neurological rehabilitation. ...
... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, ... more ... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, 1990; Prigatano et al., 1996). The Ticehurst Unit was established in a psychiatric hospital whereas at Unsted there was a tradition of physical and neurological rehabilitation. ...
This paper sets out to provide a brief guide to brain function and the main causes of brain dysfu... more This paper sets out to provide a brief guide to brain function and the main causes of brain dysfunction likely to be encountered in social care and neurodisability practice. For the first issue of Social Care and Neurodisability, it was felt that such an overview paper serving both as a self‐contained aide memoire, and as a ‘signpost’ for other relevant resources, would be a useful tool to sit alongside any subsequent articles published in the Journal and provide some relevant brain function context. We have drawn on clinical experience, key references and the growing area of internet‐based resources in order to provide what is hopefully an accessible paper in the spirit of the ubiquitous ‘Made Simple’ series.
Background and objectives Emerging research supports virtual reality use with people with dementi... more Background and objectives Emerging research supports virtual reality use with people with dementia in the community, but is limited to this area, warranting further investigation in different care settings. The feasibility of virtual reality within an inpatient psychiatric care setting was therefore explored. Research design and methods: Eight people with dementia and 16 caregivers were recruited in January and February 2018 from a UK hospital specialising in progressive neurological conditions. A mixed methods design measured affect and behaviour using the Observed Emotion Rating Scale, Overt Aggression Scale-Modified for Neurorehabilitation and St Andrew’s Sexual Behaviour Assessment. Thematic analysis was conducted following semi-structured interviews. Caregivers who worked at the hospital supported people with dementia throughout the process and were interviewed for their views on Head Mounted Display-Virtual Reality (HMD-VR) use with people with dementia. Results HMD-VR was tri...
Most measures of suboptimal effort focus on short-term learning; fewer studies have considered no... more Most measures of suboptimal effort focus on short-term learning; fewer studies have considered non-memory feigned cognitive impairment. This study investigated the utility of the Multiple Errands Test - Simplified Version (MET-SV) in the detection of feigned executive functioning impairment. Performance of simulating malingerers (N = 47) was compared to acquired brain injury (N = 46) and neurologically healthy control groups (N = 50). Although simulating malingerers were successful at feigning a realistic level of impairment compared to the brain injury group, there were significant differences regarding pattern of performance. A logistic regression model successfully classified 84% of simulating malingerers and 74.5% of brain injured individuals. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis supported the discriminatory power of the model. The current study is unique in yielding some understanding of the real-life observation of suspected malingerers compared to individuals with genuine cognitive difficulties. Results suggest the MET-SV can contribute to the clinical assessment of individuals suspected of suboptimal effort in the domain of executive functioning. Further research is needed to establish whether the MET-SV can be reliably used in medico-legal settings.
Malingered anterograde amnesia is a phenomenon that has been exhaustively studied, whereas resear... more Malingered anterograde amnesia is a phenomenon that has been exhaustively studied, whereas research on retrograde amnesia has tended to focus upon functional and organic accounts of impairment. The present review explores studies relevant to extending the malingering paradigm to retrograde amnesia. In the period reviewed, very little work has directly addressed the area of malingered retrograde amnesia. Researchers have tended to explain apparent 'anomalies' in memory performance or individual presentation, as manifestations of unconscious or psychological distress-mediated behaviour. In contrast, research with offenders claiming amnesia for their crimes has emphasized that malingered retrograde amnesia can be identified with relevant assessment methods. Brain imaging work too has begun to clearly describe the associated neural processes that underlie deception. It appears that the necessary coalescence of insights from clinical neuropsychology, brain imaging and neurology has reached a critical moment. Current and previous studies are reviewed that addresses the assessment of malingered retrograde amnesia and evidences that a critical moment has been reached.
... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, ... more ... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, 1990; Prigatano et al., 1996). The Ticehurst Unit was established in a psychiatric hospital whereas at Unsted there was a tradition of physical and neurological rehabilitation. ...
... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, ... more ... Both programmes were influenced by approaches established in the USA (Ben-Yishay & Gold, 1990; Prigatano et al., 1996). The Ticehurst Unit was established in a psychiatric hospital whereas at Unsted there was a tradition of physical and neurological rehabilitation. ...
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Papers by Keith Jenkins