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Environmental health

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

 

Environmental health
ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ, field of study, specialty, academic major
ihu nkeAhụike ọhanaeze Dezie
mụrụ yaenvironmental health sciences Dezie

   

Map echiche na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti ọdịdị na-abụghị mmadụ, ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ụkpụrụ omume gburugburu ebe obibi, ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ọha na eze.
Ngosipụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi (2016). O nwere ụdị atọ: mmetụta ahụike, ịdị mma ikuku, na mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Ụdị mmetụta ahụike gụnyere akara ngosi ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ngalaba nke ahụike ọha na eze na-ahụ maka akụkụ niile nke gburugburu ebe obibi na nke e wuru na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke e wuru maka abamuru nke ahụike mmadụ. Isi ngalaba nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ: sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi; ọgwụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ, toxicologyna ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi.

Okwu ndị ọzọ na-ezo aka ma ọ bụ gbasara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ahụike ọha na eze gburugburu ebe obibi, na nchedo ahụike.

Nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A kọwara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na akwụkwọ 1989 nke World otu ahụike ụwa(WHO) dị ka: Akụkụ ndị ahụ nke ahụike mmadụ na ọrịa ndị a na-ekpebi site na ihe ndị dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-ezo aka na echiche na omume nke ịnweta na ịchịkwa ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike imetụta ahụike.

Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka WHO (òtù ahụike ụwa) Ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara maka Europe, gụnyere ma mmetụta ọrịa kpọmkwem nke kemịkal, ụzarị ọkụ na ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, na mmetụta (na-apụtaghị ìhè) na ahụike na ọdịmma nke gburugburu ebe obibi anụ ahụ, uche, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị, nke gụnyere ụlọ, mmepe obodo, iji ala na njem.[1]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ WHO banyere ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-ekwu "Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-eleba anya n'ihe anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, na ihe ndị dị ndụ sitere na mmadụ, yana ihe niile metụtara ya na-emetụta omume. Ọ gụnyere nyocha na njikwa nke ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta ahụike. Ebumnuche ya bụ igbochi ọrịa na ịmepụta gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado ahụike. Nkọwa a na-ewepụ omume na-enweghị njikọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, yana omume metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na ọdịbendị, yana mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.[2]

WHO kọwakwara ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka "ọrụ ndị ahụ nke na-emejuputa iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi site na nlekota na njikwa ọrụ. Ha na-arụkwa ọrụ ahụ site n'ịkwalite mmezi nke ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na site n'ịgba ume iji teknụzụ na omume ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nke dị mma. Ha nwekwara ọrụ na-eduga n'ịzụlite na ịtụ aro mpaghara iwu ọhụrụ. "[3][4]

A pụrụ ịhụ okwu ọgwụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ọkachamara ahụike, ma ọ bụ alaka nke ngalaba sara mbara nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.[5][6] A naghị eguzobe usoro okwu n'ụzọ zuru ezu, na n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, a na-eji ha eme ihe n'otu n'otu.[7]

Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ụmụaka bụ ọzụzụ agụmakwụkwọ nke na-amụ otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi na mbido ndụ - kemịkal, nri, na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya - mmetụta ahụike na mmepe na nwata na n'ogologo ndụ mmadụ niile.[8]

Ịdọ aka ná ntị

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọzụzụ ise bụ isi na-enye aka n'ọhịa nke ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi: ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, toxikoloji, sayensị ikpughe, injinịa gburugburu ebe obibi, na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Nke ọ bụla n'ime ọzụzụ ise a na-enye ozi dị iche iche iji kọwaa nsogbu na ngwọta na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, enwere ụfọdụ mmakọ n'etiti ha.

  • Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi na-amụ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi (gụnyere ikpughe na kemịkal, ụzarị ọkụ, ndị ọrụ mikrobiolojikal, wdg) na ahụike mmadụ. Nnyocha nke na-ahụ naanị ngosipụta nke ndị mmadụ enwetala, bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ enweghị ike ikpughe ndị a maara ma ọ bụ na-enyo enyo na ha na-akpata ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghị ike iji atụmatụ ọmụmụ nnwale bụ mmachi nke ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi, ịdọ aka ná ntị a na-ahụ mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ kama ịkọ mmetụta sitere na ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ.[9]Ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọmụmụ nke mmetụta na ahụike mmadụ nke anụ ahụ, bayoloji, na kemịkalụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke e chepụtara n'ụzọ sara mbara. Ọzọkwa, na-enyocha ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ obodo ndị a na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, Ọrịa na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na-ezube ịkọwapụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe anụ ahụ, ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal na ahụike mmadụ.[10]
  • Toxikoloji na-amụ otú ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi si eduga na nsonaazụ ahụike kpọmkwem, n'ozuzu na ụmụ anụmanụ, dị ka ụzọ isi ghọta nsonaazụ ahụike nwere ike ime na ụmụ mmadụ. Toxikoloji nwere uru nke inwe ike ịme nyocha a na-achịkwa na nyocha nyocha ndị ọzọ n'ihi na ha nwere ike iji isiokwu anụmanụ. Otú ọ dị, enwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche na bayoloji ụmụ anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ, enwere ike inwe ọtụtụ ejighị n'aka mgbe ị na-akọwa nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ maka mmetụta ha maka ahụike mmadụ.[11]
  • Sayensị na-ekpughe ihe na-amụ banyere ikpughe mmadụ na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na ịchọpụta ma na-atụle ihe ngosi. Enwere ike iji sayensị ikpughe iji kwado ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịkọwa nke ọma ngosipụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nwere ike iduga n'otu nsonaazụ ahụike, chọpụta ngosipụta nkịtị nke a pụrụ ịghọta nsonaazụ ahụike ya nke ọma site na ọmụmụ toxicology, ma ọ bụ enwere ike iji ya mee ihe ize ndụ iji chọpụta ma ọkwa ngosi ugbu a nwere ike karịa ọkwa a tụrụ aro. Sayensị ikpughe nwere uru nke inwe ike ịkọwapụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi na kemịkal ụfọdụ, mana ọ naghị emepụta ozi ọ bụla gbasara nsonaazụ ahụike dị ka ọrịa gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ toxicology.[12]
  • Injinia gburugburu ebe obibi na-etinye ụkpụrụ sayensị na injinia maka ichebe ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ site na mmetụta nke ihe ọjọọ gburugburu ebe obibi; nchebe nke gburugburu ebe obibi site na mmetụta ndị nwere ike imebi nke ọrụ okike na nke mmadụ; na mmezi zuru oke nke ịdị mma gburugburu ebe obibi.[13]
  • Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere netwọk nke nkwekọrịta, ụkpụrụ, ụkpụrụ, iwu nkịtị na omenala na-ekwu maka mmetụta nke ọrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.[14]

Enwere ike ijikọta ozi sitere na epidemoloji, toxikoloji, na sayensị ikpughe iji mee nyocha ihe ize ndụ maka kemịkal ụfọdụ, ngwakọta nke kemịkal ma ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ iji chọpụta ma ikpughe ọ na-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ (nkọwapụta nwere ike ịkpata mmepe nke ọrịa metụtara mmetọ). Enwere ike iji nke a mee ihe iji mepụta ma mejuputa iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-achịkwa ikuku kemịkal, ma ọ bụ na-etinye ụkpụrụ maka ịdị ọcha kwesịrị ekwesị. [peeji dị Enwere ike ijikọta ọrụ injinia na iwu iji nye njikwa ihe ize ndụ iji belata, nyochaa, ma jikwaa mmetụta nke ikpughe iji chebe ahụike mmadụ iji mezuo ebumnuche nke iwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi.[15]

Nchegbu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntụle nke mmetụta ahụike kachasị na ụmụ mmadụ site na ụfọdụ ụdị mmetọ a na-ahụkarị.
FEMA / EPA Hazardous Materials Team na-ewepụ ihe ize ndụ ndị fọdụrụ na Hurricane Katrina, 2005.
Ọmụmụ ihe nke Joyeeta Gupta (University of Amsterdam) banyere ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi

Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na-edozi akụkụ niile metụtara ahụike mmadụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu arugoro. Nchegbu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere:

