Anter
- Nā Kumumanaʻo
- - Nā mea kikowaena
- Nā ʻano pilikanaka
- - Nā mea waiwai
- - Nā mea hana o ka superstructure
- Pili pili
- Nā ʻaoʻao hui
- Nā mea hoʻohui o nā manaʻo like 'ole
- Nā mea kalaiwa
- Nā Lunamakaʻāinana
- - Nā mea maʻamau i ka waihona a me ka superstructure
- Nā laʻana
- ʻO Marx a me nā palapala
- Hoʻokele waiwai
- Kānāwai
- Neoliberalism a me ka Mokuʻāina
- Nā kūmole
ʻO ka ʻoihana hoʻokele waiwai ʻO ia kekahi o nā ʻāpana manaʻo ʻelua i hoʻomohala ʻia e Karl Marx, ʻo ia ka mea e hana i ka hui kapitalista. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ka substructure a i ʻole ke kumu waiwai.
ʻO ke kumu e pili ana i nā ikaika a me nā pilina o ka hana ʻana, e like me ka mahele ʻenehana o ka hana, ka pili waiwai, nā kūlana hana a ka limahana, nā hana a lākou e hana ai, a me nā kumuwaiwai e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i nā mea e pono ai ka ʻoihana. kaiāulu.
ʻO ka superstructure waiwai pili i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe āpau o ke kaiāulu. Aia pū me ka moʻomeheu, nā waiwai a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo, nā loina, nā hui kaiaulu (ka naʻau, ka hoʻomana, ka pāpāho, ka ʻohana), a me ke ʻano politika o ka Mokuʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea hana politika e noho aupuni ana i ka nohona.
ʻOiai ʻo ka pilina o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻaʻole pololei hoʻokahi ala, ʻoiai ka hopena o ka hoʻokele waiwai i ka kumu, ʻo ka mana o ka waihona ka mea nui.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Marx ua kū aʻe ka superstructure a ulu aʻe i waho o ke kumu, no laila e hōʻike ana i nā makemake o ka papa aliʻi e hoʻomalu iā ia. E like me ia, hōʻoia ka superstructure i ka hana a ke kumu a, i ka hana ʻana pēlā, e hōʻoia i ka mana o ka papa aliʻi.
Nā Kumumanaʻo
Mai kahi ʻano sociological nui he mea nui ia e ʻike i ke kumu a me ka superstructure ʻaʻole kū kūlohelohe a kū ʻole hoʻi.
ʻO nā mea ʻelua he mau hana kaiāulu, i haku ʻia e nā poʻe i kahi kaiāulu, a ʻo nā mea ʻelua ka hōʻiliʻili o nā hana kaiaulu a me nā pilina ma waena o nā poʻe, e ulu mau nei, e loli a hoʻololi.
ʻO ka mōʻaukala, hoʻololi ka superstructure a hoʻomohala kūpono ʻole i nā hana like ʻole o ke kaiāulu; ʻo kahi laʻana, art, politika, economics, etc.
He pānaʻi ka pilina kumu-superstructure. Hōʻike ʻo Engels i ka hopena wale nō e hoʻoholo ke kumu i ka superstructure.
- Nā mea kikowaena
Nā ʻano pilikanaka
- Ke kānāwai waiwai.
- Ke kanaka, me ka hoʻohui i kā lākou noho kaiaulu.
- Ke kaiāulu-ʻano dialectic.
- Ka ālai ma waena o ka manawa hana a me ka manawa ola. Hoʻopili a unuhi ka hoʻokele waiwai i kēia haunaele.
- Ka hana. ʻOi aku ka hana.
- Ka launa pū ʻana o ke kāne me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
- Nā mea waiwai
- Nā pilina ma waena o ka huahana a me ka mea hana, a ma waena hoʻi o ka hana a me ka mea hana.
- Ka manawa hana a me ka hana keu a ma luna o ka imperative.
- Ka manawa hana kūpono a me ka hana nui.
- Nā mea hana o ka superstructure
Pili pili
- Nā ʻano o ke aupuni.
- Ke kūpono.
- kālaiʻāina.
Nā ʻaoʻao hui
- Nā hui e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka waiwai.
- ʻOihana.
- Ka mokuʻāina.
- Nā hui e mālama i ka noho kaiaulu.
Nā mea hoʻohui o nā manaʻo like 'ole
- Ke kiʻi pena kiʻi Canonized.
- Nā akeakamai.
- Nā kuʻuna.
- Nā hana a me nā loina.
Nā mea kalaiwa
- Nā ʻōnaehana pono.
- Nā hoʻomana.
Nā Lunamakaʻāinana
- Ka manawa a me ka make.
- kaʻuhane.
- Ke kālā.
- Nā akua.
- Nā mea maʻamau i ka waihona a me ka superstructure
- Ka ʻōlelo.
- Ka mea i kapa ʻia "nā waiwai kūloko", e like me ka noʻonoʻo, makemake, ʻike, etc.
- Ke ʻano hana a me ka ʻepekema.
- Ke aʻo.
- Ke kumu o ka lawe a me ke kamaʻilio.
- Nā ʻano noʻeau e hoʻoulu ai i nā waiwai kūloko.
Nā laʻana
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o Marx o ke kahua a me ka superstructure hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā hoʻopaʻi ʻepekema politika, sociology, anthropology, a me psychology i hoʻohana ʻia e nā mea ʻimi na Marxist.
