Bhagatsingh Jail Notebook PDF
Bhagatsingh Jail Notebook PDF
Bhagatsingh Jail Notebook PDF
nqyZHk nLrkost
‘kghns vkte Hkxrflag
dh tsy UkksVcqd
;s nLrkost jkgqy Qkm.Ms’ku }kjk izdkf’kr fd;k
x;k gS o izxfr’khy lkfgR; ds forjd tupsruk
}kjk de ls de nkeksa esa turk rd igq¡pk;k
tk jgk gSA vxj vki ihMh,Q dh ctk; fiz.V
dkWih ls i<+uk pkgrs gSa rks tupsruk ls lEidZ
dj ldrs gSa ;k fQj vestu ls [kjhn ldrs gSaA
vestu fyad % https://www.amazon.in/
dp/8187728922
tupsruk lEidZ % D-68, Niralanagar, Luc-
know-226020
0522-4108495; 09721481546
janchetna.books@gmail.com
Website - http://janchetnabooks.org
bl ihMh,Q Qkby ds var esa tupsruk }kjk
forfjr fd;s tk jgs izxfr’khy] ekuorkoknh o
ØkfUrdkjh lkfgR; dh lwph Hkh nh x;h gSA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
Hkxrflag }kjk tsy esa (1929&31)
vè;;u ds nkSjku fy;s x;s uksV~l vkSj m¼j.k
vuqokn
fo'oukFk feJ
lEiknu
lR;e oekZ
+
jkgqy Qkm.Ms 'ku
y[kuÅ
ISBN 978-81-87728-92-4
ewY; % #- 65-00
igyk laLdj.k % vizSy] 1999
NBk iqueqZnz.k % uoEcj] 2005
nwljk la'kksf/r ,oa ifjo£¼r laLdj.k % tuojh 2009
çdk'kd % jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku
69] ckck dk iqjok] isijfey jksM] fu'kkrxat]
y[kuÅ&226 006
vkoj.k % jkeckcw
Vkbils¯Vx % dEI;wVj çHkkx] jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku
eqæd % fØ,fVo fç.VlZ] 628@,l&28] 'kfDruxj] y[kuÅ
& Hkxrflag
Hkwfedk
^'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd* dks fgUnh ikBdksa ds gkFkksa esa nsrs gq, gesa fefJr
vuqHkwfr gks jgh gSA bfrgkl dh bl vueksy èkjksgj dks vki rd igq¡pkdj ge
xkSjokfUor vuqHko dj jgs gSa] ij lkFk gh blesa gqbZ nsjh dh dpksV Hkh gSA
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds bl nqyHZ k nLrkost+ dk egÙo fli+QZ bldh ,sfrgkfldrk
esa gh ugha gSA Hkxr¯lg ds v/wjs lius dks iwjk djus okyh Hkkjrh; ØkfUr vkt
,d ,sls iM+ko ij gS tgk¡ ls u;s] çp.M osx ls vkxs c<+us ds fy, blds
flikfg;ksa dks ^bUo+Qykc dh ryokj dks fopkjksa dh lku ij* u;h èkkj nsuh gSA
;g uksVcqd mu lcds fy, fopkjksa dh jks'kuh ls nedrk ,d çsj.kkiaqat gS tks
bl fojklr dks vkxs c<+kus dk tT+ck j[krs gSaA
vkt tc Hkkjrh; ØkfUr lkeus mifLFkr lokyksa&pqukSfr;ksa ls tw> jgh gS]
;qok ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh u;h ih<+h ds dU/ksa ij jkLrk fudkyus vkSj ml ij c<+us
dk dk;ZHkkj gS rFkk ,d u;s loZgkjk uotkxj.k vkSj çcks/u dk dke bfrgkl
ds ,ts.Ms ij gS] rks bl uksVcqd dks i<+rs gq, gekjh vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ckj&ckj
ml ukStoku dh Nfo mHkjrh gS tks iQk¡lh ds iQUns ds lk;s esa cSBdj Hkkjrh;
bUo+Qykc ds jkLrs dh lgh le> gkfly djus vkSj mls yksxksa rd igq¡pkus ds
fy, vkf[k+jh iy rd vè;;u&euu vkSj ys[ku esa tqVk jgkA
tsy esa Hkxr¯lg us pkj iqLrdsa fy[kh FkhaA gks ldrk gS ;s uksV~l bu iqLrdksa
dh rS;kjh esa fy;s x;s gksaA pkjksa ik.Mqfyfi;k¡ vkt u"V gks pqdh gSaA ysfdu vkt
Hkh muds ckjs esa u rks dksbZ çkekf.kd tkudkjh miyC/ gS vkSj u gh fdlh us
Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds bl v¡/sjs i{k ij 'kks/ djus dh t+:jr le>h gSA
UkksV cqd ds egku ,sfrgkfld egÙo vkSj vkt bldh fo'ks"k çklafxdrk dks
js[kkafdr djus ds fy, geus vkyksd jatu vkSj ,y- oh- fe=kksf[ku ds nks ys[k
Hkh 'kkfey fd;s gSaA ge pkgsaxs fd vki uksVcqd ls igys bu ys[kksa dks vo';
i<+saA uksVcqd dks lgh ifjçs{; vkSj i`"BHkwfe esa le>us esa bu ys[kksa ls dki+Qh
enn feysxhA Hkkjr ds ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds oSpkfjd fodkl ij geus
Hkxr¯lg ds lkFkh f'kooekZ dk foLr`r ys[k Hkh 'kkfey fd;k gSA
Hkwfedk @ 7
uksVcqd dh çLrqfr ds ckjs esa dqN ckrsa
gekjh bPNk Fkh fd tgk¡ rd lEHko gks gLrfyf[kr uksVcqd dh ewy
'kDy cuh jgs] Hkxr¯lg us ftl rjho+Qs ls uksV~l fy;s gSa mUgsa yxHkx mlh <ax
ls çLrqr fd;k tk;sA ysfdu fdrkc dh 'kDy esa çLrqr djus ds fy, dqN
cnyko djus iM+s gSaA
iwjh uksVcqd Hkxr¯lg ds NksVs v{kjksa okyh fy[kkoV esa fy[kh x;h gSA
T+;knkrj uksV~l ds Hkxr¯lg us NksVs ij lVhd vkSj lkjxfHkZr 'kh"kZd fn;s gSaA
vusd 'kh"kZd gkf'k;s ij Hkh fn;s x;s gSaA dgha&dgha dqN egÙoiw.kZ okD;ksa ;k
okD;ka'kksa dks Hkh gkf'k;s esa fy[kk x;k gSA
& geus lHkh 'kh"kZdksa rFkk gkf'k;s ij vafdr okD;ksa dks VsDLV ds lkFk
gh j[kk gS ij Hkxr¯lg }kjk fn;s x;s egÙo ds vuqlkj mUgsa NksVs ;k cM+s v{kjksa
esa fn;k x;k gSA
& Hkxr¯lg }kjk js[kkafdr fd;s x;s fgLlksa dks eksVs v{kjksa esa fn;k x;k
gSA
& Hkxr¯lg us dbZ txgksa ij dqN fgLlksa ij vfrfjDr cy nsus ds fy,
ck;ha vksj [kM+h ydhj [khaph gSA bls iqLrd esa ,sls gh fn[kk;k x;k gSA
uksVcqd esa vk;s vf/dka'k lUnHkk±s dh tkudkjh geus ikBdksa dks nsus dh
dksf'k'k dh gS] fiQj Hkh dqN lUnHkZ vKkr jg x;s gSaA ikBdksa ls vuqjks/ gS fd
;fn mUgsa bl ckjs esa tkudkjh gks rks gesa crk;asA bl lEcUèk esa gesa Jh HkwisUnz
gwtk ds lEiknu esa ^bf.M;u cqd ØkWfudy* }kjk loZçFke vaxzst+h esa çdkf'kr
A Martyr's Notebook ls dki+Qh enn feyh ftlds fy, ge mudk vkHkkj
O;Dr djrs gSaA
lR;e
ubZ fnYyh
vkyksd jatu
:lh fo}ku ,y-oh- fe=kksf[ku os igys O;fDr Fks ftUgksaus 1981 esa çdkf'kr
viuh iqLrd 'Lenin and India' esa igyh ckj] ,d vyx vè;k; es]a Hkxr¯lg
dh nqyZHk tsy uksVcqd ls foLr`r gokys nsrs gq, muds }kjk vfUre fnuksa esa fd;s
x;s ØkfUrdkjh vkSj ekDlZoknh lkfgR; ds xgu vè;;u ij çdk'k Mkyk Fkk
vkSj mu ;kstd&lw=kksa dks la;ksftr djus dh dksf'k'k dh Fkh] tks Hkxr¯lg ds
fpUru ds la?kVd vo;o FksA
Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa us 1928 esa ^fgUnqLrku lks'kfyLV
fjifCydu ,lksfl,'ku* dh LFkkiuk ds le; gh lektokn dks y{; vkSj
fl¼kUr ds :i esa Lohdkj dj fy;k Fkk] ij dekscs'k 1929 ds eè; rd
lektokn vkSj ekDlZokn ds çfr mudk yxko HkkokRed gh Fkk] cqf¼laxr ughaA
Hkxr¯lg ds lg;ksxh ØkfUrdkjh f'kooekZ lfgr vusd bfrgkldkjksa us bl ckr
dk mYys[k fd;k gS fd 1929 esa fxjÝ+rkjh ds ckn ,p-,l-vkj-,- ds ;qok
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ,d èkM+s us] vkSj fo'ks"kdj Hkxr¯lg us tsy esa cM+h eqf'dyksa
ls tqVkdj] ØkfUrdkjh lkfgR; vkSj ekDlZokn dk xgu vè;;u vkSj ml ij
fopkj&foe'kZ fd;kA blds ifj.kkeLo:i os vjktdrkoknh vkSj eè;oxhZ;
nqLlkglokn dks NksM+dj rst+h ls loZgkjk ØkfUr ds ekDlZoknh fl¼kUrksa dks
viukus dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+sA oS;fDrd 'kkS;Z ,oa cfynku ls turk dks txkus
vkSj vkradoknh j.kuhfr }kjk mifuos'kokn ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ dk jkLrk NksM+dj
mUgksaus vius vrhr dh vkykspuk o lekgkj fd;k rFkk bl ckr ij cy fn;k
fd ØkfUr dh eq[; 'kfDr et+njw vkSj fdlku gS]a lkezkT;okn dks dsoy loZgkjk
ØkfUr }kjk gh f'kdLr nh tk ldrh gS] eq[;r% is'ksoj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ij
vDVwcj] 1967 esa ,d o;kso`¼ Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh fot; dqekj flUgk ls esjh
HksaV gqbZA 1929 esa vaxzst+ ljdkj us mUgsa ml eqo+Qnes esa lt+k fnyok;h Fkh] tks
bfrgkl esa ykgkSj "kM~;U=k dsl ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mu fnuksa dh ?kVukvksa
dks ;kn djrs gq, Jh flUgk us egku Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkjh Hkxr¯lg ds ckjs esa
