The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the... more The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the test and use phases, and outline the new features that we added to the new version, the LTS 2.0.
The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the... more The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the test and use phases, and outline the new features that we added to the new version, the LTS 2.0.
We have recently presented CarpeDiem, an algorithm that can be used for speeding up the evaluatio... more We have recently presented CarpeDiem, an algorithm that can be used for speeding up the evaluation of Supervised Sequential Learning (SSL) classifiers. CarpeDiem provides impressive time performance gain over the state-of-art Viterbi algorithm when applied to the tonal harmony analysis task. Along with interesting computational features, the algorithm reveals some properties that are of some interest to Cognitive Science and Computer Music. To explore the question whether and to what extent the implemented system is suitable for cognitive modeling, we first elaborate about its design principles, and then assess the quality of the analyses produced. A threefold experimentation reviews the learned weights, the classification errors, and the search space in comparison to the actual problem space; data about these points are reported and discussed. AI in Art and Music; Cognitive Modeling; Machine learning; Music Analysis.
The Viterbi algorithm is widely used to evaluate sequential classifiers. Unfortunately, depending... more The Viterbi algorithm is widely used to evaluate sequential classifiers. Unfortunately, depending on the number of labels involved, its time complexity can still be too high for practical purposes. In this paper, we empirically compare two approaches to the optimization of the Viterbi algorithm: Viterbi Beam Search and CarpeDiem. The algorithms are illustrated and tested on datasets representative of a wide range of experimental conditions. Results are reported and the conditions favourable to the characteristics of each approach are discussed.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law - ICAIL '11, 2011
One open problem in the AI & Law community is how to provide computers with a basic understanding... more One open problem in the AI & Law community is how to provide computers with a basic understanding of legal concepts, and their relationship with legal texts and with the legal lexicon. We propose to add a layer to connect the linguistic description of the provisions to syntactic patterns using FramNet that can be exploited thought NLP tools. A deep-parsing and shallowsemantics approach has been devised to interpret and retrieve the characterizing components of legal modificatory provisions. In this paper we single out the case of efficacy suspension and show how FrameNet approach can provide profit especially to isolate temporal parameters and their interpretation.
Tonal harmony analysis is a sophisticated task. It combines general knowledge with contextual cue... more Tonal harmony analysis is a sophisticated task. It combines general knowledge with contextual cues, and it is concerned with faceted and evolving objects such as musical language, execution style and taste. We present BREVE, a system for performing a particular kind of harmony analysis, chord recognition: music is encoded as a sequence of sounding events and the system should assing the appropriate chord label to each event. The solution proposed to the problem relies on a conditional model, where domain knowledge is encoded in the form of Boolean features. BREVE exploits the recently proposed algorithm CarpeDiem to obtain significant computational gains in solving the optimization problem underlying the classification process. The implemented system has been validated on a corpus of chorales from J.S. Bach: we report and discuss the learnt weights, point out the committed errors, and elaborate on the correlation between errors and growth in the classification times in places where the music is less clearly asserted.
In this paper we describe an interlingua translation system from Italian to Italian Sign Language... more In this paper we describe an interlingua translation system from Italian to Italian Sign Language. The main components of this systems are a broad coverage dependency parser, an ontology based semantic interpreter and a grammarbased generator: we provide the description of the main features of these components.
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 2011
In this work we present a project for the investigation of the argumentative techniques adopted i... more In this work we present a project for the investigation of the argumentative techniques adopted in the judgements of the Italian Constitutional Court. We provide a taxonomy of the argumentation techniques, we introduce the representation of the judgements, and outline the system to annotate the judgements with arguments and to query the annotated corpus.
