Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09669582 2013 826231, Feb 21, 2014
The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on multiple tourism destinations was a striking remin... more The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on multiple tourism destinations was a striking reminder of the vulnerability of tourism-dependent destination communities to shocks and stressors. However, the causal drivers of destination vulnerability remain under-researched. Furthermore, there are few studies that systematically apply and test the usefulness of new theoretical frameworks in assessing real-world problems like vulnerability to natural hazards. This crucial step in social theory development is often overlooked. In this paper we redress these fundamental gaps by “operationalising” the new Destination Sustainability Framework (DSF). The DSF is used to guide a case study-based comparative destination vulnerability assessment (DVA) of the tsunami-affected destinations of Khao Lak, Patong and Phi Phi Don in Thailand to better understand destination vulnerability and its evolution in different places and developmental contexts. The findings indicate that destination vulnerability is created and perpetuated by a combination of multiple, dynamic and interacting factors, including geographical exposure, destination-specific development characteristics, social structures and governance processes. Underlying these factors and processes are competing stakeholder agendas and actions, historically-embedded cultural norms, institutional preferences and power structures that entrench and perpetuate unequal access to resources, all of which play out at multiple scales of social organisation over time.2004年印度洋海啸对多个旅游目的地的影响是对依赖旅游业的目的地社区的脆弱性的冲击和压力是一个惊人的提醒。但是,目的地脆弱性的因果驱动仍正在研究中。另外,很少研究是系统化地应用和测试新理论框架在评估真实世界问题例如对自然灾害的脆弱性的有用性。这个社会理论发展中的重要步骤经常被忽略。在该文章中我们通过`操作'新的目的地可持续性框架(DSF)来纠正这些基本的缺口。DSF被用来导向一个案例研究为基础的对比目的地脆弱性评估(DVA),针对泰国的拷叻,巴东,皮皮岛这些海啸影响的目的地来更好地理解目的地脆弱性和在不同地方和发展内容下的进化。结论显示目的地脆弱性被一个多样的,多层次的,相互作用的因素的集合来创造和延续,这包括地理曝光,特定目的地的发展特点,社会结构和治理流程。这些因素和流程的基础是不断相互竞争的利益相关者日程和行为,历史嵌入的文化规范,体制的偏好和巩固和延续不平等的资源使用上的权利结构,这些都随着时间的推移在社会组织的多个规模下发挥出来。
ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects i... more ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects in Bangladesh Details Meeting 2012 Fall Meeting Section Education and Human Resources Session Education General Contributions II Posters Identifier ED21A-0681 Authors Alam, M E*, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh Dominey-Howes, D, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Momtaz, S, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Calgaro, E, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Index Terms Extreme events [4313] Exposure [4326] Risk [4328] Disaster risk analysis and assessment [4333] Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) frequently devastate large areas, take numerous lives, and damage extensive property in the coastal and island areas of Bangladesh. A review of the literature about cyclone events in Bangladesh indicates that previous research has mainly focused on events occurring after AD1959. In addition, limited work has examined historical data in order to understand the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrences and their associated losses. We rectify this gap by developing a new TC database that goes beyond the present regional TC databases by maximising the use of all available documentary sources. We then analyse the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrence and reconstruct their effects in Bangladesh. This new database consists of 254 TCs that occurred between AD1000 and 2009 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 184 events directly struck Bangladesh between AD1484 and 2009. Of these 184 events, the precise location of landfall was not available for 11 events. Of the remaining 173 events, Chittagong was struck by 43 TCs, Barisal and Khulna by 42 each. Noakhali and Cox’s Bazar were struck by 29 and 17 TCs respectively. Although, Chittagong was struck by more TC landfalls than any other coastal segment, Barisal was identified as high-risk place in terms of the occurrence of deaths. The findings suggest that prior to AD1900, there is a lack of data on the occurrence of TCs and this paucity of data increases the further back in time. Within the new dataset, inconsistencies in reported storm surge height, wind speed and exaggerations in the reporting of deaths are identified and discussed. In Bangladesh, a total of 2,665,636 human deaths occurred in association with the 184 TCs between AD1484 and 2009. Between AD1923 and 2009, 13 TCs caused 9,431,225 people to become homeless. Analysis of the deaths and damage associated with TCs in AD1970, AD1991 and AD2007 indicate that whilst the number of deaths decreased between events, the amount of economic damage and the number of people being affected and becoming homeless, increased significantly. The highly positive correlation (r = 0.89) between storm surge height and human deaths suggests that the occurrence of deaths increases with an increase in storm surge height. On the other hand, the increase in human injuries is mainly associated with (r = 0.51) an increase in wind speed of TC. We recognise that our new TC database for the BoB is incomplete and as such, only provides a partial picture useful for quantifying regional hazard. As such, we suggest further ‘deep’ archival research coupled with regional geological studies of palaeostorm surge events to gain a more sophisticated understanding of the hazard. Cite as: Author(s) (2012), Title, Abstract ED21A-0681 presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 3-7 Dec.
