PurposeThe purpose of these studies was to investigate the cleaning and hygiene of plastic cheese... more PurposeThe purpose of these studies was to investigate the cleaning and hygiene of plastic cheese moulds and plastic transportation crates and to assess the suitability of ultrasonication for cleaning these dairy devices on a pilot scale and to optimise these cleaning procedures.Design/methodology/approachThe contamination load in the various process lines was monitored by use of chemical methods, i.e. EDTA titration and COD measurement for organic residues and various microbiological techniques for microbial contaminants. Ultrasonication cleaning procedures for cheese moulds were planned among parameters applicable to the process environment. The Taguchi method design of experiments was also used for the cleaning of milk transportation crates.FindingsUltrasonication was found to be a suitable cleaning method for both cheese moulds and transportation crates. Acceptable cleaning results were achieved using short cleaning procedures with a temperature under 60°C. Various types of cleaning agents can be used together with ultrasonication and the plastic materials in the utensils tolerated ultrasonication. The quality and the efficacy of the cleaning liquid used in the ultrasonic bath in the dairy plant were rapidly diluted due to the accumulation of organic soil. To ensure the effectiveness of cleaning, the quality of cleaning liquid should be measured frequently and threshold limits for changing the cleaning liquid should be set. The COD measurement proved to be practical for monitoring the organic load of the cleaning liquid and traditional culturing, as well as commercial culturing applications, e.g. Petrifilm™ AC and DryCult® TPC can easily be used for monitoring the level of microbial contamination.Research limitations/implicationsNo major limitations, apart from the required investments, were found for applying the ultrasonication in the cleaning of dairy devices, e.g. plastic cheese moulds and plastic milk transportation crates.Originality/valueThe work is of value in highlighting the potential use for ultrasonication in improving the cleaning procedure of returnable milk transportation crates made of plastic.
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Mar 1, 1994
ABSTRACT Biofilm was grown on stainless steel surfaces (AISI 304 and AISI 316) for 2, 5 and 10 da... more ABSTRACT Biofilm was grown on stainless steel surfaces (AISI 304 and AISI 316) for 2, 5 and 10 days in slime broth inoculated with Pediococcuspentosaceus and Pseudomonas fragi. The steel surfaces on which biofilm had developed were investigated using conventional plating, quantitative glycocalyx determination and epifluorescence microscopy with image analysis. The results showed that after 10 days of growth the cells of P. fragi were difficult to cultivate from the surface and the growth was detected better by microscopy and image analysis. The slime produced by P. pentosaceus could be demonstrated by epifluorescence image analysis and quantitative glycocalyx measurement. The methods for detecting bacterial growth on surfaces are discussed with reference to conventional plating, image analysis and biofilm formation.
Biofilm growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fragi, Pediococcus inopinatus and Listeria monoc... more Biofilm growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fragi, Pediococcus inopinatus and Listeria monocytogenes was studied on stainless steel surfaces at room and low temperatures to evaluate the results of traditional hygiene measures. The results were compared with those of image analysis of stainless steel surfaces in an epifluorescence microscope. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the variations between the conventional cultivation swab method, the glycocalyx amount obtained using swabbing, and the values of the areas of the biofilm, slime and cells. As a general rule, old biofilms showed total counts at approximately the same levels as the young biofilm. The results showed that temperature affected the results for all strains except B. subtilis. The strains of Pe. inopinatus and Ps. fragi showed increased attachment at 6°C and L. monocytogenes at 25°C. The biofilm slime was more easily detached than the cells. The results indicated that the traditional swab method is not reliable for the measurement of biofilm formation on surfaces.
