Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya

Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya
Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya
ɘ
Nomor IPA	397
Pengodean karakter
Entitas (desimal)	ɘ
Unikode (heks)	U+0258
X-SAMPA	@\
Kirshenbaum	@<umd>
Braille
Gambar
Sampel suara
	noicon sumber · bantuan

/ˈvɔ.kal/

IPA: Vokal

	Depan	Madya	Belakang
Tertutup	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Hmpr. tutup	ɪ ʏ	ɪ̈ ʊ̈	ɯ̽ ʊ
1/2 tutup	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Tengah	e̞ ø̞	ə ɵ̞	ɤ̞ o̞
1/2 buka	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Hmpr. Buka	æ	ɐ ɞ̞
Terbuka	a ɶ	ä ɒ̈	ɑ ɒ

Vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya, atau high-mid central unrounded vowel,^[1] adalah tipe dari suara vokal, digunakan dalam sedikit bahasa . Simbol dalam Alfabet Fonetik Internasional yang melambangkan suara ini adalah ⟨ɘ⟩. Huruf ini adalah huruf e yang terlihat dalam cermin, dan jangan bingung dengan pepet ⟨ə⟩, itu adalah e terbalik. Itu ditambahkan pada IPA pada 1993; sebelum itu, vokal ini ditranskrip ⟨ë⟩ (Huruf kecil Latin e dengan diaresis, bukan Huruf Kiril Yo). Sumber tertentu yang lebih tua^[2] menanskrip vokal ini sebagai ⟨ɤ̈⟩.

Huruf ⟨ɘ⟩ dapat ditambahkan diakritik rendah ⟨ɘ̞⟩, untuk menandai vokal tengah tidak bulat.

Sebaliknya, ⟨ə⟩, simbol untuk vokal tengah tengah dapat digunakan dengan diakritik naik ⟨ə̝⟩ untuk menunjukkan vokal tengah dekat-tengah yang tidak bulat, meskipun itu lebih tepat ditulis dengan diakritik pembulatan tambahan ⟨ə̝͑⟩ untuk secara eksplisit menunjukkan kurangnya pembulatan (nilai kanonik IPA ⟨ə⟩ tidak ditentukan untuk pembulatan).

Karakteristik vokal

Karakteristik vokal dari vokal takbulat setengah tertutup madya adalah:

Ketinggian vokal dari vokal ini tergolong sebagai vokal setengah tertutup, juga dikenal sebagai tinggi-medial, yang berarti lidah diposisikan di tengah-tengah vokal tertutup (tinggi) dan vokal tengah (medial).

Ketinggian vokal dari vokal ini tergolong sebagai vokal tengah, yang berarti lidah diposisikan ditengah-tengah mulut atau diantara vokal tertutup dan vokal terbuka.
Vokal ini merupakan vokal takbulat, yang berarti vokal ini dihasilkan dari bibir dengan bentuk tidak membulat.