crk;k] tks iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ij p<+us ls dqN ?k.Vs igys rd ysfuu dh thouh
i<+rs jgs FksA
dSlk vuqie bPNk&cy Fkk ml ohj dk! mu vdFkuh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa]
iQk¡lh ls igys ,d iqLrd i<+uk! ijUrq ysfuu ds O;fDrRo dk çHkko bruk
çcy Fkk fd lqnwj vkSifuosf'kd Hkkjr esa e`R;qn.M çkIr o+QSnh muds thou dk
o.kZu djus okyh iafDr;ksa dks ;ksa i<+rs Fks] ekuks thounk;h Ïksr ls ?kw¡V Hkj jgs
gksAa
---lqcg dk oD+r FkkA bl fnu Hkxr¯lg rsbZl o"kZ] ik¡p eghus vkSj NCchl
fnu ds gq, FksA ykgkSj dk ,d v[k+ckj ns[krs gq, Hkxr¯lg dh ut+j gky gh
esa Nih ysfuu dh thouh ds ckjs esa ,d ys[k ij iM+hA
ysfuu ij ,d fdrkc---og gj gkyr esa mls i<+uk pkgrs FksA Hkxr¯lg tkurs
Fks fd vkSifuosf'kd ¶U;k;ky;¸ viuk i+QSlyk lquk pqdk gS vkSj mUgsa iQk¡lh
feydj jgsxhA ;s ,sls {k.k gksrs gSa] tc vkneh dh lcls cM+h bPNk gksrh gS fd
vius fç;tuksa ds vfUre n'kZu ik ysA
^;qxn`"Vk Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds e`R;qat; iqj[ks* iqLrd esa Hkxr¯lg dh
Hkrhth ohjsUæ flUèkq us muds vfUre fnuksa dk o.kZu bl çdkj fd;k gSA og
fy[krh gSa % ¶Hkxr¯lg ds fy, ysfuu ls vfèkd o+Qjhch vkSj dkSu Fkk\ og
viuh e`R;q ls igys muls feyus dks mRlqd Fks vkSj muds fy, ysfuu dh
thouh i<+us dk vFkZ ysfuu ls feyuk FkkA¸
fVIif.k;k¡
1- v- o- jkbdkso] ^Hkxr¯lg vkSj mudh fopkjèkkjkRed èkjksgj*] ^ujksnh vkt+hb bZ
vkÚhdh* (^,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk ds tux.k*)] vad 1] 1971 (:lh esa)
2- y-o- fe=kksf[ku] ^ysfuu ds ckjs esa Hkkjr*] ^ukÅdk* (^foKku*) çdk'ku] ekLdks] 1971]
i`"B 124&130 (:lh esa)
3. M. Windmiller and G.D. Overstreet, Communism in India, Berkley, 1959, p. 240
4- iwjk i=k ifjf'k"V esa ns[ksa
5. J. Sanyal, Sardar Bhagat Singh, Lahore, 1930, p. 104
lkU;ky dh iqLrd ij vkSifuosf'kd vfèkdkfj;ksa us çfrcUèk yxk fn;k FkkA mYys[kuh; gS
fd Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds ckjs esa iqLrdksa] dforkvksa vkSj mudh j{kk dh vihyksa
dk fuf"k¼ lkfgR; dh lwph esa fo'ks"k LFkku FkkA vesfjdh 'kksèkdrkZ ,u- tsjYM cSfj;j
1- uksVcqd dh i`"B la[;k VkbfVy i`"B ls fxuh x;h gSA dks"Bd esa nh x;h la[;k mu
i`"Bksa dh gS ftu ij fy[kk gqvk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, i`"B 2 ¼2½ ds ckn rhu i`"B lkns
gSa vkSj vxyh fy[kkoV i`"B 6 ¼3½ ij gSA uksVcqd esa chp&chp esa dqN i`"B ugha gSa rFkk
dbZ i`"B [k+kyh NksM+s gq, gSaA dqy 145 i`"Bksa ij Hkxr¯lg us uksV~l fy;s gSaA
2- uksVcqd ds i`"B nks ij t+ehu dh eki lEcUèkh fli+QZ bUgha nks bdkb;ksa & gsDVs;j vkSj
,dM+ dh vkilh rqyuk vafdr gSA
fnekx+h X+kqykeh & ¶,d 'kk'or lÙkk us ekuolekt dks oSlk gh jpk] tSlk
vkt og gS] rFkk ^Js"Brj* vkSj ^lÙkk* ds çfr leiZ.k nSoh bPNk ls gh
^fuEurj* oxks± ij ykxw fd;k x;k gSA¸ mins'kd x.k] mins'k eap vkSj çsl dh
vksj ls fn;s tkus okys bl lUns'k us vkneh ds fnekx+ dks lEeksfgr dj j[kk
gS vkSj ;g 'kks"k.k ds lcls et+cwr LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gSA
(vksfjftu vkWi+Q n i+QSfeyh esa vuqoknd dh Hkwfedk)2
i` " B 7 ¼4½
i`"B 8 ¼5 ½
2- ccZjrk %
1- fuEurj voLFkk % 1- dqEgkjh dk vkjEHkA igys ydM+h ds cjruksa ij
feV~Vh dh ijrsa p<+k;h tkrh Fkha] ysfdu ckn esa pydj feV~Vh ds cjru
vkfo"Ñr dj fy;s x;sA
2- ekuotkfr;k¡ nks Li"V oxks± esa foHkkftr %
(i) iwohZ] tks tkuoj ikyrh Fkha vkSj vukt iSnk djrh Fkha_
(ii) if'peh] ftuds ikl fli+QZ ^eDdk* FkkA
2- eè; voLFkk %
(v) if'peh xksyk¼Z % vFkkZr vesfjdk esa os [kk|&i+Qlysa mxkrs Fks] ([ksrh
vkSj ¯lpkbZ)] vkSj ?kj cukus ds fy, b±Vsa idkrs FksA
(c) iwohZ % os nwèk vkSj ekal ds fy, i'kqikyu djrh FkhaA bl voLFkk esa
dksbZ [ksrh ughaA
3- mPprj voLFkk %
1- dPps yksgs dks xykukA
2- nLrkost+ fy[kus ds fy, v{kj&fyfi dk fodkl vkSj mldk bLrsekyA
bl voLFkk esa vusd vkfo"dkj gksrs gSaA ;wukuh uk;dksa dk ;gh dky gSA
3- cM+s iSekus ij eDdk dh [ksrh djus ds fy, i'kqvksa }kjk yksgs ds gy
[khaps tkrs gSaA
4- taxyksa dh dVkbZ] rFkk yksgs dh dqYgkfM+;k¡ ,oa yksgs dh dqnkysa bLrseky
esa vkus yxhaA
1- ;gk¡ Hkxr¯lg us gkf'k;s ij fy[kk gS % osfut+u ¾ f'kdkj ls çkIr i'kq&ekal
42 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
5- egku miyfCèk;k¡ % (i) yksgs ds mUur vkStk+ j] (ii) HkkfFk;k¡] (iii) tkUrk]
(iv) dqEgkj dk pkd] (v) rsy vkSj 'kjkc fudkyuk] (vi) èkkrqvksa dh <ykbZ]
(vii) xkM+h vkSj jFk (viii) tgkt+&fuekZ.k ¹i`"B 9 ¼6½º (ix) dykRed
okLrq&f'kYi] (x) 'kgj vkSj fo+Qyksa dk fuekZ.k] (xi) gksej ;qx vkSj lEiw.kZ
feFkd'kkL=k
bu miyfCèk;ksa ds lkFk gh] ;wukuh rhljh voLFkk & ¶lH;rk¸ & esa ços'k
dj tkrs gSaA
la{ksi esa %
1- vlH;rk % eq[; rkSj ij rS;kj'kqnk çkÑfrd mRiknksa ds fofu;kstu dk
dky_ ekuoh; cqf¼&dq'kyrk eq[;r% bl fofu;kstu esa lgk;d fl¼ gksus okys
mi;ksxh vkSt+kjksa dk vkfo"dkj djrh gSA
2- ccZjrk % i'kqikyu] Ñf"k ,oa ekuoh; vfHkdrkZ }kjk çÑfr dh
mRikndrk c<+kus ds u;s&u;s rjho+Qksa dk Kku gkfly djus dk dkyA
3- lH;rk % çkÑfrd mRiknks a ds O;kidrj mi;ks x lh[kus dk]
eSU;qi+QSDp¯jx dk] rFkk dyk dk dkyA
fookg ds nks"k
[k+klrkSj ls ,d nh?kZdkfyd yxko] nl ekeyksa esa ls ukS esa] O;fHkpkj dk
,d iDdk çf'k{k.k Ldwy gksrk gSA (i`"B 91)
i` " B 11 ¼8½
i` " B 13 ¼10½
ijksidkjh fujadq'krk % ekW.VsX;w&psEli+QksM2Z us fczfV'k ljdkj dks ,d
^ijksidkjh fujadq'krk* dgk gS vkSj] fczfV'k yscj ikVhZ ds lkezkT;oknh usrk] jSEts
eSDMksukYM3 ds vuqlkj ¶,d ^ijksidkjh fujadq'krk* }kjk fdlh ns'k ij 'kklu
djus ds lHkh ç;klksa esa] 'kkflrksa dks dqpy Mkyk tkrk gSA os O;ogkj'khy
ukxfjd ugha] vkKkdkjh çtk cu tkrs gSaA mudk lkfgR;] mudh dyk] mudh
vkfRed vfHkO;fDr ej tkrh gSA¸
vkt+knh vkSj ¶vaxszt+ yksx vkt+knh dks Lo;a viuh [k+kfrj gh I;kj
vaxzst+ yksx djrs gSaA os vU;k; dh lHkh dkjZokb;ksa ls ?k`.kk djrs gSa]
flok; muds tks os Lo;a djrs gSaA os ,sls vkt+knh&çseh yksx
gSa fd dkaxks esa n[k+yvUnkt+h djrs gSa] vkSj csfYt;uksa ij ¶'keZ&'keZ¸ fpYykrs
gSaA ysfdu os Hkwy tkrs gSa fd mudh ,fM+;k¡ Hkkjr dh xjnu ij gSaA¸
& ,d vk;fj'k ys[kd 2
i` " B 14 ¼11½
HkhM+ dk çfr'kksèk
---¶vc vkb;s ge ns[ksa fd dSls yksx bl <ax ls lt+k nsus ds fopkj ds
dk;y gq,A
¶os bls mUgha ljdkjksa ls lh[krs gSa ftuds vUrxZr os th jgs gksrs gSa] vkSj
cnys esa ogh lt+k nsrs gSa ftldks Hkksxus ds os vknh gks pqds gksrs gSaA lwyh ij
V¡xs flj] tks o"kks± rd VsEiy ckj ds Åij yxs jgs] isfjl esa lwyh ij Vk¡xs tkus
okys fljksa ds n`'; dh Hk;kogrk ls rfud Hkh fHkUu ugha Fks_ fiQj Hkh vaxzst+
ljdkj us ;gh fd;kA 'kk;n dgk tk ldrk gS fd blls vkneh dks dksbZ [k+kl
i+Qo+QZ ugha iM+rk fd ejus ds ckn mlds lkFk D;k fd;k tkrk gS_ ysfdu thforksa
dks blls dki+Qh i+Qo+QZ iM+rk gS] blls ;k rks mudh Hkkouk,¡ fonh.kZ gks tkrh gSa
;k muds fny iRFkj gks tkrs gSa] vkSj nksuksa gh lwjrksa esa] ;g mUgsa f'kf{kr djrk
gS fd tc lÙkk muds gkFk esa vk;s rks os dSls lt+k nsaA
¶rc dqYgkM+h ls tM+ ij gh çgkj djks] vkSj ljdkjksa dks ekuork fl[kk
nksA ;s mudh [kwa[kkj lt+k,¡ gh gSa tks ekuotkfr dks Hkz"V djrh gSa---A tulkekU;
ds lkeus çn£'kr bu Øwj n`';ksa dk çHkko laosnu'khyrk dks [k+Re djus ;k
çfr'kksèk HkM+dkus ds :i esa lkeus vkrk gS] rFkk foosd ds ctk; vkrad ds
1- MkW- oh-,p- jnji+QksMZ dh iqLrd ekWMuZ bf.M;k % bV~l çksCyEl ,.M ns;j lksY;w'kal]