Background in automatic music performance. Several representational levels are involved in the pe... more Background in automatic music performance. Several representational levels are involved in the performance process : a performance environment should be concerned at least in i) getting a score in input, ii) analyzing it, like a human performer would do, iii) modelling the constraints posed by body-instrument interaction, iv) manipulating sound parameters. While there exist some satisfactory solutions at level iv) (e.g. the guitar physical model described in ), levels ii) and iii) still pose unanswered questions. In this paper we address the problem of fingering, that deeply affects the physical and expressive qualities of the sound being produced (cf. ] and [Gilardino, 1975a[Gilardino, , 1975b in the case of keyboards and guitar, respectively). propose an ergonomic model for short fragments of keyboard music. The algorithmic approach in proposes a computationally efficient solution (based on a shortest path algorithm) to the fingering process in string instruments.
This paper describes a corpus-based study addressing the spatial positioning of hands in Italian ... more This paper describes a corpus-based study addressing the spatial positioning of hands in Italian Sign Language (LIS). The corpus includes LIS sentences extracted from TV news concerning weather forecasting. The results shows that spatial relations depend on contextual and geographical features. These results have been exploited in the implementation of a planning module that generates a sequence of commands that drive the generator of a virtual character. The planner is part of an Italian to LIS translation system whose goal is the automatic translation of weather forecast programs.
This work presents a model for computing hand gestures of guitarists, within a broader system for... more This work presents a model for computing hand gestures of guitarists, within a broader system for the automatic performance of music scores. The fingering model encapsulates the main physical and bio-mechanical constraints that guitarists deal with in their daily practice, and is based on the CSP framework. It is interfaced with a physical model of the classical guitar, which uses the fingering to compute some sound synthesis parameters. We report on a preliminary test, where the fingerings computed by the model are compared with those provided by three human experts.
We overview the main historical and technological elements characterising the rise, the fall and ... more We overview the main historical and technological elements characterising the rise, the fall and the recent renaissance of the cognitive approaches to Artificial Intelligence and provide some insights and suggestions about the future directions and challenges that, in our opinion, this discipline needs to face in the next years.
In order to manage the conceptual representation of European law we have proposed the Legal Taxon... more In order to manage the conceptual representation of European law we have proposed the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the testing and use of the LTS, and how we take them into account in the new release of the system. In particular, we consider the problem of representing interpretation of terms besides the definitions occurring in the directives, the problem of normative change and the process of planning legal reforms of European law. In particular, we show how to include into the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus the Acquis Principles -which have been sketched by scholars in European Private Law from the so-called Acquis communautaire -, how to take the temporal dimension into account in ontologies, and how to apply techniques of natural language processing to the legal texts uploaded in the LTS.
Semantic annotation, or semantic mark-up, is commonly acknowledged as a costly and complex matter... more Semantic annotation, or semantic mark-up, is commonly acknowledged as a costly and complex matter. Much work has been carried out in various fields, such as Information Extraction, to the ends of automatically extracting notable information from texts [1]. For automatic ...
This paper presents a computational model of fingering for string instruments, based on a graph s... more This paper presents a computational model of fingering for string instruments, based on a graph search approach. The implemented fingering model, which accounts for the bio-mechanical constraints of the performer's hand, is interfaced with a physical model of the classical guitar, which exploits the fingering to compute some sound synthesis parameters. The output of the system is validated against the performance of a human expert.
ABSTRACT In this work we illustrate a novel approach for solving an information extraction proble... more ABSTRACT In this work we illustrate a novel approach for solving an information extraction problem on legal texts. It is based on Natural Language Processing techniques and on the adoption of a formalization that allows coupling domain knowledge and syntactic information. The proposed approach is applied to extend an existing system to assist human annotators in handling normative modificatory provisions ---that are the changes to other normative texts---. Such laws 'versioning' problem is a hard and relevant one. We provide a linguistic and legal analysis of a particular case of modificatory provision (the efficacy suspension), show how such knowledge can be formalized in a linguistic resource such as FrameNet, and used by the semantic interpreter.
The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the... more The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the test and use phases, and outline the new features that we added to the new version, the LTS 2.0.
