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Vertical Integration and Foreclosure: Evidence from Production Network Data

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  • Boehm, Johannes
  • Sonntag, Jan
Abstract
This paper studies the prevalence of potential anticompetitive effects of vertical mergers using a novel dataset on U.S. and international buyer-seller relationships, and across a large range of industries. We find that relationships are more likely to break when suppliers vertically integrate with one of the buyers' competitors than when they vertically integrate with an unrelated firm. This relationship holds for both domestic and cross-border mergers, and for domestic and international relationships. It also holds when instrumenting mergers using exogenous downward pressure on the supplier's stock prices, suggesting that reverse causality is unlikely to explain the result. In contrast, the relationship vanishes when using rumored or announced but not completed integration events. Firms experience a substantial drop in sales when one of their suppliers integrates with one of their competitors. This sales drop is mitigated if the firm has alternative suppliers in place. These findings are consistent with anticompetitive effects of vertical mergers, such as vertical foreclosure, rising input costs for rivals, or self-foreclosure.

Suggested Citation

  • Boehm, Johannes & Sonntag, Jan, 2020. "Vertical Integration and Foreclosure: Evidence from Production Network Data," CEPR Discussion Papers 15463, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
    • Handle: RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:15463
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    Cited by:

    1. Marissa Beck & Fiona Scott Morton, 2021. "Evaluating the Evidence on Vertical Mergers," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 59(2), pages 273-302, September.
    2. Chacha, Peter Wankuru & Kirui, Benard Kipyegon & Wiedemann, Verena, 2024. "Supply Chains in Times of Crisis: Evidence from Kenya’s Production Network," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Christopher Ksoll & Rocco Macchiavello & Ameet Morjaria, 2021. "Electoral Violence and Supply Chain Disruptions in Kenya's Floriculture Industry," NBER Working Papers 29297, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    4. Andrea Bacilieri & Pablo Austudillo-Estevez, 2023. "Reconstructing firm-level input-output networks from partial information," Papers 2304.00081, arXiv.org.
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    6. Margaret E. Slade, 2021. "Vertical Mergers: A Survey of Ex Post Evidence and Ex Ante Evaluation Methods," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 58(4), pages 493-511, June.
    7. Francine Lafontaine & Margaret E. Slade, 2021. "Presumptions in Vertical Mergers: The Role of Evidence," Review of Industrial Organization, Springer;The Industrial Organization Society, vol. 59(2), pages 255-272, September.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Mergers and acquisitions; Market foreclosure; Vertical integration; Production networks;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • L14 - Industrial Organization - - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance - - - Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation
    • L42 - Industrial Organization - - Antitrust Issues and Policies - - - Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts

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