yUnu] 1927 ls
2- lEHkor% mijksDr iqLrd esa m¼`r
i` " B 15 ¼12½
jk"Vª us yqbZ pkSngosa ds fo#¼ ugha] cfYd ljdkj ds
jktk vkSj fujadq'k fl¼kUrksa ds fo#¼ foæksg fd;kA ;s fl¼kUr
jktrU=k %
ewyr% mlls ugha] cfYd dbZ lnh igys LFkkfir vkjfEHkd
O;oLFkk ls iSnk gq, Fks] vkSj bruh xgjkbZ esa tM+ tek pqds Fks fd [k+Re ugha
fd;s tk lds Fks] rFkk ijthfo;ksa ,oa yqVsjksa dk xUnxh ls Hkjk gqvk vLrcy Hkh
brus ?k`.kkLin :i ls xUnk Fkk fd ,d lEiw.kZ ØkfUr gh mls lki+Q dj ldrh
FkhA tc dksbZ dke djuk t+:jh gks tkrk gS] rks mls nÙk&fpÙk gksdj djuk
pkfg,] ;k mls djus dh dksf'k'k gh ugha djuh pkfg,---A jktk vkSj jktrU=k nks
vyx&vyx fHkUu pht+sa Fkha_ vkSj iwoksDZ r (;kuh jktk & l-) ;k mlds fl¼kUrksa
ds gh fojksèk esa ;g foæksg gqvk vkSj ØkfUr dh x;hA
& (i`"B 19)2
1- VkWel isu dh Ñfr] n jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu_ vaxzst+ ys[kd vkSj çpkjd VkWel isu
(1737&1809) vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke vkSj ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr esa viuh vfoLej.kh;
Hkwfedk ds fy, lkjh nqfu;k esa fo[;kr gS_ mldk ijpk dkeu lsal rFkk ;g Ñfr jkbV~l
vkWi+Q eSu] bfrgkl dh vewY; èkjksgj gSaA vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke ds nkSjku fy[kk x;k
jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu vesfjdh lafoèkku dk eq[; vkèkkj cukA
2- n jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu ls
3- ogh
48 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
i` " B 16 ¼13½
jktk dh ,d O;fDr ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy,] fdlh ns'k ds
ru[+okg % lkoZtfud VSDlksa esa ls] nl yk[k LV²yx lkykuk nsus
dh ckr djuk vekuoh; gS] tcfd gt+kjksa yksx tks blesa
;ksxnku djus ds fy, etcwj fd;s tkrs gSa] vHkko ls =kLr vkSj cngkyh ls tw>
jgs gSaA ljdkj tsyksa vkSj jktegyksa ds chp] ;k daxkyh vkSj 'kku&'kkSo+Qr
ds chp fdlh le>kSrs ds :i esa ugha gksrh_ ;g blfy, ugha xfBr dh tkrh
fd t+:jreUn ls mldh neM+h Hkh ywV yh tk;s vkSj [k+Lrkgkyksa dh nqnZ'kk vkSj
c<+k nh tk;sA
& (i`"B 204)1
1- ogh
2- iSfVªd gsujh (1736&1790) % vesfjdh LorU=krk laxzke ds usrkvksa esa ls ,d] ç[kj
oDrk vkSj lkaln
3- jkWcVZ th- baxjlksy (1832&1899) % vesfjdh odhy] oDrk vkSj ys[kd
cw<+k et+nwj % ¶---og (csjkst+xkj cw<+k et+nwj) mez ls] çÑfr ls] vkSj
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls tw> jgk Fkk_ lekt] o+Qkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk dk lkjk
cks> mlds Åij Hkkjh iM+rk gqvk] mls viuk vkRelEeku vkSj vkt+knh [kks nsus
ij etcwj dj jgk Fkk---A mlus iQkeks± ds njokt+s [kV[kVk;s vkSj og fli+QZ euq";
esa gh vPNkbZ ik ldk & o+Qkuwu vkSj O;oLFkk esa ugha] cfYd fli+QZ euq"; esa ghA¸
& fjpMZ tsiQjht+ (80) 3
i` " B 18 ¼15 ½
Hkw[k % ¶'kkld ds fy, mfpr ;gh gS fd mlds 'kklu esa dksbZ Hkh vkneh
B.M vkSj Hkw[k ls ihfM+r u jgsA vkneh ds ikl tc thus ds ekewyh
lkèku Hkh ugha jgrs] rks og vius uSfrd Lrj dks cuk;s ugha j[k ldrkA¸
& dksadks gks'kh
(tkiku dk ckS¼ fHk{kq] 14oha lnh] i`"B 135)
i` " B 19 ¼16½
eqfDr
vjs euq";ks! djrs gks xoksZfDr
fd rqe lUrfr gks eqDr vkSj ohj firjksa dh]
ij ;fn ysrk lk¡l ,d Hkh nkl èkjk ij]
rks D;k lpeqp rqe gks eqDr vkSj ohj\
;fn rqedks vglkl ugha tc
1- iSfVªd eSdfxy (1889&1963) % vkbfj'k i=kdkj] dfo vkSj miU;kldkjA (lh-ts-
& Økb i+QkWj tfLVl dk laf{kIr)
2- vesfjdh i=kdkj vkSj jktuhfrK (1811&1872)
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 51
csM+h ihM+k nsrh ,d HkkbZ dks]
rks D;k lpeqp rqe ugha vèke nkl
tks o+Qkfcy ugha eqDr gksus ds\
D;k gS og lPph eqfDr] tks rksM+s
t+athjsa cl viuh [k+kfrj]
vkSj Hkqyk ns laxfny gksdj
fd ekuork dk o+Qt+Z gS ge ij\
ugha] lPph eqfDr rHkh tc ge ck¡Vsa
lc t+athjsa] tks igus gSa vius HkkbZ]
vkSj Hkko vkS* deZ ls yxdj
gk¡s vkSjksa dh eqfDr easa rRij!
nkl rks os tks Hk; [kkrs gSa Loj nsus esa
fxjs gq, vkSj nqcZy dh [k+kfrj_
nkl rks os tks ugha pqusaxs
?k`.kk] Mk¡V vkSj xkyh
vkSj nqcddj eq¡g eksM+saxs
lp ls] bl ij lksp t+:jh_
nkl rks os tks fgEer u djsa
nks ;k rhu Hkh gksas xj lp ds go+Q esaA
& ¶tsEl jlsy ykWosy¸ (i`"B 189)1
i` " B 20 ¼17½
Hkjs iM+s gSa 'kqHkz vkSj fueZy vkHkk ds jRu ?kusjs
lkxj ds xgu vxkèk xàj esa]
f[kyrs gSa cgqrsjs iQwy vuns[ks yTtk#.k gksrs]
vkSj yqVk nsrs viuh lqxUèk futZu c;kj esaA2
LorU=krk
os e`r 'kjhj uo;qodksa ds]
os 'kghn tks >wy x;s iQk¡lh ds iQUns ls &
os fny tks Nyuh gks x;s Hkwjs lhls ls]
lnZ vkSj fu"iUn tks os yxrs gSa] thfor gSa vkSj dgha
vckfèkr vkst ds lkFkA
os thfor gSa vU; ;qok&tu esa] vks jktkvksA
os thfor gaS vU; cUèkq&tu esa] fiQj ls rqEgsa pqukSrh nsus dks rS;kjA
os ifo=k gks x;s e`R;q ls &
f'kf{kr vkSj leqUurA
i` " B 21 ¼18½
ni+Qu u gksrs vkt+knh ij ejus okys
iSnk djrs gSa eqfDr&cht] fiQj vkSj cht iSnk djus dksA
ftls ys tkrh nwj gok vkSj fiQj cksrh gS vkSj ftls
iksf"kr djrs gSa o"kkZ ty vkSj fgeA
nsgeqDr tks gqbZ vkRek mls u dj ldrs fofPNUu
vL=k&'kL=k vR;kpkjh ds
cfYd gks vts; jerh èkjrh ij] ejej djrh]
cfr;krh] pkSdl djrhA
(okYV fgVeSu 2] i`"B 268)
eqDr fpUru % ¶;fn dksbZ ,slh pht+ gks tks eqDr fpUru dks cjnk'r u
dj ldss] rks og HkkM+ esa tk;sA¸
& fo.Msy fiQfyi 3] i`"B 271
jkT; % ¶jkT; ni+Qk gks tk;s! eSa ,slh ØkfUr esa Hkkx yw¡xkA jkT; dh lewph
1- efDle xksdhZ (1868&1936) % çfl¼ :lh loZgkjk ØkfUrdkjh ys[kd
2- okYV fOgVeSu (1819&92)% çfl¼ vesfjdh dfo_ mudh fo[;kr dfork yhOt+
vkWi+Q xzkl ls
3- fo.Msy fiQfyIl (1811&1884) % vesfjdh oDrk] lqèkkjd] vkSj nklrk fojksèkh
vkUnksyu ds lfØ; dk;ZdrkZ
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 53
voèkkj.kk dk ewyksPNsnu dj nks] eqDr p;u vkSj vkfRed cUèkqrk dks
gh fdlh ,drk dh ,dek=k lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ 'krs± gksus dh ?kks"k.kk djks] vkSj
rHkh rqe ,d ,slh vkt+knh dh 'kq#vkr djksxs ftldh dksbZ lkFkZdrk gksxhA¸
& gsufjd bClu 1] i`"B 273
mRihM+u % ¶mRihM+u fu'p; gh ,d le>nkj vkneh dks ikxy cuk nsrk gSA¸
& (i`"B 278)2
i` " B 22 ¼19½
'kghn % tks vkneh vius lkFkh euq";ksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys vR;kpkj dk fojksèk
djus ds ç;kl esa] viuh tku ij [ksyrs gq,] viuh lkjh ft+Unxh
fuNkoj dj nsrk gS] og vR;kpkj vkSj vU;k; ds lfØ; vkSj fuf"Ø; leFkZdksa
dh rqyuk esa ,d lUr gS] Hkys gh mlds fojksèk ls mldh viuh ft+Unxh ds
lkFk&lkFk vU; ft+Unfx;k¡ Hkh D;ksa u u"V gks tkrh gksaA ,sls O;fDr ij igyk
iRFkj ogh ekjus dk go+Qnkj gks ldrk gS ftlus dHkh dksbZ iki u fd;k gksA
(i`"B 287)3
f'kdkxks ds 'kghn %
vc dksbZ Hkys gh ;g dgs fd mlus Hkkjh x+yrh dh] ijUrq ;fn mudh
x+yrh nl xquk Hkh vfèkd cM+h gksrh] rks Hkh bls mldh o+QqckZuh ekuo&Le`fr
iVy ls iksaN gh Mkysxh---
pfy, ge ;g iwjh rjg eku ysrs gSa fd mUgksaus viuh ut+j esa fojksèk dk
tks lcls vPNk rjho+Qk viuk;k] mldh èkkj.kk iwjh rjg x+yr vkSj vlEHko Fkh]
eku fy;k fd mUgksaus dkjZokbZ dk lcls vPNk jkLrk ugha viuk;kA ysfdu og
D;k pht+ Fkh ftlus mUgsa viuh ekStnw k lkekftd O;oLFkk ds fo#¼ èkkok cksy
s us
ds fy, mdlk;k\ os vkSj gt+kjksa yksx tks muds lkFk mB [kM+s gq,] cqjs vkneh
1- ç+QsMfjd gSfjlu (1831&1923) % çfl¼ fofèkosÙkk_ bfrgkl] jktuhfr vkSj lkfgR;