The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the... more The need for managing the conceptual representation of European law led to the development of the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the test and use phases, and outline the new features that we added to the new version, the LTS 2.0.
We have recently presented CarpeDiem, an algorithm that can be used for speeding up the evaluatio... more We have recently presented CarpeDiem, an algorithm that can be used for speeding up the evaluation of Supervised Sequential Learning (SSL) classifiers. CarpeDiem provides impressive time performance gain over the state-of-art Viterbi algorithm when applied to the tonal harmony analysis task. Along with interesting computational features, the algorithm reveals some properties that are of some interest to Cognitive Science and Computer Music. To explore the question whether and to what extent the implemented system is suitable for cognitive modeling, we first elaborate about its design principles, and then assess the quality of the analyses produced. A threefold experimentation reviews the learned weights, the classification errors, and the search space in comparison to the actual problem space; data about these points are reported and discussed. AI in Art and Music; Cognitive Modeling; Machine learning; Music Analysis.
The Viterbi algorithm is widely used to evaluate sequential classifiers. Unfortunately, depending... more The Viterbi algorithm is widely used to evaluate sequential classifiers. Unfortunately, depending on the number of labels involved, its time complexity can still be too high for practical purposes. In this paper, we empirically compare two approaches to the optimization of the Viterbi algorithm: Viterbi Beam Search and CarpeDiem. The algorithms are illustrated and tested on datasets representative of a wide range of experimental conditions. Results are reported and the conditions favourable to the characteristics of each approach are discussed.
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law - ICAIL '11, 2011
One open problem in the AI & Law community is how to provide computers with a basic understanding... more One open problem in the AI & Law community is how to provide computers with a basic understanding of legal concepts, and their relationship with legal texts and with the legal lexicon. We propose to add a layer to connect the linguistic description of the provisions to syntactic patterns using FramNet that can be exploited thought NLP tools. A deep-parsing and shallowsemantics approach has been devised to interpret and retrieve the characterizing components of legal modificatory provisions. In this paper we single out the case of efficacy suspension and show how FrameNet approach can provide profit especially to isolate temporal parameters and their interpretation.
Tonal harmony analysis is a sophisticated task. It combines general knowledge with contextual cue... more Tonal harmony analysis is a sophisticated task. It combines general knowledge with contextual cues, and it is concerned with faceted and evolving objects such as musical language, execution style and taste. We present BREVE, a system for performing a particular kind of harmony analysis, chord recognition: music is encoded as a sequence of sounding events and the system should assing the appropriate chord label to each event. The solution proposed to the problem relies on a conditional model, where domain knowledge is encoded in the form of Boolean features. BREVE exploits the recently proposed algorithm CarpeDiem to obtain significant computational gains in solving the optimization problem underlying the classification process. The implemented system has been validated on a corpus of chorales from J.S. Bach: we report and discuss the learnt weights, point out the committed errors, and elaborate on the correlation between errors and growth in the classification times in places where the music is less clearly asserted.
In this paper we describe an interlingua translation system from Italian to Italian Sign Language... more In this paper we describe an interlingua translation system from Italian to Italian Sign Language. The main components of this systems are a broad coverage dependency parser, an ontology based semantic interpreter and a grammarbased generator: we provide the description of the main features of these components.
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 2011
In this work we present a project for the investigation of the argumentative techniques adopted i... more In this work we present a project for the investigation of the argumentative techniques adopted in the judgements of the Italian Constitutional Court. We provide a taxonomy of the argumentation techniques, we introduce the representation of the judgements, and outline the system to annotate the judgements with arguments and to query the annotated corpus.