Kata-kata

Bahasa		Kata	IPA	Arti	Catatan
Azerbaijani	Tabriz^[3]	qız / قیز	[ɡɘz]	'gadis'	ditranskrip dalam IPA dengan ⟨ɯ⟩.
Cotabato Manobo^[4]		^{[apa contohnya?]}			bisa ditranskrip dalam IPA dengan ⟨ə⟩.
Chuvash		чĕлхе	[t͡ɕɘlɣɛˈ]	'bahasa, lidah
Dinka	Luanyjang^[5]	ŋeŋ	[ŋɘ́ŋ]	'tulang rahang'	Alofon pendek dari /e/.^[5]
Inggris	Australia^[6]^[7]	bird	[bɘːd]	'burung'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. Lihat Fonologi Dialek Australia
	Cardiff^[8]	foot	[fɘt]	'kaki'	Less often rounded [ɵ];^[9] korespon ke [ʊ] dalam dialek lain. Lihat Fonologi Inggris
	Selandia Baru^[10]	bit	[bɘt]	'sedikit'	/ə/ dan /ɪ/ ditemukan dalam dialek lain. Lihat Fonologi Dialek Selandia Baru
	Amerika Selatan^[11]	nut	[nɘt]	'kacang'	dialek sama.^[11] Korespon ke /ʌ/ dalam dialek lain. Lihat Fonologi Inggris
Estonia^[12]		kõrv	[kɘrv]	'telinga'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩; can be close-mid back [ɤ] or close back [ɯ] instead, depending on the speaker.^[12] Lihat Fonologi Esti
Gaelik	Munster^[13]	sáile	[ˈsˠɰaːlʲə̝]	'air garam'	Usually transcribed in IPA with [ɪ̽]. It is an allophone of /ə/ next to non-palatal slender consonants.^[13] See Irish phonology
Jebero^[14]		ɨx[e/ï][k/c/q]	[ˈiʃɘk]	'kelelawar'
Kaingang^[15]		me	[ˈᵐbɘ]	'ekor'	Varies between central [ɘ] and back [ɤ].^[16]
Kalagan Kaagan^[17]		[miˈwə̝ːʔ]		'hilang'	Alofon dari /ɨ/ in word-final stressed syllables before /ʔ/; can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.^[17]
Karakalpak		бир	[bɘr]	'satu'
Kazakh		бір	[bɘr]	'satu'	Juga ditranskrip sebagai [ɪ̞].
Kensiu^[18]		[ɟɚ̝h]		'memangkas'	Rhotacized; may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɚ⟩.^[18]
Kera^[19]		[t͡ʃə̝̄wā̠a̠]		'api'	Alofon dari /a/; ditranskrip pula dalam IPA dengan ⟨ə⟩.^[19]
Korea^[20]		어른/ŏŏleun	[ə̝ːɾɯ̽n]	'dewasa'	May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨əː⟩. See Korean phonology
Lizu^[21]		[^Fkə̝]^{[butuh klarifikasi]}		'elang'	Alofon dari /ə/ setelah letup langit-langit belakang.^[21]
Mapudungun^[22]		elün	[ë̝ˈlɘn]	'memberikan (sesuatu)'
Mongolia^[23]		үсэр	[usɘɾɘ̆]	'lompat'
Mono^[24]		dœ	[də̝]	'jadilah (ekuatif)'	May be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.^[24]
Polski^[25]		mysz	[mɘ̟ʂ] (bantuan·info)	'tikus'	Somewhat fronted;^[25] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɨ⟩. See Polish phonology
Romania	Dialek Moldavia^[26]	casă	[ˈkäsɘ]	'rumah'	Korespon ke [ə] dalam Romania Standar . Lihat Fonologi Romania
Shiwiar^[27]		^{[apa contohnya?]}
Temne^[28]		pər	[pə̝́r]	'menghasut'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩.^[28]
Vietnam^[29]		vợ	[vɘ˨˩ˀ]	'istri'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. Lihat Fonologi Vietnam
Xumi	Upper^[30]	[LPmɘ̃dɐ]		'dia atas'	Nasalized; occurs only in this word.^[30] It is realized as mid [ə̃] in Lower Xumi.^[31]
Zapotek	Tilquiapan^[32]	ne	[nɘ]	'dan'	Realisasi paling biasa dari /e/.^[32]