ij dbZ iqLrdksa ds ys[kd
2- VkWel tsiQjlu (1743&1826)% vesfjdk ds rhljs jk"Vªifr] vesfjdh LorU=krk
laxzke ds vxz.kh usrk vkSj lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa esa çeq[k
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 55
ugha Fks] Hkz"V ugha Fks] [+kwu ds I;kls ugha Fks] laxfny ugha Fks] vijkèkh ugha Fks]
vkSj u gh LokFkhZ ;k ikxy FksA rc og D;k pht+ Fkh ftlus brus rh[ks vkSj xgjs
çfrokn dks mdlkok fn;k---\
fdlh us Hkh bl ljy&lhèkh ckr ij x+kSj ugha fd;k fd euq"; viusvki
dks fdlh fojksèk ds fy, fcuk bl fo'okl ds ,dtqV ugha djrs fd dksbZ u
dksbZ pht+ ,slh gS ftldk mUgsa fojksèk djuk gS vkSj fd fdlh Hkh laxfBr lekt
eas O;kid fojksèk ,d ,slh pht+ gS tks xgjh Nkuchu dh njdkj j[krh gSA
& pkYlZ ,MoMZ jlsy 1(333)
i` " B 24 ¼21½
ØkfUrdkjh dh olh;r
¶eSa vius nksLrksa ls ;g Hkh dguk pkgwx¡ k fd os esjs ckjs esa de ls de ppkZ
djsaxs ;k fcYdqy gh ppkZ ugha djsaxs] D;ksafd tc vkneh dh rkjhi+Q gksus yxrh
gS rks mls bUlku ds ctk; nsoçfrek&lk cuk fn;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g ekuotkfr
ds Hkfo"; ds fy, cgqr cqjh ckr gS---A fli+QZ deks± ij gh x+kjS djuk pkfg,] mUgha
dh rkjhi+Q ;k fuUnk gksuh pkfg,] pkgs os fdlh ds }kjk fd;s x;s gksAa vxj yksxksa
dks buls lkoZtfud fgr ds fy, çsj.kk feyrh fn[kk;h ns] rks os budh rkjhi+Q
dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu vxj ;s lkekU; fgr ds fy, gkfudj yxsa] rks os budh
fuUnk Hkh dj ldrs gSa] rkfd fiQj budh iqujko`fÙk u gks ldsA
¶eSa pkgw¡xk fd fdlh Hkh volj ij] esjh o+Qcz ds fudV ;k nwj] fdlh Hkh
fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd ;k èkk£ed çn'kZu u fd;s tk;sa] D;ksafd eSa le>rk gw¡ fd
ejs gq, ds fy, [k+pZ fd;s tkus okys le; dk csgrj bLrseky mu yksxksa dh
thou&n'kkvksa dks lqèkkjus esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftuesa ls cgqrsjksa dks bldh
Hkkjh vko';drk gSA¸
& çQkaflLdks iQsjsj 2 dh olh;r
nku % ¶esjs ihNs vkvks¸] bZlk elhg us èkuh ;qod dks dgkA
1- pkYlZ bZ- jlsy (1860&1941) % edjsdlZ uke ls izfl¼ vesfjdh ys[kdks]a i=kdkjksa
ds lewg ds çeq[k lnL; Fks] ftUgksaus viuh jpukvksa esa iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk dh cqjkb;ksa dk
Hk.MkHkksM+ fd;kA
2- iwjk uke ÚkaflLdks iQsjsj xqvk£n;k (1859&1909) % Lisuh f'k{kk'kkL=kh] tks ckn esa
lektoknh cu x;s_ ;|fi mUgksaus ¯glk dk fojksèk fd;k Fkk] fiQj Hkh mu ij eqo+Qnek pyk;k
x;k] vkSj iQk¡lh ns nh x;h] ftls ckn esa pydj ¶vnkyrh gR;k¸ uke fn;k x;kA
56 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
ysfdu vius O;olk; esa yxs jguk vkSj viuh dqN nkSyr dks
nku&deZ esa yxkuk rqyukRed :i ls vklku FkkA ijksidkj gjsd ;qx dk pyu
jgk gSA nku x+jhch ds foæksgh rsoj dks u"V dj nsrk gSA vr% ijksidkjh èkuh
vkneh vius ljh[ks nkSyreUnksa dk gh fgrS"kh gksrk gS] vkSj mUgha dh ,glkueUnh
eglwl djrk gS_ mlds fy, lH; lekt ds lkjs njokt+s [kqys gksrs gSaA blhfy,
mUgksaus (;kuh bZlk elhg us & l-) fHk{kk&nku dks lkekftd dk;k ds xgjs ?kkoksa
dh ejge&iV~Vh ds :i esa Lohdk;Zrk nsus ls bUdkj dj fn;k---A ijksidkj dks
U;k; ds ,d fodYi ds :i esa mUgksaus drbZ rjthg ugha nhA
¹i`"B 25 ¼22½ ij tkjhº
nku nksgjk vfHk'kki gS & ;g nkrk dks laxfny vkSj çkIrdrkZ dks ujefny
cukrk gSA ;g x+jhcksa dk 'kks"k.k ls dgha vfèkd uqo+Qlku djrk gS] D;ksafd ;g
mUgsa 'kksf"kr gksus dk bPNqd cukrk gSA ;g nkl Hkkouk dks tUe nsrk gS] tks
uSfrd vkRegR;k gh gSSA bZlk elhg us vFkkg nkSyr ds fy, fli+QZ ,d gh
btkt+r nh Fkh vkSj og ;g Fkh fd mls ØkfUrdkjh çpkj ds fy, le£ir dj
fn;k tk;s] rkfd ckn essa vFkkg nkSyr dk tek gksuk gh ges'kk ds fy,
vlEHko gks tk;s---A
& cd àkbV] iknjh] tUe 1870] ;w-,l-,- i`"B(353)1
eqfDr&;q¼
i+QkStksa dh rko+Qr ,d fn[kk;h nsus okyh pht+ gS
lqLi"V] vkSj ns'k dky esa vkc¼]
ysfdu dkSu [kkst ldrk ml 'kfDr dh lhekvksa dks
ftls ,d cgknqj turk gh çdV dj ldrh gS
;k pkgs rks] fNik ldrh gS & eqfDr&;q¼ esaA
HkM+d mBs U;k;laxr çfrjksèk dk & dksbZ ik¡o ihNk ugha dj ldrk]
dksbZ vk¡[k ugha ns[k ldrh ml tkuysok txg dks]
;g rko+Qr pkgs rks mM+ku Hkjs ia[k yxkdj
çp.M ok;q dh Hkk¡fr] ;k lks;s eUn ok;q dh Hkk¡fr
viuh Mjkouh xqiQkvksa esa & lky nj lky
iQSykrh feV~Vh ls tUes bl fopkj dks & fudV vkSj nwj]
ugha ck¡èk ldrh dksbZ Hkh dyk & bl lw{e rko+Qr dks
1- cd àkbV (1874&1951) % vesfjdh lektoknh vkSj ys[kd
tUefl¼ vfèkdkj %
ge csVs gSa mu firjksa ds ftUgksaus ekr nh Fkh
r[+rks&rkt vkSj iqjksfgrks1a ds vR;kpkj dks_
mUgksaus nh Fkh pqukSrh eSnkus&tax esa vkSj iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ls
vius tUefl¼ vfèkdkj ds fy, & ge Hkh ;gh djsaxs!
(Vh- dSEicsy)2
y{; dh efgek %
vjs! csdkj dh ui+Qjr ds fy, ugha]
u lEeku ds fy,] u gh viuh 'kkcklh ds fy,
cfYd y{; dh efgek ds fy,]
fd;k tks rqeus] Hkqyk;k ugha tk;sxkA
(vkFkZj Dyks)3
vkRek dh vejrk %
;fn rqEgsa dHkh ,d ,slk vkneh fey tk;s tks vejrk esa fo'okl j[krk
gks] rks cl le> yks fd vc rqEgkjh dksbZ Hkh dkeuk 'ks"k ugha jg tk;sxh_ rqe
mldh lkjh dh lkjh pht+sa ys ldrs gks & vxj rqe pkgks rks thrs&th mldh
[kky mrkj ldrs gks & vkSj og bls ,dne [+kq'kh&[+kq'kh mrkj ysus nsxkA
(vIVu ¯lDys;j 403) lh-th-
[+kqnkbZ vR;kpkjh
,d vR;kpkjh 'kkld ds fy, t+:jh gS fd og t+kfgjk rkSj ij èkeZ esa
vlkèkkj.k vkLFkk fn[kk;sA turk ,d ,sls 'kkld ds nqO;Zogkj ds çfr de lpsr
1- vaxzst+h esa 'kCn Li"V ugha
2- VkWel dSEicsy (1777&1844) % LdkWV dfo ds xhr eSu vkWi+Q baXyS.M dh vfUre
iafDr;k¡A uksVcqd ds fiNys laLdj.kksa esa =kqfVo'k ^Vh* dks ^ts* i<+k tkus ds dkj.k budk
ifjp; vkbfj'k dfo tkst+si+Q dSEicsy ds :i esa fn;k x;k FkkA
3- vkFkZj áw Dyks (1819&61) % vaxzst+ dfo dh dfork isfLp,jk dh iafDr;k¡A ftlesa
bVyh ds çFke Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku isfLp,jk uked LFkku ij 1848 esa gqbZ yM+kbZ
dk o.kZu gSA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 61
gksrh gS] ftls og bZ'oj ls Mjus okyk vkSj ifo=k ekurh gSA nwljs] og vklkuh
ls mlds fojksèk esa Hkh ugha tkrh] D;ksafd mls fo'okl jgrk gS fd nsork Hkh
'kkld ds lkFk gSaA1
i` " B 29 ¼26½
lSfud vkSj fpUru %
¶;fn esjs lSfud lkspuk 'kq: dj nsa] rc rks muesa ls dksbZ Hkh lsuk esa ugha
jgsxkA¸
(ç+QsMfjd egku 2) 562
dkjkxkj %
¶rkjs ugha] ns'k ugha] dky ugha]
Bgjko ugha] cnyko ugha] usdh ugha] cnh ugha]
1- vjLrw] ikWfyfVDl
2- ç'kk dk ç+QsMfjd (1712&1786)% çcq¼ fujadq'k 'kkld ds :i esa çfl¼
3- osjk fudksyk;sOuk fi+QXuj (1852&1942) :lh efgyk ØkfUrdkjh vkSj 'kghn]
t+kj'kkgh ds fo#¼ ;q¼ dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyh çFke :lh efgykvksa esa ,d
62 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
cfYd [+kkeks'kh] vkSj ,d fu"iUn lk¡l
tks u thou dh] u e`R;q dhA
(n fçt+uj vkWi+Q fpyksu)1
i` " B 30 ¼27½
vkjksi&flf¼ ds ckn %
viuh lt+k lqu ysus ds rqjUr ckn ds {k.kksa esa lt+k ds fy, vfHk'kIr O;fDr
dk fnekx+ dbZ ek;uksa esa ml vkneh ds fnekx+ tSlk gks tkrk gS tks ekSr ds dxkj
ij >wy jgk gksrk gSA pqipki] vkSj ekuks vUr%çsfjr gksdj] vc og mu lHkh
pht+ksa ls fojDr gks tkrk gS ftUgsa mls NksM+ tkuk gS] vkSj og] n`<+Hkko ls] vius
lkeus ns[krk gqvk] ml lPpkbZ ds çfr iwjh rjg lpsr gks tkrk gS] tks