Background in automatic music performance. Several representational levels are involved in the pe... more Background in automatic music performance. Several representational levels are involved in the performance process : a performance environment should be concerned at least in i) getting a score in input, ii) analyzing it, like a human performer would do, iii) modelling the constraints posed by body-instrument interaction, iv) manipulating sound parameters. While there exist some satisfactory solutions at level iv) (e.g. the guitar physical model described in ), levels ii) and iii) still pose unanswered questions. In this paper we address the problem of fingering, that deeply affects the physical and expressive qualities of the sound being produced (cf. ] and [Gilardino, 1975a[Gilardino, , 1975b in the case of keyboards and guitar, respectively). propose an ergonomic model for short fragments of keyboard music. The algorithmic approach in proposes a computationally efficient solution (based on a shortest path algorithm) to the fingering process in string instruments.
This paper describes a corpus-based study addressing the spatial positioning of hands in Italian ... more This paper describes a corpus-based study addressing the spatial positioning of hands in Italian Sign Language (LIS). The corpus includes LIS sentences extracted from TV news concerning weather forecasting. The results shows that spatial relations depend on contextual and geographical features. These results have been exploited in the implementation of a planning module that generates a sequence of commands that drive the generator of a virtual character. The planner is part of an Italian to LIS translation system whose goal is the automatic translation of weather forecast programs.
This work presents a model for computing hand gestures of guitarists, within a broader system for... more This work presents a model for computing hand gestures of guitarists, within a broader system for the automatic performance of music scores. The fingering model encapsulates the main physical and bio-mechanical constraints that guitarists deal with in their daily practice, and is based on the CSP framework. It is interfaced with a physical model of the classical guitar, which uses the fingering to compute some sound synthesis parameters. We report on a preliminary test, where the fingerings computed by the model are compared with those provided by three human experts.
We overview the main historical and technological elements characterising the rise, the fall and ... more We overview the main historical and technological elements characterising the rise, the fall and the recent renaissance of the cognitive approaches to Artificial Intelligence and provide some insights and suggestions about the future directions and challenges that, in our opinion, this discipline needs to face in the next years.
In order to manage the conceptual representation of European law we have proposed the Legal Taxon... more In order to manage the conceptual representation of European law we have proposed the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus (LTS) and the related methodology. In this paper we consider further legal issues that emerged during the testing and use of the LTS, and how we take them into account in the new release of the system. In particular, we consider the problem of representing interpretation of terms besides the definitions occurring in the directives, the problem of normative change and the process of planning legal reforms of European law. In particular, we show how to include into the Legal Taxonomy Syllabus the Acquis Principles -which have been sketched by scholars in European Private Law from the so-called Acquis communautaire -, how to take the temporal dimension into account in ontologies, and how to apply techniques of natural language processing to the legal texts uploaded in the LTS.
Semantic annotation, or semantic mark-up, is commonly acknowledged as a costly and complex matter... more Semantic annotation, or semantic mark-up, is commonly acknowledged as a costly and complex matter. Much work has been carried out in various fields, such as Information Extraction, to the ends of automatically extracting notable information from texts [1]. For automatic ...
This paper presents a computational model of fingering for string instruments, based on a graph s... more This paper presents a computational model of fingering for string instruments, based on a graph search approach. The implemented fingering model, which accounts for the bio-mechanical constraints of the performer's hand, is interfaced with a physical model of the classical guitar, which exploits the fingering to compute some sound synthesis parameters. The output of the system is validated against the performance of a human expert.
ABSTRACT In this work we illustrate a novel approach for solving an information extraction proble... more ABSTRACT In this work we illustrate a novel approach for solving an information extraction problem on legal texts. It is based on Natural Language Processing techniques and on the adoption of a formalization that allows coupling domain knowledge and syntactic information. The proposed approach is applied to extend an existing system to assist human annotators in handling normative modificatory provisions ---that are the changes to other normative texts---. Such laws 'versioning' problem is a hard and relevant one. We provide a linguistic and legal analysis of a particular case of modificatory provision (the efficacy suspension), show how such knowledge can be formalized in a linguistic resource such as FrameNet, and used by the semantic interpreter.
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