Luganville is a developing dive tourism destination region (DTDR) in Vanuatu, which relies on tou... more Luganville is a developing dive tourism destination region (DTDR) in Vanuatu, which relies on tourism. This article reports on the shocks and stressors faced by Luganville's dive tourism sector and climate change's exacerbation of these. The study's methodology was based on rapid rural appraisal and case study principles, involving methods of semistructured interviews, group discussions, and personal observations. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Key shocks identified include cyclones, earthquakes, effect on demand due to media footage, and changes to international flights. Main stressors were starfish outbreaks and environmental degradation. Unlike the indigenous communities, expatriates show little concern for the potential impact of climate change, presenting response challenges that must incorporate different perspectives to develop effective adaptation options.
ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects i... more ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects in Bangladesh Details Meeting 2012 Fall Meeting Section Education and Human Resources Session Education General Contributions II Posters Identifier ED21A-0681 Authors Alam, M E*, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh Dominey-Howes, D, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Momtaz, S, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Calgaro, E, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Index Terms Extreme events [4313] Exposure [4326] Risk [4328] Disaster risk analysis and assessment [4333] Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) frequently devastate large areas, take numerous lives, and damage extensive property in the coastal and island areas of Bangladesh. A review of the literature about cyclone events in Bangladesh indicates that previous research has mainly focused on events occurring after AD1959. In addition, limited work has examined historical data in order to understand the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrences and their associated losses. We rectify this gap by developing a new TC database that goes beyond the present regional TC databases by maximising the use of all available documentary sources. We then analyse the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrence and reconstruct their effects in Bangladesh. This new database consists of 254 TCs that occurred between AD1000 and 2009 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 184 events directly struck Bangladesh between AD1484 and 2009. Of these 184 events, the precise location of landfall was not available for 11 events. Of the remaining 173 events, Chittagong was struck by 43 TCs, Barisal and Khulna by 42 each. Noakhali and Cox’s Bazar were struck by 29 and 17 TCs respectively. Although, Chittagong was struck by more TC landfalls than any other coastal segment, Barisal was identified as high-risk place in terms of the occurrence of deaths. The findings suggest that prior to AD1900, there is a lack of data on the occurrence of TCs and this paucity of data increases the further back in time. Within the new dataset, inconsistencies in reported storm surge height, wind speed and exaggerations in the reporting of deaths are identified and discussed. In Bangladesh, a total of 2,665,636 human deaths occurred in association with the 184 TCs between AD1484 and 2009. Between AD1923 and 2009, 13 TCs caused 9,431,225 people to become homeless. Analysis of the deaths and damage associated with TCs in AD1970, AD1991 and AD2007 indicate that whilst the number of deaths decreased between events, the amount of economic damage and the number of people being affected and becoming homeless, increased significantly. The highly positive correlation (r = 0.89) between storm surge height and human deaths suggests that the occurrence of deaths increases with an increase in storm surge height. On the other hand, the increase in human injuries is mainly associated with (r = 0.51) an increase in wind speed of TC. We recognise that our new TC database for the BoB is incomplete and as such, only provides a partial picture useful for quantifying regional hazard. As such, we suggest further ‘deep’ archival research coupled with regional geological studies of palaeostorm surge events to gain a more sophisticated understanding of the hazard. Cite as: Author(s) (2012), Title, Abstract ED21A-0681 presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 3-7 Dec.