vifjgk;Zr% ?kfVr gksus okyh gksrh gSA
(oh-,u- fi+QXuj)
o+QSnh %
¶?kqVu gksrh gS bl uhph] xUnh Nr ds uhps_
fupqM+rh tk jgh gS esjh rko+Qr lky nj lky_
mRihfM+r djrs gSa eq>s & ;g iFkjhyk i+Q'kZ]
;g ykSg&t+athjksa ls c¡èkh est
;g [kkV] ;g dqlhZ] c¡èkh gqbZ t+athj ls
nhokjksa ds lkFk] rkcwr ds iVjksa dh Hkk¡fr]
bl fpjLFkk;h] ewd] eqnkZ [+kkeks'kh esa
[+kqn dks cl ,d yk'k gh le>k tk ldrk gSA¸
¶,u-,- eksjkst+kso¸ 2
1- çfl¼ vaxt sz + dfo ykWMZ ck;ju (1788&1824) dh bl dfork esa tsuos k >hy ds ikl
fpyksu ds fo+Qys esa o+QSn ,d ns'kHkDr Úk¡Lok fn cksfuokj ds tsy&thou dk o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA
2- fudksykbZ vysDlkUæ eksjkst+kso (1854&1946) % :lh ØkfUrdkjh] ys[kd] dfo vkSj
oSKkfud_ 1880 esa yUnu esa ekDlZ ls eqyko+Qkr vkSj esfui+QsLVks vkWi+Q n dE;qfuLV ikVhZ ds
:lh esa vuqokn dk ftEek] 1875 ls 1878 rd] rFkk 1881 ls 1905 rd] o+Qjhc 25 o"kks±
rd tsy dh lt+k ds nkSjku] jlk;u foKku] HkkSfrdh] xf.kr vkSj [kxksy foKku ij 28
iqLrdksa ds vykok dfork,¡ vkSj dgkfu;k¡ Hkh fy[khaA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 63
uaxh nhokjsa] tsy ds [+;kykr]
fdrus v¡fèk;kjs vkSj mnkl gks rqe]
fdruk eqf'dy gS fd cUnh gks fuf"Ø; jguk
vkSj ns[kuk lius vkt+knh ds fnuksa dsA
(eksjkst+kso)
i` " B 31 ¼28½
¶gj pht+ ;gk¡ gS fdruh [k+keks'k] cstku] iQhdh
o"kks± xqt+j tkrs gSa ;ksa gh] dqN irk ugha pyrk]
gÝ+rs vkSj fnu dVrs gSa cM+h eqf'dy ls]
nsrk gS fli+QZ cksfj;r budk ;g flyflykA
(eksjkst+kso)
1- ysfuuxzkn {ks=k esa fLFkr 'yqlsycxZ o+QLcs ds ikl ,d }hi ij ihVj egku dh lsuk
}kjk 1702 esa cuk;s x;s fo+Qys dks ckn esa ,d dkjkxkj esa cny fn;k x;k FkkA bl dkjkxkj
esa vusd fnlEcjoknh ØkfUrdkjh] vjktdrkoknh ckdqfuu] iksfy'k ns'kHkDr yqdklksfoLykx]
ek'kZy nksyxks#dh] vkSj ysfuu ds HkkbZ vysDlkUæ dks o+QSn djds j[kk x;k Fkk (ysfuu ds
HkkbZ dks ;gha iQk¡lh nh x;h)
2- Ïksr vKkr
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 65
,d ØkfUrdkjh ds fnekx+ dh cukoV %
¶tks O;fDr dHkh Hkh bZlk elhg ds thou ls çHkkfor jgk gS] ftUgksaus ,d
vkn'kZ ds uke ij ihM+k] vieku vkSj e`R;q dk oj.k fd;k_ ftlus mUgsa dHkh
,d vkn'kZ rFkk muds thou dks vuklDr çse dh çfrew£r ekuk gS & ogh ml
ØkfUrdkjh ds fnekx+ dh cukoV dks le> ldrk gS ftls lt+k nh x;h gS] vkSj
turk dh vkt+knh ds fy, dke djus ds tqeZ esa thfor gh eo+Qcjs esa Mky fn;k
x;k gSA¸ (osjk ,u- fi+QXuj)
vfèkdkj %
vfèkdkj ek¡xks ughaA c<+dj ys yksA vkSj mUgsa fdlh dks Hkh rqEgsa nsus er
nksA ;fn eqÝ+r esa rqEgsa dksbZ vfèkdkj fn;k tkrk gS rks le>ks fd mlesa dksbZ u
dksbZ jkt t+:j gSA T+;knk lEHkkouk ;gh gS fd fdlh x+yr ckr dks myV fn;k
x;k gSA1
i` " B 33 ¼30½
1- jkstj ,u- ckYMfou % vesfjdu flfoy fycVhZ ;wfu;u ds funs'kd jgsA ç+Qh Lihp
i+QkbV vkWi+Q n vkbZ- MCY;w- MCY;w- (b.MfLVª;y odZlZ vkWi+Q n oYMZ) ls
2- pkYlZ eSds (1814&1889) % LdkWV dfo] i=kdkj vkSj xhrdkj
66 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
pwt+k eqx+hZ dks pqXxk ugha djkrk]
fcYyh dk cPpk fcYyh ds fy, pwgs ugha ekjrk &
;g egkurk rks fli+QZ euq"; dks ulhc gSA
ge lcls cqf¼eku] lcls cyoku uLy gSa &
ge o+Qkfcys rkjhi+Q gSaA
,dek=k ft+Unk çk.kh
tks thrk gS vius cPpksa dh esgur ijA
('kkyksZV i£dUl fxyeSu)1
i` " B 34 ¼31½
iw¡thokn dh cckZfn;k¡1
vkLVsªfy;k ds ckjs esa vk£Fkd vuqeku] fFkvksMksj gVZ~t+dk 2 (1886) }kjk %
çR;sd ifjokj ¾ 40 oxZ iqQV esa 5 dejksa okyk edku 50 o"kks± rd pyus
yk;dA3
et+nwjksa dh dke djus dh mez ¾ 16&50 (o"kZ & l-)
bl çdkj gekjs ikl gSa 5]000]000 (et+nwj & l-)
615]000 et+nwjksa dk Je ¾ Je dk 12-3 çfr'kr 22]000]000 yksxksa dk
Hkkstu iSnk djus ds fy, i;kZIr gSA
;krk;kr&ifjogu dh Je ykxr lesr] foykflrkvksa gsrq fli+QZ 315]000
¾ 6-33 çfr'kr et+nwjksa ds Je dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA
bldk eryc ;g gqvk fd miyCèk Je dk 20 çfr'kr gh lewps egk}hi
ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, i;kZIr gSA 'ks"k 80 çfr'kr lekt dh iw¡thoknh O;oLFkk
ds dkj.k 'kksf"kr vkSj cjckn gks tkrk gSA
i` " B 36 ¼33½
1- lEHkor% I;qfVªi+QSD'ku ,.M b.VuZy fMds vkWi+Q dSfiVfyLV flfoykbt+s'ku & ysfdu
Bhd&Bhd Ïksr ,oa lUnHkZ dk irk ughaA
2- johUæukFk Bkdqj (1861&1941) Hkk"k.k dk LFkku] le; rFkk vU; C;ksjs miyCèk
ugha gSaA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 69
dks gh >wB vkSj vfr'k;ksfDr;ksa ls ugha ikV jgs gSa] cfYd mu gfjr {ks=kksa ij Hkh
èkkok cksyrs tk jgs gSa] tgk¡ fdlku bZekunkjh ls esgur djrs gSa] vkSj mu
ioZr&f'k[kjksa dks Hkh vius geys dk fu'kkuk cukrs tk jgs gSa] tks Hkksj ds çFke
fueZy çdk'k dk Lokxr djrs gSa\---A viuh Hkíh ltkoVksa dh ccZjrk ds lkFk
;g okf.kT;okn lewph ekuork ds fy, ,d Hk;kud egkfoink gS] D;ksafd ;g
çoh.krk ds Åij rko+Qr ds vkn'kZ dk vkjksi.k dj jgk gSA ;g viuh uXu cs'kehZ
ds lkFk vius esa gh exu jgus ds pyu dks xkSjokfUor dj jgk gSA bldh gjdrsa
¯gld gSa] vkSj bldk 'kksj&'kjkck cslqjk vkSj ddZ'k gSA ;g vius gh loZuk'k
dh vksj c<+ jgk gS] D;ksafd ;g mlh ekuork dks dqpy dj foÑr dj jgk
gS---ftl ij ;g Lo;a [kM+k gSA ¹i`"B 39 ¼36½ ij tkjhº ;g vkuUn dh o+Qher
ij èku iSnk djus dh dM+h e'kD+oQ+ r esa yxk gqvk gS---A ;wjksi dh orZeku lH;rk
dh eq[; egÙokdka{kk ;gh gS fd 'kSrku ij mlh dk ,dN=k vfèkdkj gksA
iw¡thoknh lekt
¶jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k dh lcls cM+h lPpkbZ ;g gS fd gj dksbZ ;FkklEHko
de ls de R;kx djds O;fDrxr lEink çkIr dj ysuk pkgrk gSA¸
¶uklkm lhfu;j¸ 1
i` " B 40 ¼37½
i` " B 45 ¼42½
lj gsujh esu3 us dgk gS %
¶baXyS.M dh vfèkdka'k Hkwfe odhyksa dh x+yrh ls blds orZeku Lokfe;ksa
ds gkFk esa pyh x;h gS & ftu x+yfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i NksVs&NksVs vijkfèk;ksa
dks Hkh iQk¡lh dh lt+k ns nh x;hA¸
i` " B 47 ¼44½
iqu'p% baXyS.M4
;q¼&iwoZ vuqeku (!)
baXyS.M dk dqy mRiknu £ 2000]000]000
(çfro"kZ)
fons'kh fuos'kksa ls ykHk £ 200]000]000
£ 2200]000]000
tula[;k ds 1@9osa Hkkx us
ys fy;k ½ ¾ £ 1100]000]000
tula[;k ds 2@9osa Hkkx us
ys fy;k 'ks"k ¾ £ 1100]000]000
dk 1@3 vFkkZr ¾ £ 300]000]000
(fooj.k dk cko+Qh fgLlk iQVk gqvk & l- ---)
1- dkyZ dkmRLdh (1854&1938) % teZu lkekftd&tuoknh vkUnksyu rFkk nwljs
b.Vjus'kuy ds ,d usrkA 'kq: esa ekDlZoknh Fks ij ckn esa ekDlZokn ds lkFk x+íkjh dh vkSj
et+nwj vkUnksyu esa ekStwn ,d voljoknh ço`fÙk (dkmRLdhokn) ds fl¼kUrdkj cu x;sA
2- ;g rFkk uhps vk;k baXyS.M lEcU/h 'kh"kZd eksVs v{kjksa esa fy[ks gq, gSaA
3- tSd (tkWu) fxzfi+QFk y.Mu (1876&1916) dk miU;kl vk;ju ghy] tks 1908 esa
çdkf'kr gqvkA bl miU;kl esa iwt¡ hokn ds jDrfiiklq vkSj neudkjh pfj=k rFkk blds fo#¼
et+nwjksa ds la?k"kZ dk vR;Ur çHkko'kkyh fp=k.k gSA
4- Ïksr dk irk ugha
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 75
i`"B 48 ¼45 ½
b.Vjus'kuy1
mB tkx çrkfM+r èkjrh ds
mB tkx Hkw[k ds cUnh
U;k; dh ctrh j.kHksjh]
,d csgrj nqfu;k tUesA
vc ck¡èk lds uk gedks ijEijk dh csM+h
vjs! mBks! X+kqykeks tkxks! vc djuh ugha X+kqykeh!
vc u;h uhao ij cusxh nqfu;k]
ge vc rd jgs u dqN Hkh] vc lc dqN gksaxsA (Vsd)
;g gS vfUre la?k"kZ
vkvks gksysa vfody
dy ekuotkfr cusxh
b.Vjus'kuyA
ns[kks mudks tks cSBs gSa efgekef.Mr
jsyksa] [k+kuksa] èkjrh ds jktk!
