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Splitting Up Value: A Critical Review of Residual Income Theories

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  • Carlo Alberto, Magni
Abstract
This paper deals with the notion of residual income, which may be defined as the surplus profit that residues after a capital charge (opportunity cost) has been covered. While the origins of the notion trace back to the 19th century, in-depth theoretical investigations and widespread real-life applications are relatively recent and concern an interdisciplinary field connecting management accounting, corporate finance and financial mathematics (Peasnell, 1981, 1982; Peccati, 1987, 1989, 1991; Stewart, 1991; Ohlson, 1995; Arnold and Davies, 2000; Young and O'Byrne, 2001; Martin, Petty and Rich, 2003). This paper presents both a historical outline of its birth and development and an overview of the main recent contributions regarding capital budgeting decisions, production and sales decisions, implementation of optimal portfolios, forecasts of asset prices and calculation of intrinsic values. A most recent theory, the systemic-value-added approach (also named lost-capital paradigm), provides a dierent denition of residual income, consistent with arbitrage theory. En- folded in Keynes's (1936) notion of user cost and forerun by Pressacco and Stucchi (1997), the theory has been formally introduced in Magni (2000a,b,c; 2001a,b; 2003), where its properties are thoroughly investigated as well as its relations with the standard theory; two different lost-capital metrics have been considered, for value-based management purposes, by Drukarczyk and Schueler (2000) and Young and O'Byrne (2001). This work illustrates the main properties of the two theories and their relations, and provides a minimal guide to construction of performance metrics in the two approaches.

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  • Carlo Alberto, Magni, 2008. "Splitting Up Value: A Critical Review of Residual Income Theories," MPRA Paper 10506, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:10506
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    Cited by:

    1. Roberto Ghiselli Ricci & Carlo Alberto Magni, 2014. "Axiomatization of residual income and generation of financial securities," Quantitative Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(7), pages 1257-1271, July.
    2. Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2015. "Investment, financing and the role of ROA and WACC in value creation," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 244(3), pages 855-866.
    3. Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2016. "Capital depreciation and the underdetermination of rate of return: A unifying perspective," Journal of Mathematical Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 54-79.
    4. Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2010. "Residual income and value creation: An investigation into the lost-capital paradigm," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 201(2), pages 505-519, March.
    5. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2016. "An Average-Based Accounting Approach to Capital Asset Investments: The Case of Project Finance," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 275-286, June.
    6. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2009. "Accounting and economic measures:An integrated theory of capital budgeting," Centro Studi di Banca e Finanza (CEFIN) (Center for Studies in Banking and Finance) 0019, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Economia "Marco Biagi".
    7. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2010. "Average Internal Rate of Return and investment decisions: A new perspective," Centro Studi di Banca e Finanza (CEFIN) (Center for Studies in Banking and Finance) 0021, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Dipartimento di Economia "Marco Biagi".
    8. Cuthbert, James R. & Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2016. "Measuring the inadequacy of IRR in PFI schemes using profitability index and AIRR," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 179(C), pages 130-140.
    9. Melvin L. Roush & Mohammed S. Khaled & Stephen P. Keef, 2011. "Are Economic Profit and the Internal Rate of Return Merely Accounting Measures?," International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, International Journal of Finance, Insurance and Risk Management, vol. 1(3), pages 120-120.
    10. Schosser, Josef, 2019. "Consistency between principal and agent with differing time horizons: Computing incentives under risk," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 277(3), pages 1113-1123.
    11. Magni, Carlo Alberto, 2005. "On decomposing net final values: EVA, SVA, and shadow project," MPRA Paper 12357, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    12. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2016. "An Average-Based Accounting Approach to Capital Asset Investments: The Case of Project Finance," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 25(2), pages 275-286, June.
    13. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2023. "The Split-Screen Approach for Project Appraisal (Part I: The Theory)," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(3), pages 1-49, March.
    14. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2015. "Investment, financing and the role of ROA and WACC in value creation," Department of Economics 0050, University of Modena and Reggio E., Faculty of Economics "Marco Biagi".
    15. I-Cheng Yeh & Che-hui Lien, 2017. "Growth and value hybrid valuation model based on mean reversion," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(50), pages 5092-5116, October.
    16. Carlo Alberto Magni, 2021. "Economic profitability and (non)additivity of residual income," Annals of Finance, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 471-499, December.
    17. Schüder, Stefan, 2011. "Monetary policy trade-offs in a portfolio model with endogenous asset supply," MPRA Paper 32019, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    18. Irina Matyash, 2018. "Investment Attractiveness and Sustainable Growth of Telecommunication Companies: Value-Oriented Approach," Economy of region, Centre for Economic Security, Institute of Economics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 1(4), pages 1411-1423.
    19. Magni, Carlo Alberto & Marchioni, Andrea & Baschieri, Davide, 2023. "The Attribution Matrix and the joint use of Finite Change Sensitivity Index and Residual Income for value-based performance measurement," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 306(2), pages 872-892.
    20. Alexandr V. Zhevnyak, . "Reference," NEW CONCEPT OF RETURN ON BORROWED AND INVESTMENT PROJECTS,, Socionet.
    21. Stefan Schueder, 2011. "Monetary Policy Trade-Offs in a Portfolio Model with Endogenous Asset Supply," Working Papers 2011.3, International Network for Economic Research - INFER.
    22. Schüder, Stefan, 2014. "Expansive monetary policy in a portfolio model with endogenous asset supply," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 41(C), pages 239-252.

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    Keywords

    Finance; accounting; residual income; excess profit; net present value; opportunity cost; counterfactual; performance measurement; management;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D46 - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - Value Theory
    • G11 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • M41 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Accounting - - - Accounting
    • G31 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance - - - Capital Budgeting; Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies
    • G3 - Financial Economics - - Corporate Finance and Governance
    • M21 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Economics - - - Business Economics

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