Catatan kaki

^ Templat:Vowel terminology
^ For example Collins & Mees (1990).
^ Mokari & Werner (2016).
^ Kerr (1988)
^ ^a ^b Remijsen & Manyang (2009)
^ Cox (2006)
^ Durie & Hajek (1994)
^ Collins & Mees (1990)
^ Collins & Mees (1990)
^ Bauer et al. (2007)
^ ^a ^b Roca & Johnson (1999)
^ ^a ^b Asu & Teras (2009), hlm. 368–369.
^ ^a ^b Ó Sé (2000)
^ Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013)
^ Jolkesky (2009)
^ Jolkesky (2009)
^ ^a ^b Wendel & Wendel (1978)
^ ^a ^b Bishop (1996)
^ ^a ^b Pearce (2011)
^ Lee (1999)
^ ^a ^b Chirkova & Chen (2013a)
^ Sadowsky et al. (2013)
^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005)
^ ^a ^b Olson (2004)
^ ^a ^b Jassem (2003) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].
^ Pop (1938), hlm. 29.
^ Fast Mowitz (1975)
^ ^a ^b Kanu & Tucker (2010)
^ Hoang (1965)
^ ^a ^b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013)
^ Chirkova & Chen (2013b)
^ ^a ^b Merrill (2008)

Referensi

Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x 
Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830 
Bishop, Nancy (1996), "A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology" (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 25
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013a), "Lizu", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242 
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013b), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157 
Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169 
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", dalam Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard, English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., hlm. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Cox, F.M. (2006), "The acoustic characteristics of /hVd/ vowels in the speech of some Australian teenagers", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 26: 147–179, doi:10.1080/07268600600885494
Durie, M.; Hajek, J. (1994), "A revised standard phonemic orthography for Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 14 (1): 93–107, doi:10.1080/07268609408599503
Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano
Hoang, Thi Quynh Hoa (1965), A phonological contrastive study of Vietnamese and English (PDF), Lubbock, Texas: Texas Technological College
Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191 
Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685
Kanu, Sullay M.; Tucker, Benjamin V. (2010), "Temne", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 247–253, doi:10.1017/S002510031000006X 
Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 7 (1): 1–123, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-05-11
Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, hlm. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 
Mokari, Payam Ghaffarvand; Werner, Stefan (2016), Dziubalska-Kolaczyk, Katarzyna, ed., "An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels", Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 52 (3), doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019
Olson, Kenneth S. (2004), "Mono" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 233–238, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744 
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (dalam bahasa Irlandia), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
Pearce, Mary (2011), "Kera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (2): 249–258, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605 
Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing, ISBN 0-631-21345-7
Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 
Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370 
Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 2 (1): 191–203, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-05-11

Pranala luar

Daftar bahasa dengan [ɘ] di PHOIBLE

[1] Templat:Vowel terminology

[2] For example Collins & Mees (1990).

[FOOTNOTEMokariWerner2016-3] Mokari & Werner (2016).

[4] Kerr (1988)

[dinka-5] Remijsen & Manyang (2009)

[6] Cox (2006)

[7] Durie & Hajek (1994)

[8] Collins & Mees (1990)

[9] Collins & Mees (1990)

[10] Bauer et al. (2007)

[sae-11] Roca & Johnson (1999)

[FOOTNOTEAsuTeras2009368–369-12] Asu & Teras (2009), hlm. 368–369.

[muir-13] Ó Sé (2000)

[14] Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013)

[15] Jolkesky (2009)

[16] Jolkesky (2009)

[wendel-17] Wendel & Wendel (1978)

[bis230-18] Bishop (1996)

[pear251-19] Pearce (2011)

[20] Lee (1999)

[chir-21] Chirkova & Chen (2013a)

[22] Sadowsky et al. (2013)

[23] Iivonen & Harnud (2005)

[olson235-24] Olson (2004)

[jassem-25] Jassem (2003) The source transcribes this sound with the symbol ⟨ɨ⟩ but one can see from the vowel chart at pag. 105 that the Polish sound is closer to [ɘ] than to [ɨ].

[FOOTNOTEPop193829-26] Pop (1938), hlm. 29.

[27] Fast Mowitz (1975)

[katuc-28] Kanu & Tucker (2010)

[29] Hoang (1965)

[chir1-30] Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013)

[31] Chirkova & Chen (2013b)

[merrill-32] Merrill (2008)

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