Ma waena o kēia mau aʻo, hiki i ka pilina kumu-superstructure a me nā ʻike o kēlā me kēia ke lawe i nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO Marx a me nā palapala
Hōʻike ʻo Marx i ke kumu ma ke ʻano he pilina pilina ma waena o nā kāne e hana i nā mea a kūkulu ʻia no ka kūʻai aku. Mai ke kumu e kū mai kahi superstructure kahi e ʻāpono ai nā kānāwai, ka politika, ka hoʻomana a me nā palapala i ka mana o nā papa kaiaulu i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kumu.
No laila, no Marx, ʻo ke kiʻi a me nā palapala kahi supers superstructure o ke kaiāulu. Kuhi ʻo Marx aia he "pilina kaulike" ma waena o nā mea noʻeau a me nā kaiāulu.
No laila, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahi kaiāulu hoʻomohala hou aʻe kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o nā hana noʻeau. Pili ia i ka poʻe Helene ma ke ʻano he kaiāulu kahi i hana ʻia ai ka epic, akā ua nele ka hoʻomohala waiwai.
ʻ asslelo pū ʻo Marx he mana ko kā ka superstructure o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia i kahi hōʻike wale o ka hakakā papa a i ʻole ke kūlana o ka hoʻokele waiwai.
Me kēia manaʻo naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Marx ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka hana noʻeau e kekahi ʻano hana.
Hoʻokele waiwai
ʻO Wilhelm Reich's Freudo-Marxist aʻo o ke anamanaʻo, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he moekolohe wahine, kahi hoʻāʻo e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻike ʻana o ka loli o ke kumu a me ka superstructure, i hana ʻia i ka wā o ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua 1929 a 1933.
I mea e ʻike ai i kēia hanana, hoʻohālikelike ʻo Reich i ka ideology kaiaulu ma ke ʻano he mea ma ke kumu, ʻaʻole ka superstructure.
I loko o kēia kuhi hou, ke kumumanaʻo o ka nohona kanaka a me ka psychology kaiaulu e hoʻomau nei i nā kaʻina waiwai, e like me ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana waiwai ma lalo e hoʻomau iā lākou iho.
Ua nānā ʻo Reich i ke kuleana o ka moekolohe i ka ʻōnaehana ʻohana makuakāne ma ke ʻano he ala e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke ala e hiki ai ke kākoʻo nui no ka fascism i kahi kaiāulu.
Kānāwai
ʻO kahi loiloi o ke kumumanaʻo hoʻokele waiwai-superstructure ʻo ia ka pilina waiwai, kahi i manaʻo ʻia he ʻāpana o ke kumu a me ka ikaika hoʻokele o ka mōʻaukala, i wehewehe maoli ʻia e nā pili pili kānāwai, kahi ʻano o ka superstructure.
Neoliberalism a me ka Mokuʻāina
Hāʻawi ʻo Colin Jenkins i kahi loiloi i ke kuleana o ke kapikala kapitalist i ke au o neoliberalism, e hoʻohana ana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka waihona a me ka superstructure.
E pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia au (1980-2015), hōʻike ʻo Jenkins i ke ʻano o nā ʻaoʻao politika a me ka ʻōnaehana politika i hoʻolālā ʻia e pale aku i ke kumu waiwai o ka kapitalism. No laila, i ka hana ʻana pēlā ua lilo lākou i kikowaena nui a hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka hapa haneli i hala.
Wahi a Jenkins, ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi ʻano ʻoihana-fascist e hoʻopiʻi i ke kaulike o kēia pilina palupalu. ʻO kāna kālailai e hōʻike kikoʻī nei i ke kuleana o nā ʻaoʻao nui ʻelua, ʻo Democrat a me Republican, i United States.
Ma waho o nā ʻokoʻa i nā pilikia kaiaulu e like me ka abort a me ka male male, a me nā pilikia pili kaiaulu e like me ka inikua hana ʻole a me ke kōkua lehulehu, ua ʻapo nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua i ka pono kapitalista / hui ʻoihana.
Hana lāua ʻelua ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua no nā papa aliʻi: ka Party Repubalika e hoʻokau nei i nā palena o ke kumu kapitalista a hiki i ka lihi o ka fascism, a me ka Democrats Party e hāʻawi nei i nā kekelē lohi a me ke kaomi e kūʻē i kēia neʻe ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻoihana-fascist.
Nā kūmole
- ʻO Nicki Lisa Cole (2019). Ka wehewehe ʻana o ka waihona a me ka hana nui. Kamaile. Lawe ʻia mai: thoughtco.com.
- Wikipedia, ka puke noiʻi kūʻikena manuahi (2019). Ke kahua a me ka superstructure. Lawe ʻia mai: en.wikipedia.org.
- Urpe (2017). ʻO ka Base Productive ma ke ʻano o ka honua a me ka mōʻaukala: Marx's Base-Superstructure Theory. Lawe ʻia mai: urpe.wordpress.com.
- ʻO Edgardo Adrián López (2019). ʻO nā aka o Marx. Hana ʻia. Lawe ʻia mai: eumed.net.
- Michael Lewers (2015). Kahua a me Superstructure. Ke Kulanui o Georgetown. Lawe ʻia mai: blogs.commons.georgetown.edu.