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Not loving thy neighbour as thyself: Trade, democracy and military expenditure explanations underlying India—Pakistan rivalry

Author

Listed:
  • Syed Mansoob Murshed

    (Birmingham Business School; Institute of Social Studies (ISS); and Centre for the Study of Civil War (CSCW), PRIO, Murshed@iss.nl)

  • Dawood Mamoon

    (Pakistan Institute of Trade and Development (PITAD), Islamabad, dmamoon@gmail.com)

Abstract
This article analyses whether greater international trade, democracy and reduced military spending lower hostility between India and Pakistan. Conflict between the two nations can be best understood in a multivariate framework where variables such as economic performance, multilateral trade with the rest of the world, bilateral trade, military expenditure, democracy scores and population are simultaneously taken into account. The empirical investigation is based on time series econometrics from 1950— 2005, allowing causality to be examined. The results suggest that reduced bilateral trade, greater military expenditure, less development expenditure, lower levels of democracy, lower growth rates and less general trade openness are all conflict enhancing, albeit with lags in some cases. Moreover, there is reverse causality between bilateral trade, militarization and conflict; low levels of bilateral trade and high militarization are conflict enhancing, but conflict also reduces bilateral trade and raises militarization. Economic growth is conflict mitigating, but the reverse is not true. Globalization, or greater openness to trade with the rest of the world, is the most significant driver of a liberal peace, corroborating a modified form of the capitalist peace, rather than a common democratic political orientation suggested by the pure form of the Kantian liberal peace.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Mansoob Murshed & Dawood Mamoon, 2010. "Not loving thy neighbour as thyself: Trade, democracy and military expenditure explanations underlying India—Pakistan rivalry," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 47(4), pages 463-476, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:joupea:v:47:y:2010:i:4:p:463-476
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Njamen Kengdo Arsène Aurelien & Nchofoung Tii N. & Kos A Mougnol Alice, 2023. "Determinants of Military Spending in Africa: Do Institutions Matter?," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 29(4), pages 401-440, December.
    2. Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor & Peter A. G. Bergeijk, 2014. "Measuring Multi-Membership in Economic Integration and Its Trade Impact: A Comparative Study of ECOWAS and SADC," South African Journal of Economics, Economic Society of South Africa, vol. 82(4), pages 518-530, December.
    3. Sasidaran Gopalan & Ammar A. Malik & Kenneth A. Reinert, 2013. "The Renewed Hope of Multilateralism in South Asia: Applying the MFN Principle to Pakistan–India Trade," Global Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science, vol. 4(4), pages 445-448, November.
    4. Zakee SAADAT & Dawood MAMOON, 2016. "Destination EU and USA: Improving Export Potential of Pakistan by Trading with India," Journal of Economics and Political Economy, KSP Journals, vol. 3(4), pages 659-669, December.
    5. Peter A.G. van Bergeijk, 2009. "Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 13518.
    6. Mamoon, Dawood & S. Mansoob, Murshed, 2008. "On the Conflict Mitigating Effects of Trade: The India-Pakistan Case," MPRA Paper 10431, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. (ed.), 0. "Research Handbook on Economic Diplomacy," Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 16053.
    8. Olaf J. de Groot, 2012. "Analyzing the costs of military engagement," Economics of Peace and Security Journal, EPS Publishing, vol. 7(2), pages 41-49, July.
    9. Tilman Brück & Olaf J de Groot & Friedrich Schneider, 2011. "The economic costs of the German participation in the Afghanistan war," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 48(6), pages 793-805, November.
    10. Sasidaran Gopalan & Ammar A. Malik & Kenneth A. Reinert, 2013. "The Imperfect Substitutes Model in South Asia," South Asia Economic Journal, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka, vol. 14(2), pages 211-230, September.
    11. Afesorgbor, Sylvanus Kwaku & van Bergeijk, Peter A.G., 2011. "Multi-membership and effectiveness of regional trade agreements in Western and Southern Africa: a comparative study of ECOWAS and SADC," Proceedings of the German Development Economics Conference, Berlin 2011 1, Verein für Socialpolitik, Research Committee Development Economics.

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