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Is Energy Consumption Per Capita Stationary? Evidence from First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests

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  • Muhammad, Shahbaz
  • Tiwari, Aviral Kumar
  • Khan, Saleheen
Abstract
This paper investigates the unit root properties of energy consumption per capita of 103 high, middle and low income countries using first and second generation panel unit root tests. Our results indicate that energy consumption per capita contains stationary process in all groups of countries. This suggests that short run energy policies should be followed to sustain economic growth and to fulfill energy demand.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad, Shahbaz & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Khan, Saleheen, 2012. "Is Energy Consumption Per Capita Stationary? Evidence from First and Second Generation Panel Unit Root Tests," MPRA Paper 41607, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 27 Sep 2012.
    • Handle: RePEc:pra:mprapa:41607
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    Cited by:

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    2. Ozcan, Burcu & Ozturk, Ilhan, 2016. "A new approach to energy consumption per capita stationarity: Evidence from OECD countries," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 65(C), pages 332-344.
    3. Ahmed Qahtan, Anwar Saeed & Xu, Helian & Abdo, AL-Barakani, 2021. "Stochastic convergence of disaggregated energy consumption per capita and its catch-up rate: An independent analysis of MENA net oil-exporting and importing countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C).
    4. Lean, Hooi Hooi & Smyth, Russell, 2014. "Will initiatives to promote hydroelectricity consumption be effective? Evidence from univariate and panel LM unit root tests with structural breaks," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 102-115.
    5. Yilanci, Veli & Tunali, Çiğdem Börke, 2014. "Are fluctuations in energy consumption transitory or permanent? Evidence from a Fourier LM unit root test," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 20-25.
    6. Lei Pan & Svetlana Maslyuk-Escobedo, 2019. "Stochastic convergence in per capita energy consumption and its catch-up rate: evidence from 26 African countries," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 51(24), pages 2566-2590, May.
    7. Borozan, Djula, 2017. "Testing for convergence in electricity consumption across Croatian regions at the consumer's sectoral level," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 102(C), pages 145-153.
    8. Okajima, Shigeharu & Okajima, Hiroko, 2013. "Estimation of Japanese price elasticities of residential electricity demand, 1990–2007," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 433-440.
    9. Bozoklu, Seref & Yilanci, Veli & Gorus, Muhammed Sehid, 2020. "Persistence in per capita energy consumption: A fractional integration approach with a Fourier function," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(C).
    10. Lei Pan & Svetlana Maslyuk-Escobedo, 2017. "Stochastic convergence in per capita energy consumption and its catch-up rate: Evidence from 26 African countries," Monash Economics Working Papers 16-17, Monash University, Department of Economics.
    11. Lin, Boqiang & Omoju, Oluwasola E. & Okonkwo, Jennifer U., 2015. "Will disruptions in OPEC oil supply have permanent impact on the global oil market?," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 52(C), pages 1312-1321.
    12. Shahbaz, Muhammad & Omay, Tolga & Roubaud, David, 2019. "Sharp and Smooth Breaks in Unit Root Testing of Renewable Energy Consumption: The Way Forward," MPRA Paper 92176, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 11 Feb 2019.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Energy Consumption; Panel Unit Root Test;

    JEL classification:

    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy

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