  • Ọdịdị ikuku, gụnyere ma ikuku dị n'èzí na ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ, nke gụnyekwara nchegbu banyere anwụrụ ọkụ ụtaba gburugburu ebe obibi.
  • Bayosafeti
  • Njikere ọdachi na nzaghachi.
  • Mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na ahụike.
  • Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe enwere ike itinye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu maka ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka ikuku, ala, na mmetọ mmiri. Nke a na -emekarị n'ihi mmachi, usoro akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na n'ikpeazụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ìgwè dị iche iche n'ụwa niile, mana n'ozuzu ya, ọ bụ ìgwè ndị a na-eleghara anya nke mpaghara / mba ọ bụla.
  • Nchebe nri, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, njem, nhazi nri, nkesa na ire ere.
  • Nchịkwa ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, gụnyere njikwa ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ, mmezi saịtị na-emerụ emerụ, igbochi mgbapu site na tankị nchekwa dị n'okpuru ala na igbochi ntọhapụ ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na nzaghachi na ọnọdụ mberede sitere na ntọhapụ ndị dị otú ahụ.
  • Ụlọ, gụnyere nkwụsị ụlọ na-adịghị mma na nyocha nke ụlọ mkpọrọ na ụlọ mkpọrọ.
  • Mgbochi nsí ndu nke nwata.
  • Atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe, gụnyere uto dị mma.
  • Mkpofu nsị mmiri, gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri nsị obodo na usoro mkpofu mmiri mkpofu na saịtị, dị ka usoro tankị nsị na ụlọ mposi kemịkal.
  • Nchịkwa na mkpofu ọgwụ.
  • Nchịkwa mmetọ mkpọtụ.
  • Ahụike ọrụ na ịdị ọcha ụlọ ọrụ.
  • Ahụike radiological, gụnyere ikpughe na ụzarị ionizing site na X-ray ma ọ bụ isotopes radioactive.
  • Mgbochi ọrịa mmiri ntụrụndụ, gụnyere site na ọdọ mmiri, spas na oké osimiri na ebe ịsa ahụ.
  • Mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị nchebe.
  • Nchịkwa mkpofu siri ike, gụnyere mkpofu, ụlọ ọrụ imegharị ihe, composting na ụlọ ọrụ mbufe mkpofu siri ike.
  • Ngosipụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa, ụlọ, ebe ọrụ, ikuku, mmiri ma ọ bụ ala.
  • Nchịkwa nje, gụnyere ịchịkwa anwụnta, òké, ijiji, oke bekee na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ibufe nje.

Dị ka atụmatụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya si kwuo, ihe dị ka 5 ruo 10% nke afọ ndụ ndị nwere nkwarụ (DALYs) furu efu bụ n'ihi ihe kpatara gburugburu ebe obibi na Europe. Ihe kachasị mkpa bụ mmetọ dị mma na ikuku obodo.[16] N'otu aka ahụ, e mere atụmatụ na ikpughe gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye aka na ọnwụ nde 4.9 (8.7%) na nde 86 (5.7%) DALYs n'ụwa niile.[17] Na United States, a chọpụtala na saịtị Superfund nke ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche mepụtara dị ize ndụ nye ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị dị nso. Ọ bụ iyi egwu a a na-ahụ anya, na-eme ka echiche nke ime ime, mgbanwe, nkwarụ ọmụmụ, na ọrịa kansa nke kachasị egwu ọha na eze.

Ozi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mmemme toxikoloji na ozi ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi(TEHIP) bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ zuru oke nke toxicology na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, nke gụnyere ohere mepere emepe maka ihe onwunwe nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị US na òtù dị iche mepụtara, a na-echekwa ya n'okpuru mkpuchi nke Specialized Information Service na United States National Library of Medicine .[18] TEHIP gụnyere njikọ na nchekwa data teknụzụ, bibliographies, nkuzi, na ihe ndị na-azụ ahịa. TEHIP na-ahụ maka Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), usoro jikọtara nke toxicology na nchekwa data ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere Ụlọ akụ data ihe dị ize ndụ, nke na-emeghe ohere, ya bụ, dị n'efu.[19] TOXNET lara ezumike nká na 2019.[20]

Mmaputa

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E nwere ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ mmapụta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. TOXMAP bụ usoro ozi ala (GIS) site na Ngalaba nke Ọrụ Ozi Pụrụ Iche nke Ọbá akwụkwọ ọgwụ mba United States(NLM) nke na-eji map nke United States enyere ndị ọrụ aka ịchọpụta data sitere na Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu nke United States(E