Je dks gh jgs ywVrs ;s
cl blds flok fd;k D;k gS\
ni+Qu gSa turk dh esgur ds iQy
dqN dh et+cwr frtksfj;ksa esa_
nsuk gksxk bls okil
gS ;g turk dk go+QA (ogh Vsd)
,dtqV gksa dkj[k+kuksa&[ksrksa ds esgurd'k
ikVhZ ge lcdh tks dke djsa_
;g èkjrh gS gekjh] turk dh]
;gk¡ u txg dkepksj dh]
gekjs ekal ij gq, gSa fdrus eksVs\
ysfdu ;fn ;s ?k`f.kr f'kdkjh i{kh]
gekjs vkleku ls ,d lqcg gks tk;sa x+k;c
lwjt dh vkHkk rc Hkh cuh jgsxhA
(ogh Vsd fiQj)
1- ;wthu iksfr, }kjk isfjl dE;wu (1871) ds nkSjku ç+Qsap esa fy[kk x;k ;g xhr
b.Vjus'kuy uke ls fo'o loZgkjk dk la?k"kZxhr cu x;kA
76 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
i` " B 49 ¼46½
eklZb;st1
vks esgur ds csVks] tkxks] xkSjo gkfly djks!
lquks] lquks] os dksfV&dksfV vkokt+sa fd rqe tkxks]
cPps] choh] vkSj iqjkru firj rqEgkjs]
ns[kks rqe muds vk¡lw] vkSj lquks rqe mudh ph[ksa+!
D;k ?k`f.kr fujadq'k 'kkld djrs jgsa 'kjkjr
ys HkkM+s ds VV~Vw] vkSj xq.Mksa ds tRFks &
djrs jgsa èkjk dks lU=kLr vkSj ohjku
tcfd 'kkfUr vkSj vkt+knh dk cgrk jgs [+kwu\ (dksjl)
vkvks 'kL=k l¡Hkkysa] iafDrc¼ gks tk;sa
[ksr lhaprs muds [+kw¡ ls vkxs c<+rs tk;sa
csiukg ,s;k'kh vkSj 'kku&'kkSo+Qr dh
T+kqjZr djrs gSa vèke vr`Ir fujadq'k]
Lo.kZ vkSj lÙkk dh mudh Hkw[k vifjfer
Hkksxrs vkSj csprs èkwi&gok Hkh_
ge <ksrs mudk Hkkj cu ds yíw ?kksM+s
os dgsa fd muds nkl mUgsa nsork ekusa]
ysfdu bUlku ls c<+dj vkSj dkSu gS\
fiQj os dc rd fVds jgsaxs] dc rd ekjsaxs gedks\ (fiQj ogh dksjl)
vjs vkt+knh! ekuo D;k R;kx ldsxk rqedks]
vuqHko dj ysus ds ckn rqEgkjh fnyd'k ykS dks\
D;k jksd ldsaxh rqedks rg[k+kuksa ds iQkVd vkSj lyk[ksa
;k D;k dksM+s ck¡èk ldsaxs rsjs mnkÙk thoV dks\
yEcs vlsZ ls fcy[k jgh gS nqfu;k]
pyk jgs gSa >wB dh dVkj fujadq'k]
ysfdu vkt+knh gS ryokj vkSj <ky gekjh]
vkSj O;FkZ gS mudh lkjh dykdkjhA (fiQj ogh dksjl)
1- yk eklZb;st % ç+Qkal dk jk"VªxkuA 24 vçSy] 1792 dks jpk x;kA ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr
dh fgi+Qkt+r djus ds fy, ;q¼jr lSfudksa ds fy, bls ,d ç+Qkalhlh dIrku Dyksn tkst+si+Q
n fyy us laxhrc¼ fd;kA eklZb;st 'kgj ls isfjl dh vksj ekpZ djrs lSfudksa us tc bls
igyh ckj xk;k rks ,slk vkosx vkSj tks'k iSnk gqvk fd yksx meM+ iM+sA ,d ç+Qsap tujy
us ,d ckj lUns'k Hkstk Fkk fd mlds ikl rRdky eklZb;st Hkstk tk, D;ksfa d bldh rko+Qr
dbZ cVkfy;uksa ds cjkcj gSA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 77
i` " B 5 0 ¼47½
voljokn dk tUe
o+Qkuwu ds nk;js esa jgdj dke djus dh lEHkkouk us gh nwljs b.Vjus'kuy
ds le; esa et+nwj ikfVZ;ksa ds Hkhrj voljokn dks tUe fn;kA
(ysfuu] dksySIl vkWi+Q II baV- us-)1
x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh dke %
¶fdlh ns'k esa tgk¡ cqtqZvk oxZ ;k çfrØkfUrdkjh lkekftd tuokn lÙkk
esa gS] dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dks vius o+Qkuwuh vkSj x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh dkeksa ds chp ,d
rkyesy j[kuk vo'; lh[k ysuk pkfg,] rFkk o+Qkuwuh dke dks ges'kk vkSj
fuf'pr :i ls x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh ikVhZ ds çHkkoh fu;U=k.k esa gh jguk pkfg,A
& cq[+kkfju 2
jk;i+Qysa %
¶rqe dgrs gks fd laln vkSj jktdh; inksa ij rqEgkjk cgqer gksxk] ysfdu
¶rqEgkjs ikl jk;i+Qysa fdruh gSa\ D;k rqEgsa ekywe gS fd i;kZIr lhlk rqEgsa dgk¡
ls fey ldrk gS\ tgk¡ rd ck:n dh ckr gS] jklk;fud feJ.k] ;kfU=kd
feJ.kksa ls csgrj gksrs gSa] ;s ckr esjh eku yksA¸
& vk;ju ghy] i`"B 198 2
lÙkk---1
,d lektoknh usrk us èkfudrU=k dh ,d eh¯Vx dks lEcksfèkr fd;k vkSj
mu ij lekt ds dqçcUèk dk nks"k yxk;k vkSj bl çdkj ihfM+r ekuork ds
lEeq[k mifLFkr lHkh fodjkyrkvksa vkSj nq[k&rdyhi+Qksa dh lkjh dh lkjh
ft+Eesnkjh mUgha ij Fkksi nhA ckn esa ,d iw¡thifr (fe- foDlu) mB [kM+k gqvk
vkSj mls bl çdkj lEcksfèkr fd;k %2
¶bl ij gekjk tokc ;g gSA gekjs ikl rqEgkjs Åij cjckn djus ds fy,
'kCn ugha gSaA tc rqe vius xohZys et+cwr gkFk gekjs egyksa vkSj oSHko dh vksj
c<+kvksxs] rc ge rqEgsa fn[kk nsaxs fd gekjh D;k rko+Qr gSA cexksyksa dh
xM+xM+kgV vkSj e'khuxuksa dh rM+rM+kgV ls ge viuk tokc nsaxsA ge rqe
ØkfUrokfn;ksa dks viuh ,fM+;ksa rys ihl Mkysaxs] vkSj rqEgkjs psgjksa dks dqpy
MkysaxsA ;g nqfu;k gekjh gSA ge blds ekfyd gSa vkSj ;g gekjh gh jgsxhA tgk¡
rd Je dh ckr gS] ;g rks tc ls bfrgkl 'kq: gqvk rHkh ls èkwy pkVrk jgk
gS] vkSj eSaus bfrgkl dks Bhd ls i<+k gSA vkSj ;g rc rd èkwy pkVrk jgsxk tc
rd gekjs vkSj gekjs mÙkjkfèkdkfj;ksa ds gkFk esa lÙkk jgsxhA
¶,d 'kCn gS & lÙkkA ;g lHkh 'kCnksa dk jktk gSA bZ'oj ugha] èku&oSHko
ugha] cfYd lÙkkA viuh t+cku ij j[k yks vkSj rc rd j[ks jgks tc rd fd
;g mls >u>ukus u yxsA¸
¶eq>s mÙkj fey x;k¸] vusZLV (ml lektoknh usrk)3 us fu£odkj Hkko
ls dgkA ¶,dek=k ;gh mÙkj fn;k Hkh tk ldrk FkkA lÙkkA ge et+nwj oxZ
ds yksx blh dk rks çpkj djrs gSaA ge tkurs gSa vkSj vius dVq vuqHko ls
HkyhHkk¡fr tkurs gSa] fd lR; dh] U;k; dh] ekuork dh] dksbZ Hkh vihy
dHkh rqEgsa Nw ugha ldrhA rqEgkjs fny Hkh rqEgkjh mu ,fM+;ksa dh rjg gh
dBksj gSa ftuls rqe x+jhcksa ds psgjs dqpyrs gksA blhfy, rks geus lÙkk dk
çpkj fd;k gSA ysfdu] pquko ds fnu gekjs eri=kksa dh rko+Qr rqels rqEgkjh
ljdkj Nhu ys tk;sxh---A¸
¶vxj pquko ds fnu rqEgsa cgqer] Hkkjh cgqer fey gh tk;s] rks Hkh
mlls D;k i+Qo+QZ iM+us okyk gS¸] fe- foDlu rikd ls cksykA
i`"B 5 5 ¼5 2½
vk¡dM+1s
baXyS.M %
1922 & csjkst+xkjksa dh la[;k ¾ 1]135]000
1926 & ;g 1¼ ls 1½ fefy;u ds chp
vFkkZr 1]250]000 ls 1]500]000 ds chp jgh gSA
lkekftd ,drk %
---,slk gks ldrk gS fd ,d ckj tc ge ,d ,sls fo'ks"kkfèkdkjçkIr oxZ
ds liQk;s ds fy, mB [kM+s gksa] tks jaxeap ls gVuk u pkgrk gks] rc oxZ&la?k"kZ
dh cqfu;knh vUroZLrq] mlh esa fufgr çrhr gksA ysfdu ughaA eSdMksukYM2
lkekftd ,drk dh psruk ¶tkx`r¸ djuk pkgrs gSaA ij fdldh\ et+nwj oxZ
dh ,drk rks cqtqZvk oxZ ds fo#¼ la?k"kZ esa mldh vkUrfjd lqlEc¼rk dh
vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA
eSdMksukYM ftl lkekftd ,drk dk mins'k nsrs gSa] og 'kks"kdksa ds lkFk
'kksf"krksa dh ,drk] ;k nwljs 'kCnksa es]a 'kks"k.k dks cuk;s j[kus ds vykok vkSj dqN
ugha gSA3
ØkfUr ,d vki+Qr %
¶:l dh ØkfUr us¸ eSdMksukYM ds dFkukuqlkj] ¶gesa cM+k lcd
fl[kk;kA blus fn[kk fn;k fd ØkfUr ,d cjcknh vkSj foink ds flok; vkSj
dqN ugha gSA¸ ¹i`"B 5 7 ¼5 4½ ij tkjhº
ØkfUr rks foink dks gh tUe nsrh gS ysfdu fczfV'k turU=k us rks
lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ dks tUe ns fn;k---ftldh cjcknh dh rqyuk ØkfUr dh