ABSTRACT VTT Symposium 266 R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit... more ABSTRACT VTT Symposium 266 R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit, independent association for the promotion of new technologies in cleanroom technology and contamination control in the Nordic countries. The aim of the annual R3-Nordic Symposium is to provide knowledge within the pharmaceutical, food and electronic industries as well as hospitals. The topics at the 41st R3-Nordic Contamination Control Symposium are hygienic design, ergonomics, planning, auditing, sterilization techniques, rapid test methods, risk assessment, macroparticles, cleaning of clean rooms, protective clothing, monitoring techniques, contamination control, cleanroom technology and management, regulations and standards in clean and controlled rooms. The venue of the annual symposium 2010 is Dipoli in Espoo. The persons involved in the Programme Committee are Kari Leonsaari, Sirkka Malmioja, Antti Mikkola, Raimo Pärssinen and Satu Salo The editors of the proceedings would like to express their gratitude to the speakers for preparing the abstracts published in the journal Renhetsteknik as well as the extended abstracts or full papers published in these proceedings. R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit, independent association for the promotion of new technologies in cleanroom technology and contamination control in the Nordic countries. The aim of the annual R3-Nordic Symposium is to provide knowledge within the pharmaceutical, food and electronic industries as well as hospitals. The topics at the 41st R3-Nordic Contamination Control Symposium are hygienic design, ergonomics, planning, auditing, sterilization techniques, rapid test methods, risk assessment, macroparticles, cleaning of clean rooms, protective clothing, monitoring techniques, contamination control, cleanroom technology and management, regulations and standards in clean and controlled rooms. The venue of the annual symposium 2010 is Dipoli in Espoo. The persons involved in the Programme Committee are Kari Leonsaari, Sirkka Malmioja, Antti Mikkola, Raimo Pärssinen and Satu Salo The editors of the proceedings would like to express their gratitude to the speakers for preparing the abstracts published in the journal Renhetsteknik as well as the extended abstracts or full papers published in these proceedings. 41st R3-Nordic Symposium. Cleanroom technology, contamination control and cleaning, Dipoli, Espoo, Finland, May 25 - 26, 2010
In a hygiene survey the hygiene level in a food factory can be seen from statistics drawn from re... more In a hygiene survey the hygiene level in a food factory can be seen from statistics drawn from results classifi ed as good, adequate and poor hygiene level. At the moment the risk management team in the food factories have to set the limits for the hygiene levels in their food factory based on the products produced and the shelf-life set for these products. The aim of this study is to show the eff ect of various limits on hygiene surveys performed. In this study microbes were detected on both contact and environmental surfaces using 3MTM Petrifi lms for aerobic bacteria, fungi and coliforms. The samples were taken after cleaning, just before work shift started, which means that at least the contact surfaces should be of good hygiene level. The limits for the various microbes were set in three scales (loose, normal and strict) for the three levels (good, adequate and poor hygiene level) using real results from 10 food factories in Finland, Estonia, Turkey and Romania.
Frequency (3.75-7.5 MHz), along with other parameters such as dynamic range, echo enhancement and... more Frequency (3.75-7.5 MHz), along with other parameters such as dynamic range, echo enhancement and gamma compensation, have a significant effect in ultrasound imagig on the accuracy and rapidity of non-destructive detection of bacterial and enzymatic spoilage in milk products. In this work it was shown that the frequency should not exceed 5 MHz, and that in some cases 3.75 MHz gives better sensitivity. It was found that ultrasound at a frequency of 3.75-7.5 MHz could not be used to detect spoilage through cardboard. For this purpose, the optimal combination of frequency, dynamic range, echo enhancement and gamma compensation needs to be determined
PurposeThe purpose of these studies was to investigate the cleaning and hygiene of plastic cheese... more PurposeThe purpose of these studies was to investigate the cleaning and hygiene of plastic cheese moulds and plastic transportation crates and to assess the suitability of ultrasonication for cleaning these dairy devices on a pilot scale and to optimise these cleaning procedures.Design/methodology/approachThe contamination load in the various process lines was monitored by use of chemical methods, i.e. EDTA titration and COD measurement for organic residues and various microbiological techniques for microbial contaminants. Ultrasonication cleaning procedures for cheese moulds were planned among parameters applicable to the process environment. The Taguchi method design of experiments was also used for the cleaning of milk transportation crates.FindingsUltrasonication was found to be a suitable cleaning method for both cheese moulds and transportation crates. Acceptable cleaning results were achieved using short cleaning procedures with a temperature under 60°C. Various types of cleaning agents can be used together with ultrasonication and the plastic materials in the utensils tolerated ultrasonication. The quality and the efficacy of the cleaning liquid used in the ultrasonic bath in the dairy plant were rapidly diluted due to the accumulation of organic soil. To ensure the effectiveness of cleaning, the quality of cleaning liquid should be measured frequently and threshold limits for changing the cleaning liquid should be set. The COD measurement proved to be practical for monitoring the organic load of the cleaning liquid and traditional culturing, as well as commercial culturing applications, e.g. Petrifilm™ AC and DryCult® TPC can easily be used for monitoring the level of microbial contamination.Research limitations/implicationsNo major limitations, apart from the required investments, were found for applying the ultrasonication in the cleaning of dairy devices, e.g. plastic cheese moulds and plastic milk transportation crates.Originality/valueThe work is of value in highlighting the potential use for ultrasonication in improving the cleaning procedure of returnable milk transportation crates made of plastic.
Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Mar 1, 1994
ABSTRACT Biofilm was grown on stainless steel surfaces (AISI 304 and AISI 316) for 2, 5 and 10 da... more ABSTRACT Biofilm was grown on stainless steel surfaces (AISI 304 and AISI 316) for 2, 5 and 10 days in slime broth inoculated with Pediococcuspentosaceus and Pseudomonas fragi. The steel surfaces on which biofilm had developed were investigated using conventional plating, quantitative glycocalyx determination and epifluorescence microscopy with image analysis. The results showed that after 10 days of growth the cells of P. fragi were difficult to cultivate from the surface and the growth was detected better by microscopy and image analysis. The slime produced by P. pentosaceus could be demonstrated by epifluorescence image analysis and quantitative glycocalyx measurement. The methods for detecting bacterial growth on surfaces are discussed with reference to conventional plating, image analysis and biofilm formation.