(EPA) Toxics Release Inventory na Superfund Basic Research Programs.[21] TOXMAP bụ akụ nke gọọmentị etiti US na-akwado. A na-ewere ozi ahụike kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi nke TOXMAP site na NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) na PubMed, na site na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ nwere ikike.[22]

Ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A pụrụ ịma ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ndị ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ndị nyocha ahụike ọha, ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Ndị na-eme nnyocha na ndị na-eme iwu na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'otú e si eme ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọhịa. N'ọtụtụ mba Europe, ndị dibịa na ndị dọkịta na-ahụ maka anụ ụlọ na-etinye aka na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Na United Kingdom, ndị ọkachamara ga-enwerịrị nzere gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi ma bụrụ ndị a kwadoro ma debanye aha na Chartered Institute of Environmental Health ma ọ bụ Royal Environmental Health Institute of Scotland.[23] Na Canada, a chọrọ ndị ọkachamara na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi iji nweta nzere bachelọ a kwadoro na ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi tinyere asambodo ọkachamara mba, Asambodo na Nnyocha Ahụike Ọha (Canada), CPHI(C).[24] Ọtụtụ steeti dị na United States na-achọkwa ka ndị mmadụ nwee nzere bachelọ na ikikere ọkachamara iji rụọ ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. Iwu steeti California na-akọwa oke ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka ndị a:[25]

Edensịbia

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  1. ↑ Novice:Overview of the environment and health in Europe in the 1990s. World Health Organization (1999-03-29). Archived from the original on 2010-03-14. Retrieved on 2022-04-23.
  2. ↑ WHO (n.d.). Health topics: Environmental health. Retrieved on 10 January 2015.
  3. ↑ Brooks Bryan, W, Gerding Justin, A, Landeen, E, et al. Environmental health practice challenges and research needs for U.S. Health Departments. Environ Health Perspect. 2019;127:125001.
  4. ↑ MacArthur, I, Bonnefoy, X. Environmental health services in Europe 1. An overview of practice in the 1990s. WHO Reg Publ Eur Ser. 1997
  5. ↑ Experts See Growing Importance of Adding Environmental Health Content to Medical School Curricula (en). AAMC. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  6. ↑ Schwartz (September 2005). "Editorial: The Future of Environmental Medicine in Environmental Health Perspectives: Where Should We Be Headed?". Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (9): A574–A576. DOI:10.1289/ehp.113-1280414. ISSN 0091-6765. PMID 16140601. 
  7. ↑ environmental medicine — European Environment Agency (en). www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  8. ↑ Landrigan PL and Etzel RA. (2014). Textbook of Children's Environmental Health. New York: Oxford University Press, 3. ISBN 9780199929573. 
  9. ↑ Epidemiology (1997). Environmental Epidemiology: The Context (in en). National Academies Press (US). 
  10. ↑ National Research Council (US) Committee on Environmental Epidemiology (1991-01-01). Environmental Epidemiology, Volume 1. DOI:10.17226/1802. ISBN 978-0-309-04496-7. 
  11. ↑ Toxicology (en). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  12. ↑ Exposure Science (en). National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  13. ↑ Environmental Engineers : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (en-us). www.bls.gov. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  14. ↑ Environmental law (en). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on 2021-08-02.
  15. ↑ (2010) Environmental Health: from Global to Local, 2 Editor= Howard Frumkin, San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470567760. 
  16. ↑ National and regional story (Netherlands) – Environmental burden of disease in Europe: the Abode project. EEA.
  17. ↑ "Knows and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review". Press-Ustinov, A., et al. 2011. Environmental Health 10:9.
  18. ↑ TEHIP. United States National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2018-09-01. Retrieved on 2022-04-23.
  19. ↑ TOXNET. United States National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved on 2010-03-09.
  20. ↑ TOXNET Update: New Locations for TOXNET Content. www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2022-04-01.
  21. ↑ sis.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-03-21. Retrieved on 2022-04-23.
  22. ↑ toxnet.nlm.nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-06-11. Retrieved on 2010-03-09.
  23. ↑ Job Profiles: Environmental health officer. National Careers Service (UK). Retrieved on 17 August 2014.
  24. ↑ Canadian Institute of Public Health Inspectors. Retrieved on 4 February 2015.
  25. ↑ California Health and Safety Code, section 106615(e)
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