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The Slaughter of the Bison and Reversal of Fortunes on the Great Plains

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  • Feir, Donn. L.

    (University of Victoria)

  • Gillezeau, Rob

    (University of Victoria)

  • Jones, Maggie E. C.

    (University of Victoria)

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century, the North American bison was brought to the brink of extinction in just over a decade. We demonstrate that the loss of the bison had immediate, negative consequences for the Native Americans who relied on them and ultimately resulted in a permanent reversal of fortunes. Once amongst the tallest people in the world, the generations of bison-reliant people born after the slaughter lost their entire height advantage. By the early twentieth century, child mortality was 16 percentage points higher and the probability of reporting an occupation 29.7 percentage points lower in bison nations compared to nations that were never reliant on the bison. Throughout the latter half of the twentieth century and into the present, income per capita has remained 28% lower, on average, for bison nations. This persistent gap cannot be explained by differences in agricultural productivity, self-governance, or application of the Dawes Act. We provide evidence that this historical shock altered the dynamic path of development for formerly bison-reliant nations. We demonstrate that limited access to credit constrained the ability of bison nations to adjust through respecialization and migration.

Suggested Citation

  • Feir, Donn. L. & Gillezeau, Rob & Jones, Maggie E. C., 2022. "The Slaughter of the Bison and Reversal of Fortunes on the Great Plains," IZA Discussion Papers 15498, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp15498
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    Cited by:

    1. Randall Akee & Donn L. Feir & Marina Mileo Gorzig & Samuel Myers Jr., 2022. "Native American “Deaths of Despair” and Economic Conditions," Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute Working Papers 062, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
    2. Button, Patrick & Walker, Brigham, 2020. "Employment discrimination against Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Evidence from a field experiment," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    3. Donna Feir & Rob Gillezeau & Maggie Jones, 2018. "Illuminating Indigenous Economic Development," Department Discussion Papers 1806, Department of Economics, University of Victoria.
    4. Leonard, Bryan & Parker, Dominic P. & Anderson, Terry L., 2020. "Land quality, land rights, and indigenous poverty," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(C).
    5. Donna L. Feir & M. Christopher Auld, 2021. "Indian residential schools: Height and body mass post‐1930," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 54(1), pages 126-163, February.
    6. Alston, Eric & Crepelle, Adam & Law, Wilson & Murtazashvili, Ilia, 2021. "The chronic uncertainty of American Indian property rights," Journal of Institutional Economics, Cambridge University Press, vol. 17(3), pages 473-488, June.
    7. Angela Redish, 2019. "Treaty of Paris vs. Treaty of Niagara: Rethinking Canadian economic history in the 21st century," Canadian Journal of Economics, Canadian Economics Association, vol. 52(4), pages 1325-1348, November.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    North American Bison; Buffalo; extinction; economic history; Native Americans; indigenous; income shock; intergenerational mobility;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • I15 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health and Economic Development
    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • N31 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - U.S.; Canada: Pre-1913
    • N32 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - U.S.; Canada: 1913-
    • O10 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - General

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