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The changing of the relationships between carbon footprints and final demand: Panel data evidence for 40 major countries

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  • Pablo-Romero, María del P.
  • Sánchez-Braza, Antonio
Abstract
Global warming and environmental pollution have led many countries to begin to implement measures to reduce the use of fossil fuels. However, emissions reductions may have been reached because of the displacement of emissions intensive production. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationships between the emissions caused by countries from a demand point of view, the carbon footprints and the demand for goods and services in these countries, and especially in the European countries. With this aim, a two-step process was carried out. Firstly, carbon footprints were calculated during the 1995–2009 period. Secondly, the EKC hypothesis between these carbon footprints and the total final demands were tested by using panel data and a multilevel mixed-effects model. The results show that the EKC hypothesis is not supported when considering carbon footprints with respect to final demand. It is also shown that carbon footprints are slightly increasing with respect to final demand beyond proportionality. The carbon footprint elasticities are different between countries, their values increasing with the final demand per capita of countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Pablo-Romero, María del P. & Sánchez-Braza, Antonio, 2017. "The changing of the relationships between carbon footprints and final demand: Panel data evidence for 40 major countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 8-20.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:eneeco:v:61:y:2017:i:c:p:8-20
    DOI: 10.1016/j.eneco.2016.10.018
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    2. Simões, Paulo Fernando Mahaz & Souza, Reinaldo Castro & Calili, Rodrigo Flora & Pessanha, José Francisco Moreira, 2020. "Analysis and short-term predictions of non-technical loss of electric power based on mixed effects models," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    3. Maria P. Pablo-Romero & Antonio Sánchez-Braza & Javier Sánchez-Rivas, 2017. "Relationships between Hotel and Restaurant Electricity Consumption and Tourism in 11 European Union Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(11), pages 1-14, November.
    4. Sajid, M. Jawad & Cao, Qingren & Kang, Wei, 2019. "Transport sector carbon linkages of EU's top seven emitters," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 24-38.
    5. Xiao, Hao & Sun, Ke-Juan & Bi, Hui-Min & Xue, Jin-Jun, 2019. "Changes in carbon intensity globally and in countries: Attribution and decomposition analysis," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 1492-1504.
    6. Sun, Xudong & Cheng, Xuelei & Guan, Chenghe & Wu, Xiaofang & Zhang, Bo, 2022. "Economic drivers of global and regional CH4 emission growth from the consumption perspective," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 170(C).
    7. Rehermann, F. & Pablo-Romero, M., 2018. "Economic growth and transport energy consumption in the Latin American and Caribbean countries," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 122(C), pages 518-527.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Carbon footprints; Final demand; Multilevel mixed-effects model;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C23 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Single Equation Models; Single Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • O44 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity - - - Environment and Growth
    • O50 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - General
    • O52 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economywide Country Studies - - - Europe
    • Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth

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