foinkvksa ls rks fuf'pr rkSj ij rfud Hkh ugha dh tk ldrhA fiQj Hkh] ftl
ØkfUr us t+kj'kkgh] dqyhurU=k vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ dks m[kkM+ iQsadk] ppZ dks fgyk
dj j[k fn;k] 13 djksM+ yksxksa ds ,d jk"Vª ;k jk"Vªksa ds ,d lewps dqy esa] ,d
u;s thou dk lapkj fd;k] mlds lkeus ;g ?kks"k.kk djus ds fy, fd
& ØkfUr ,d foink ds flok; vkSj dqN ugha gS & ,sls gh cgjs dkuksa vkSj
fuyZTt psgjkas dh t+:jr gSA
(i`"B 64)4
1- ogh
2- lEHkor% tsEl jSEt+s eSDMksukYM (1866&1937)% fczfV'k yscj ikVhZ ds usrk vkSj nks
ckj çèkkueU=kh
3- g~os;j bt+ fczVsu xksbax\ 4- ogh
84 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
'kkfUriw.kZ\
dc vkSj dgk¡ lÙkkèkkjh oxZ us 'kkfUriw.kZ ernku ds tfj;s dHkh lÙkk vkSj
lEifÙk lkSaih gS & vkSj og Hkh] [k+klrkSj ls fczfV'k cqtqZvk oxZ us] tks lfn;ksa ls
nqfu;kHkj esa ywVikV djrk vk;k gS\ (i`"B 66)1
e'khu viuh çÑfr esa lkekftd gS] tSlsfd vkSt+kj O;fDrxr FkkA3
¶gesa [k+jkc diM+k nks] ysfdu gesa csgrj vkneh nks¸] ,elZu4 dk dguk
gSA
¶lq[k.Mh jksx ls ejrs f'k'kqvksa dh çk.k&j{kk djks] fiQj mlds ckn diM+k
O;kikj dks rjthg nksA¸ i`"B 815
1- Ïksr vKkr 2- Ïksr vKkr 3- vKkr
4- jSYiQ okYMks ,elZu (1803&1882) % çfl¼ vaxzst+ dfo] fpUrd vSj fucUèkdkj
5- VkWel dkykZby (1795&1881)] ikLV ,.M izt+s.V] cqd IV
86 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
vkneh dks e'khu ij o+QqckZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA e'khu dks fu'p; gh
ekuotkfr dh lsok esa yxuk pkfg,] tcfd vHkh gh bl vkS|ksfxd O;oLFkk
esa ekuotkfr ds Åij Hkkjh dgj cjik gksus dk [k+rjk e¡Mjkus yxk gSA
ikWoVhZ ,.M fjpst+ (i`"B 81)] LdkV uhv¯jx 1
i` " B 60 ¼5 7½
vkneh vkSj e'khujh %
lh- uSui+QksMZ gs.Mjlu viuh Ñfr ¶js Ms¸ esa fy[krk gS %
;g m|ksx dh laLFkk] tks lHkh laLFkkvksa esa lcls iqjkuh gS] ekuotkfr dks
pht+kas dh fujad'q krk ls eqDr djus dh xjt ls laxfBr vkSj fodflr gqb]Z ysfdu
vc ;g Lo;a mlls cM+h fujadq'krk cu pqdh gS] tks fo'kky vkcknh dks X+kqykeksa
dh n'kkvksa esa & ,sls X+kqykeksa dh n'kkvksa esa èkdsyrh tk jgh gS tks yEcs vkSj
Fkdk nsus okys ?k.Vksa rd dke djrs gq,] <sjksa pht+sa iSnk djrs jgus ds fy,
vfHk'kIr gSa] tcfd os tks pht+sa iSnk djrs gSa] [+kqn mUgha ds vHkko ls =kLr jgus
ds fy, foo'k gSaA
¶iko- fjpst+] (i`"B 87)¸
lkezkT;okn %
lkezkT;okn fodkl ds ml pj.k dk iw¡thokn gS ftlesa bt+kjsnkfj;ksa vkSj
foÙkh; iw¡th us ,d çHkqRodkjh çHkko gkfly dj fy;k gS] fu;kZr&iw¡th Hkkjh
egÙo çkIr dj pqdh gS] vUrjjk"Vªh; VªLVksa us nqfu;k dk c¡Vokjk djuk 'kq: dj
fn;k gS] vkSj lcls cM+s iw¡thoknh ns'kksa us i`Foh ds lewps HkkSxksfyd {ks=kiQy
dk vkil esa c¡Vokjk iwjk dj fy;k gSA¸ & ysfuu 2
1- LdkWV uhv¯jx (1883&1983) % vesfjdh i;kZoj.koknh] ;q¼fojksèkh dk;ZdrkZ]
izpkjd vkSj ys[kdA ikWoVhZ ,.M fjpst+ 1916 esa çdkf'kr gqbZ FkhA
2- oh-vkbZ- ysfuu] lkezkT;okn] iw¡thokn dh pje voLFkk
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 87
i` " B 61 ¼5 8½
vfèkuk;dRo %
vfèkuk;dRo ,d lÙkk gS tks lhèks rko+Qr ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gS] vkSj fdlh
o+Qkuwu ls ugha c¡èkh gksrhA
loZgkjk oxZ dk ØkfUrdkjh vfèkuk;dRo ,d ,slh lÙkk gS tks cqtqZvk oxZ
ds fo#¼ vkSj mlds Åij] loZgkjk oxZ }kjk rko+Qr dh cnkSyr ykxw dh tkrh
gS] vkSj tks fdlh o+Qkuwu ls ugha c¡èkh gksrhA
çksfy- fjoks-1 (i`"B 18) & ysfuu
ØkfUrdkjh vfèkuk;dRo %
ØkfUr ,d dkjZokbZ gS ftlds rgr vkcknh dk ,d rcdk nwljs rcdksa
ij jk;iQyksa] laxhuksa] cUnwo+Qksa vkSj ,sls gh vU; vR;Ur lÙkkoknh mik;ksa ds
tfj;s] viuh bPNk vkjksfir djrk gSA vkSj tks i{k fot;h gksrk gS og viuk
'kklu vko';d :i ls] ml Hk; ds tfj;s LFkkfir djrk gS] ftls mlds
gfFk;kj çfrfØ;kokfn;ksa esa mRiUu djrs gSaA ;fn isfjl ds dE;wu us cqtqZvk oxZ
ds f[k+yki+Q gfFk;kjcUn turk ij Hkjkslk ugha fd;k gksrk] rks D;k og
viusvki dks pkSchl ?k.Vs ls Hkh vfèkd o+Qk;e j[k ldk gksrk\ blds
foijhr] D;k gekjh ;g vkykspuk tk;t+ ugha gS fd dE;wu us bl lÙkk dk
cgqr gh de bLrseky fd;k\
& ,iQ- ,axsYl 2
cqtqZvk turU=k %
cqtqZvk turU=k] lkeUrokn dh rqyuk esa] ,d egku ,sfrgkfld çxfr gksus
ds ckotwn] ,d cgqr gh lhfer] cgqr gh ik[k.Miw.kZ laLFkk] èkfudksa ds fy,
,d LoxZ vkSj 'kksf"krksa ,oa x+jhcksa ds fy, ,d tky vkSj Nykos ds vykok u
rks dqN gS] vkSj u gh gks ldrk gSA
ysfuu (i`"B 28)3
vfèkuk;dRo %
¶pw¡fd jkT; fli+QZ ,d vLFkk;h laLFkkHkj gS ftldk mi;ksx vius 'k=kqvksa
dk cyiwoZd neu djus ds fy, ØkfUr esa fd;k tkrk gS] blfy, turk ds
LorU=k jkT; dh ckr djuk dksjh cdokl gS] tc rd loZgkjk oxZ dks jkT; dh
vko';drk jgrh gS] rc rd bldh vko';drk LorU=krk ds fgr esa ugha]
cfYd vius fojksfèk;ksa dk neu djus ds fy, iM+rh gS] vkSj tsSls gh LorU=krk
dh ckr djuk lEHko gks tkrk gS] oSls gh bldk vfLrRo viusvki [k+Re gks
tkrk gSA¸
cscsy dks fy[ks ,axsYl ds i=k ls] 28 ekpZ] 18752
vèkhj vkn'kZoknh %
vèkhj vkn'kZoknh ds fy, & vkSj fcuk dqN vèkhjrk ds 'kk;n gh vkneh
çHkkoh fl¼ gks lds & ;g yxHkx r; ckr gS fd nqfu;k dks [+kq'kgky cukus
dh dksf'k'k esa mls vius fojksfèk;ksa dh ?k`.kk dk ik=k cuuk gksxk vkSj fujk'k Hkh
gksuk iM+ ldrk gSA
& cVªsZ.M jlsy
i` " B 63 ¼60½
usrk %
dkykZby3 fy[krk gS] ¶dksbZ Hkh le; cjckn u gqvk gksrk¸] ;fn dksbZ
egku vkneh fey tkrk tks dki+Qh le>nkj vkSj usd gksrk] ftlesa bruh
1- ifjokj] futh lEifÙk vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk ls
2- vxLr cscsy (1840&1913) & teZu rFkk vUrjjk"Vªh; et+nwj vkUnksyu ds ,d
çfl¼ usrkA 1867 ls teZu et+njw la?kksa dh yhx ds usrk] igys b.Vjus'kuy ds lnL;] 1867
ls jkb[k+LVkx (teZu laln) ds lnL;] teZu lkekftd&tuokn ds laLFkkidksa esa ls ,d]
ekDlZ rFkk ,axsYl ds fe=k rFkk lg;ksxh] nwljs b.Vjus'kuy ds çeq[k usrk
3- VkWel dkykZby (1795&1881) % fczfV'k ys[kd o fucUèkdkj
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 89
le>nkjh gksrh fd og lgh&lgh tku ys fd oD+r dk ro+Qkt+k D;k gS_ ftlesa
bruk ijkØe gksrk fd oD+r ds fygkt+ ls lgh jkLrs ij usr`Ro dj ldrk] rc
rks budh cnkSyr dksbZ Hkh le; eqfDr dk le; gks ldrk FkkA
LosPNkpkfjrk %
dkmRLdh us ¶çksfyrkfj;r fMDVsVjf'ki¸ 'kh"kZd ls ,d iqfLrdk fy[kh]
ftlesa mlus cksY'ksfodksa }kjk cqtqZvk oxZ ds yksxksa dks oksV nsus ds vfèkdkj ls
oafpr fd;s tkus dh fuUnk dhA bl ij ysfuu us viuh ¶çksfyrkfj;u
fjoksY;w'ku¸ % (i`"B 77) esa fy[kk %
¶LosPNkpkfjrk! t+jk lkspsa rks fd bl [ksn çdk'k esa dehusiu ds fdl
fuÑ"V Lrj ij mrjdj cqtv Zq k oxZ dh pkiywlh dh x;h gS] vkSj fdruk vfèkd
ew[kZrkiw.kZ ikf.MR; c?kkjk x;k gSA tcfd lfn;ksa ls] et+nwjksa dk neu djus ds