ABSTRACT Marine reserves are increasingly being established as a mechanism to protect marine biod... more ABSTRACT Marine reserves are increasingly being established as a mechanism to protect marine biodiversity and sensitive habitats. As well as providing conservation benefits, marine reserves provide benefits to recreational scuba divers who dive within the reserve, as well as to recreational and commercial fishers outside the reserve through spill-over effects. To ensure benefits are being realised, management of marine reserves requires ongoing monitoring and surveillance. These are not costless, and many marine reserve managers impose an entry fee. In some countries, dive tourism is major income source to coastal industries, and a concern is that high entry fees may dissuade divers. In this paper, the price elasticity of demand for dive tourism in three countries in South East Asia – Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia – is estimated using a travel-cost model. From the model, the total non-market use value associated with diving in the area is estimated to be in the order of US$4.5 billion a year. The price elasticity of demand in the region is highly inelastic, such that increasing the cost of diving through a management levy would have little impact on total diver numbers.
Title: Determining the magnitude, frequency and source of prehistoric events - Is there a Holy Gr... more Title: Determining the magnitude, frequency and source of prehistoric events - Is there a Holy Grail? Authors: Goff, James; Dominey-Howes, Dale; Chague-Goff, Catherine; Strotz, Luke; Anning, David; Bird, Deanne; Calgaro, Emma; Courtney, Claire. ...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09669582 2013 826231, Feb 21, 2014
The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on multiple tourism destinations was a striking remin... more The impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on multiple tourism destinations was a striking reminder of the vulnerability of tourism-dependent destination communities to shocks and stressors. However, the causal drivers of destination vulnerability remain under-researched. Furthermore, there are few studies that systematically apply and test the usefulness of new theoretical frameworks in assessing real-world problems like vulnerability to natural hazards. This crucial step in social theory development is often overlooked. In this paper we redress these fundamental gaps by “operationalising” the new Destination Sustainability Framework (DSF). The DSF is used to guide a case study-based comparative destination vulnerability assessment (DVA) of the tsunami-affected destinations of Khao Lak, Patong and Phi Phi Don in Thailand to better understand destination vulnerability and its evolution in different places and developmental contexts. The findings indicate that destination vulnerability is created and perpetuated by a combination of multiple, dynamic and interacting factors, including geographical exposure, destination-specific development characteristics, social structures and governance processes. Underlying these factors and processes are competing stakeholder agendas and actions, historically-embedded cultural norms, institutional preferences and power structures that entrench and perpetuate unequal access to resources, all of which play out at multiple scales of social organisation over time.2004年印度洋海啸对多个旅游目的地的影响是对依赖旅游业的目的地社区的脆弱性的冲击和压力是一个惊人的提醒。但是,目的地脆弱性的因果驱动仍正在研究中。另外,很少研究是系统化地应用和测试新理论框架在评估真实世界问题例如对自然灾害的脆弱性的有用性。这个社会理论发展中的重要步骤经常被忽略。在该文章中我们通过`操作'新的目的地可持续性框架(DSF)来纠正这些基本的缺口。DSF被用来导向一个案例研究为基础的对比目的地脆弱性评估(DVA),针对泰国的拷叻,巴东,皮皮岛这些海啸影响的目的地来更好地理解目的地脆弱性和在不同地方和发展内容下的进化。结论显示目的地脆弱性被一个多样的,多层次的,相互作用的因素的集合来创造和延续,这包括地理曝光,特定目的地的发展特点,社会结构和治理流程。这些因素和流程的基础是不断相互竞争的利益相关者日程和行为,历史嵌入的文化规范,体制的偏好和巩固和延续不平等的资源使用上的权利结构,这些都随着时间的推移在社会组织的多个规模下发挥出来。
ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects i... more ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects in Bangladesh Details Meeting 2012 Fall Meeting Section Education and Human Resources Session Education General Contributions II Posters Identifier ED21A-0681 Authors Alam, M E*, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh Dominey-Howes, D, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Momtaz, S, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Calgaro, E, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Index Terms Extreme events [4313] Exposure [4326] Risk [4328] Disaster risk analysis and assessment [4333] Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) frequently devastate large areas, take numerous lives, and damage extensive property in the coastal and island areas of Bangladesh. A review of the literature about cyclone events in Bangladesh indicates that previous research has mainly focused on events occurring after AD1959. In addition, limited work has examined historical data in order to understand the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrences and their associated losses. We rectify this gap by developing a new TC database that goes beyond the present regional TC databases by maximising the use of all available documentary sources. We then analyse the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrence and reconstruct their effects in Bangladesh. This new database consists of 254 TCs that occurred between AD1000 and 2009 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 184 events directly struck Bangladesh between AD1484 and 2009. Of these 184 events, the precise location of landfall was not available for 11 events. Of the remaining 173 events, Chittagong was struck by 43 TCs, Barisal and Khulna by 42 each. Noakhali and Cox’s Bazar were struck by 29 and 17 TCs respectively. Although, Chittagong was struck by more TC landfalls than any other coastal segment, Barisal was identified as high-risk place in terms of the occurrence of deaths. The findings suggest that prior to AD1900, there is a lack of data on the occurrence of TCs and this paucity of data increases the further back in time. Within the new dataset, inconsistencies in reported storm surge height, wind speed and exaggerations in the reporting of deaths are identified and discussed. In Bangladesh, a total of 2,665,636 human deaths occurred in association with the 184 TCs between AD1484 and 2009. Between AD1923 and 2009, 13 TCs caused 9,431,225 people to become homeless. Analysis of the deaths and damage associated with TCs in AD1970, AD1991 and AD2007 indicate that whilst the number of deaths decreased between events, the amount of economic damage and the number of people being affected and becoming homeless, increased significantly. The highly positive correlation (r = 0.89) between storm surge height and human deaths suggests that the occurrence of deaths increases with an increase in storm surge height. On the other hand, the increase in human injuries is mainly associated with (r = 0.51) an increase in wind speed of TC. We recognise that our new TC database for the BoB is incomplete and as such, only provides a partial picture useful for quantifying regional hazard. As such, we suggest further ‘deep’ archival research coupled with regional geological studies of palaeostorm surge events to gain a more sophisticated understanding of the hazard. Cite as: Author(s) (2012), Title, Abstract ED21A-0681 presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 3-7 Dec.
Luganville is a developing dive tourism destination region (DTDR) in Vanuatu, which relies on tou... more Luganville is a developing dive tourism destination region (DTDR) in Vanuatu, which relies on tourism. This article reports on the shocks and stressors faced by Luganville's dive tourism sector and climate change's exacerbation of these. The study's methodology was based on rapid rural appraisal and case study principles, involving methods of semistructured interviews, group discussions, and personal observations. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Key shocks identified include cyclones, earthquakes, effect on demand due to media footage, and changes to international flights. Main stressors were starfish outbreaks and environmental degradation. Unlike the indigenous communities, expatriates show little concern for the potential impact of climate change, presenting response challenges that must incorporate different perspectives to develop effective adaptation options.
ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects i... more ABSTRACT A History of Tropical Cyclone Events, their Spatial-temporal Distributions and Effects in Bangladesh Details Meeting 2012 Fall Meeting Section Education and Human Resources Session Education General Contributions II Posters Identifier ED21A-0681 Authors Alam, M E*, Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh Dominey-Howes, D, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Momtaz, S, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia Calgaro, E, Australia-Pacific Tsunami Research Centre and Natural Hazard Research Laboratory, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia Index Terms Extreme events [4313] Exposure [4326] Risk [4328] Disaster risk analysis and assessment [4333] Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) frequently devastate large areas, take numerous lives, and damage extensive property in the coastal and island areas of Bangladesh. A review of the literature about cyclone events in Bangladesh indicates that previous research has mainly focused on events occurring after AD1959. In addition, limited work has examined historical data in order to understand the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrences and their associated losses. We rectify this gap by developing a new TC database that goes beyond the present regional TC databases by maximising the use of all available documentary sources. We then analyse the spatial-temporal pattern of TC occurrence and reconstruct their effects in Bangladesh. This new database consists of 254 TCs that occurred between AD1000 and 2009 in the Bay of Bengal (BoB). A total of 184 events directly struck Bangladesh between AD1484 and 2009. Of these 184 events, the precise location of landfall was not available for 11 events. Of the remaining 173 events, Chittagong was struck by 43 TCs, Barisal and Khulna by 42 each. Noakhali and Cox’s Bazar were struck by 29 and 17 TCs respectively. Although, Chittagong was struck by more TC landfalls than any other coastal segment, Barisal was identified as high-risk place in terms of the occurrence of deaths. The findings suggest that prior to AD1900, there is a lack of data on the occurrence of TCs and this paucity of data increases the further back in time. Within the new dataset, inconsistencies in reported storm surge height, wind speed and exaggerations in the reporting of deaths are identified and discussed. In Bangladesh, a total of 2,665,636 human deaths occurred in association with the 184 TCs between AD1484 and 2009. Between AD1923 and 2009, 13 TCs caused 9,431,225 people to become homeless. Analysis of the deaths and damage associated with TCs in AD1970, AD1991 and AD2007 indicate that whilst the number of deaths decreased between events, the amount of economic damage and the number of people being affected and becoming homeless, increased significantly. The highly positive correlation (r = 0.89) between storm surge height and human deaths suggests that the occurrence of deaths increases with an increase in storm surge height. On the other hand, the increase in human injuries is mainly associated with (r = 0.51) an increase in wind speed of TC. We recognise that our new TC database for the BoB is incomplete and as such, only provides a partial picture useful for quantifying regional hazard. As such, we suggest further ‘deep’ archival research coupled with regional geological studies of palaeostorm surge events to gain a more sophisticated understanding of the hazard. Cite as: Author(s) (2012), Title, Abstract ED21A-0681 presented at 2012 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 3-7 Dec.
ABSTRACT Marine reserves are increasingly being established as a mechanism to protect marine biod... more ABSTRACT Marine reserves are increasingly being established as a mechanism to protect marine biodiversity and sensitive habitats. As well as providing conservation benefits, marine reserves provide benefits to recreational scuba divers who dive within the reserve, as well as to recreational and commercial fishers outside the reserve through spill-over effects. To ensure benefits are being realised, management of marine reserves requires ongoing monitoring and surveillance. These are not costless, and many marine reserve managers impose an entry fee. In some countries, dive tourism is major income source to coastal industries, and a concern is that high entry fees may dissuade divers. In this paper, the price elasticity of demand for dive tourism in three countries in South East Asia – Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia – is estimated using a travel-cost model. From the model, the total non-market use value associated with diving in the area is estimated to be in the order of US$4.5 billion a year. The price elasticity of demand in the region is highly inelastic, such that increasing the cost of diving through a management levy would have little impact on total diver numbers.
Title: Determining the magnitude, frequency and source of prehistoric events - Is there a Holy Gr... more Title: Determining the magnitude, frequency and source of prehistoric events - Is there a Holy Grail? Authors: Goff, James; Dominey-Howes, Dale; Chague-Goff, Catherine; Strotz, Luke; Anning, David; Bird, Deanne; Calgaro, Emma; Courtney, Claire. ...
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