Biofilm growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fragi, Pediococcus inopinatus and Listeria monoc... more Biofilm growth of Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fragi, Pediococcus inopinatus and Listeria monocytogenes was studied on stainless steel surfaces at room and low temperatures to evaluate the results of traditional hygiene measures. The results were compared with those of image analysis of stainless steel surfaces in an epifluorescence microscope. Statistical analyses were carried out to determine the variations between the conventional cultivation swab method, the glycocalyx amount obtained using swabbing, and the values of the areas of the biofilm, slime and cells. As a general rule, old biofilms showed total counts at approximately the same levels as the young biofilm. The results showed that temperature affected the results for all strains except B. subtilis. The strains of Pe. inopinatus and Ps. fragi showed increased attachment at 6°C and L. monocytogenes at 25°C. The biofilm slime was more easily detached than the cells. The results indicated that the traditional swab method is not reliable for the measurement of biofilm formation on surfaces.
ABSTRACT VTT Symposium 266 R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit... more ABSTRACT VTT Symposium 266 R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit, independent association for the promotion of new technologies in cleanroom technology and contamination control in the Nordic countries. The aim of the annual R3-Nordic Symposium is to provide knowledge within the pharmaceutical, food and electronic industries as well as hospitals. The topics at the 41st R3-Nordic Contamination Control Symposium are hygienic design, ergonomics, planning, auditing, sterilization techniques, rapid test methods, risk assessment, macroparticles, cleaning of clean rooms, protective clothing, monitoring techniques, contamination control, cleanroom technology and management, regulations and standards in clean and controlled rooms. The venue of the annual symposium 2010 is Dipoli in Espoo. The persons involved in the Programme Committee are Kari Leonsaari, Sirkka Malmioja, Antti Mikkola, Raimo Pärssinen and Satu Salo The editors of the proceedings would like to express their gratitude to the speakers for preparing the abstracts published in the journal Renhetsteknik as well as the extended abstracts or full papers published in these proceedings. R3-Nordic, the Nordic Society of Cleanroom Technology, is a non-profit, independent association for the promotion of new technologies in cleanroom technology and contamination control in the Nordic countries. The aim of the annual R3-Nordic Symposium is to provide knowledge within the pharmaceutical, food and electronic industries as well as hospitals. The topics at the 41st R3-Nordic Contamination Control Symposium are hygienic design, ergonomics, planning, auditing, sterilization techniques, rapid test methods, risk assessment, macroparticles, cleaning of clean rooms, protective clothing, monitoring techniques, contamination control, cleanroom technology and management, regulations and standards in clean and controlled rooms. The venue of the annual symposium 2010 is Dipoli in Espoo. The persons involved in the Programme Committee are Kari Leonsaari, Sirkka Malmioja, Antti Mikkola, Raimo Pärssinen and Satu Salo The editors of the proceedings would like to express their gratitude to the speakers for preparing the abstracts published in the journal Renhetsteknik as well as the extended abstracts or full papers published in these proceedings. 41st R3-Nordic Symposium. Cleanroom technology, contamination control and cleaning, Dipoli, Espoo, Finland, May 25 - 26, 2010
In a hygiene survey the hygiene level in a food factory can be seen from statistics drawn from re... more In a hygiene survey the hygiene level in a food factory can be seen from statistics drawn from results classifi ed as good, adequate and poor hygiene level. At the moment the risk management team in the food factories have to set the limits for the hygiene levels in their food factory based on the products produced and the shelf-life set for these products. The aim of this study is to show the eff ect of various limits on hygiene surveys performed. In this study microbes were detected on both contact and environmental surfaces using 3MTM Petrifi lms for aerobic bacteria, fungi and coliforms. The samples were taken after cleaning, just before work shift started, which means that at least the contact surfaces should be of good hygiene level. The limits for the various microbes were set in three scales (loose, normal and strict) for the three levels (good, adequate and poor hygiene level) using real results from 10 food factories in Finland, Estonia, Turkey and Romania.
Frequency (3.75-7.5 MHz), along with other parameters such as dynamic range, echo enhancement and... more Frequency (3.75-7.5 MHz), along with other parameters such as dynamic range, echo enhancement and gamma compensation, have a significant effect in ultrasound imagig on the accuracy and rapidity of non-destructive detection of bacterial and enzymatic spoilage in milk products. In this work it was shown that the frequency should not exceed 5 MHz, and that in some cases 3.75 MHz gives better sensitivity. It was found that ultrasound at a frequency of 3.75-7.5 MHz could not be used to detect spoilage through cardboard. For this purpose, the optimal combination of frequency, dynamic range, echo enhancement and gamma compensation needs to be determined
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