fy,] x+jhc yksxksa ds gkFk&ik¡o ck¡èks j[kus ds fy,] vkSj turk ds lhèks&lkns vkSj
esgurd'k leqnk;ksa ds jkLrs esa ,d lkS ,d vM+axs vkSj vM+pusa [kM+s djrs jgus
ds fy,] iwjh rjg ls cqtqZvk] vkSj mlesa Hkh iw¡thoknh ns'kksa ds çfrfØ;koknh
fofèkosÙkk gh fu;e&foèkku cukrs vk;s gSa] vkSj os gh fofoèk lafgrkvksa vkSj
o+Qkuwuksa ij lSdM+ksa xzUFk vkSj mudh O;k[;k,¡ fy[krs vk;s gSa & tgk¡ bruk
lc fd;k x;k gS] ogk¡ cqtqZvk mnkjifUFk;ksa vkSj Jh dkmRLdh dks dksbZ
¶LosPNkpkfjrk¸ ugha fn[kk;h nsrh! rc rks ;g lc o+Qkuwu&O;oLFkk gS! ;g lc
blfy, lkspk vkSj fy[kk x;k gS fd dSls x+jhcksa dks nck;s j[kdj fupksM+rs jgk
tk;sA gt+kjksa>+kj cqtqZvk odhy vkSj ljdkjh vgydkj o+Qkuwuksa dh ,slh
O;k[;k djrs jgrs gSa fd et+nwj vkSj vkSlr fdlku mudh daVhys rkjksa dh
?ksjscUnh dks dHkh rksM+ u ldsaA cs'kd] ;g dksbZ LosPNkpkfjrk ugha gSA cs'kd]
;g mu xUns ;k equki+Qk[kksj 'kks"kdksa dk vfèkuk;dRo ugha gS tks turk dk [+kwu
ih jgs gSaA vksg] ;g ,slk dqN Hkh ugha gS! ;g rks ^'kq¼ turU=k* gS] tks
fnu&çfrfnu 'kq¼rj gksrk tk jgk gSA ¹i`"B 64 ¼61½ ij tkjhº ysfdu tc]
lkezkT;oknh ;q¼ }kjk ljgn ikj ds vius Hkkb;ksa ls vyx dj fn;s x;s
esgurd'k vkSj 'kksf"kr tuleqnk;ksa us bfrgkl esa igyh ckj viuh lksfo;rsa xfBr
dj yh gSa] tc mUgksaus jktuhfrd fuekZ.k ds fy, et+nwjksa dk vkSj mu oxks± dk
vkàku fd;k gS ftUgsa cqtqZvk oxZ mRihfM+r vkSj tM+ cuk;s j[krk Fkk] vkSj tc
ls os ,d u;k loZgkjk jkT; fu£er djus ds dke esa yx x;s gSa] rFkk fodV
:i ls tkjh ;q¼ ds nkSjku] x`g;q¼ dh Tokyk esa] tc os ^'kks"kdksa ls jfgr jkT;*
ds cqfu;knh fl¼kUr fu:fir djus yxs] rc cqtv Zq k oxZ ds lHkh ikth rÙo] vkSj
ikVhZ %
ysfdu ;g Li"V gks pqdk gS fd tc rd ØkfUr dk usr`Ro djus ds fy,
,d l{ke ikVhZ u gks] rc rd dksbZ ØkfUr lEHko ugha gks ldrhA
(i`"B 15] yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj] 1917)2
loZgkjk ØkfUr ds fy, ikVhZ ,d vifjgk;Z midj.k gSA
(i`"B 17] ogh] =kkRLdh Ñr)
i` " B 65 ¼62½
uksVcqd esa i`"B 66 ¼63½ ugha gSA bl i`"B] ;kuh uksVcqd i`"B 67 ¼64½ ij] eè; esa]
ch-ds- nÙk dk rkjh[k+ (12-7-1930) lfgr gLrk{kj gSA
blds uhps Hkxr¯lg dh fy[kkoV esa i`"B ij uhps] nk;ha rji+Q ;g fVIi.kh vafdr gS %
Jh ch-ds- nÙk dk bl tsy ls i+Qkbuy
fMikpZj ls pkj fnu igys dksBjh u- 137]
ls.Vªy tsy ykgkSj] esa 12oha tqykbZ *30
dks fy;k x;k vkVksxzki+Q]
blds uhps Hkxr¯lg ds gLrk{kj gSaA bu çfof"V;ksa ds vykok uksVcqd esa vkSj fdlh
çfof"V esa rkjh[k+ ugha gSA
uksVcqd esa i`"B 68 ¼65 ½ ugha gSA
dE;qfuLVksa dk y{;
¶dE;qfuLV vius n`f"Vdks.k vkSj y{; fNikus ls ?k`.kk djrs gSaA os [kqys rkSj
ij ,yku djrs gSa fd mudk y{; fli+QZ leLr ekStwnk lkekftd n'kkvksa dks
cyiwoZd m[kkM+ iQasdus ds }kjk gh gkfly gks ldrk gSA 'kkld oxks± dks
dE;qfuLV ØkfUr ds Hk; ls dkaius nksA loZgkjkvksa ds ikl viuh csfM+;ksa ds
flok; [kksus ds fy, dqN ugha gSA thrus ds fy, muds lkeus lkjh nqfu;k gSA
nqfu;k ds et+nwjks] ,d gks!1
i` " B 70 ¼67½
1- ogh
2- vkSj 3- 1926 esa çdkf'kr =kkRLdh dh iqLrd yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls
94 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
tu&foæksg dk fojksèk djus yxrs gSa] vius fojksèk dks mfpr Bgjkus ds fy,
lS¼kfUrd nyhysa [kkstus yxrs gSa] vkSj mUgsa ;s nyhysa] vius dy ds fojksfèk;ksa
ds chp] ,dne ids&idk;s rkSj ij] fey Hkh tkrh gSaA
=kkRLdh 191
i` " B 72 ¼69½
1-] 2-] 3-] 4- vkSj 5- =kkRLdh dh fdrkc yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls
6- vkf[k+jh 'kCn ewy esa vLi"V_ yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 95
¶lksfo;rksa dh dkaxzsl dk bUrt+kj djuk vkSipkfjdrkvksa dk ,d cpdkuk [ksy
[ksyuk gS] vkSipkfjdrkvksa ds lkFk ,d viekutud [ksy [ksyuk gS] ;g ØkfUr
ds lkFk fo'okl?kkr djuk gSA¸
mi;qDr {k.k %
jktuhfr esa le; ,d egÙoiw.kZ dkjd gS] vkSj ;q¼ ,oa ØkfUr esa rks ;g
gt+kjksa xquk vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ gSA pht+sa tks vkt dh tk ldrh gSa] dy ugha dh
tk ldrhaA gfFk;kj ysdj mB [kM+s gksuk] nq'eu dks ijkftr djuk] lÙkk ij
o+QCt+k djuk] vkt lEHko gks ldrk gS] vkSj dy vlEHko gks ldrk gSA ysfdu
vki dg ldrs gSa fd lÙkk ij o+QCt+k djus dk eryc rks bfrgkl dh èkkjk
dks cny Mkyuk gksrk gS] vkSj D;k ;g lEHko gS fd ,d ,slh pht+ egt 24
?k.Vs dh nsjh ij fuHkZj gks\ gk¡] tc l'kL=k tu&foæksg dh ?kM+h vk tkrh gS]
rc ?kVuk,¡ jktuhfr ds yEcs iSekuksa ls ugha] cfYd ;q¼ ds NksVs iSekuksa ls ukih
tkrh gSaA blesa dqNsd gÝ+rs] dqNsd fnu] ;k ;gk¡ rd fd dHkh&dHkh ,d fnu
dh nsjh dk eryc ØkfUr dk ifjR;kx gks ldrh gS] ?kqVus Vsd nsuk gks ldrk
gSA
jktuhfrd pkyckt+h] [k+klrkSj ls ØkfUr esa] ges'kk [k+rjukd gksrh gSA vki
nq'eu dks èkks[kk ns ldrs gSa] ysfdu blls vkids ihNs pyus okys tuleqnk;
fnXHkzfer gks ldrs gSaA
i` " B 74 ¼71½
fgpfdpkgV %
usrkvksa dh vksj ls fn[kk;h tkus okyh] vkSj muds vuq;kf;;ksa }kjk eglwl
dh tkus okyh fgpfdpkgV jktuhfr esa vkerkSj ij uqo+Qlkunsg lkfcr gksrh gS]
vkSj l'kL=k tu&foæksg dh fLFkfr esa rks ;g ,d ?kkrd [k+rjk gSA
;q¼
---¶;q¼ ;q¼ gS¸] pkgs tks Hkh gks] blesa dksbZ fgpfdpkgV ;k oD+r dh
cjcknh ugha gksuh pkfg,A1
1- mijksDr lHkh m¼j.k lEHkor% =kkRLdh dh fdrkc yslal vkWi+Q vDVwcj 1917 ls gSaA
i`"B la- 75 ls 100 uksVcqd dh gesa miyCèk gqbZ çfr esa ugha FksA
vxyh i`"B la- 101 ¼74½ gSA & lEiknd
o+Qkuwu1 %
¶cgjgky] lekt o+Qkuwu ij ugha vkèkkfjr gksrk gSA ;g rks ,d o+Qkuwuh xYi
gSA blds foijhr] o+Qkuwu dks vo'; gh lekt ij vkèkkfjr gksuk pkfg,A bls
fu'p; gh lekt ds fgr vkSj vko';drkvksas dh vfHkO;fDr gksuk pkfg,] vkSj
bls vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dh LosPNkpkfjrk ds ctk;] mRiknu dh lkekftd vkSj
fujiokn :i ls HkkSfrd mRiknu&ç.kkyh ls fu%l`r gksuk pkfg,A bl le; esjs gkFk
esa usiksfy;u lafgrk gS] ysfdu blus vkèkqfud ukxfjd lekt dks ugha iSnk fd;k
gSA 18oha lnh esa tUek vkSj 19oha lnh esa fodflr gqvk lekt bl lafgrk esa fli+QZ
,d o+Qkuwuh vfHkO;fDr ds :i esa fufgr gSA tc ;g lkekftd n'kkvksa ds vuq:i
ugha jg tk;sxk] rc ;g egt jíh dkx+t+ dk iqfyUnk gh fl¼ gksxk---A thou dh
cnyrh n'kkvksas ds lkFk&lkFk o+Qkuwu Hkh fuf'pr rkSj ij cnyrs jgs gSaA ijUrq
lkekftd fodkl dh u;h vko';drkvksa vkSj vis{kkvksa dks njfdukj dj (;qx
dh iqdkj ds fygkt+ ls) iqjkus o+Qkuwu dks cuk;s j[kuk] njvly] loZlkèkkj.k ds
fgr ds foijhr fdUgha [k+kl fgrksa dh ik[k.Miw.kZ fgek;r ds vykok vkSj dqN
ugha gSA¸
ekDlZ (dksyksu dh twjh vnkyr esa)2
U;k;kèkh'k ¶U;k;kèkh'k (vius i+QSlys ls) tks d"V igq¡pkrk gS] ;fn dh
ifjHkk"kk % og Lo;a mlds çfr fu"Bqj gks] rks og U;k; djus dk
vfèkdkj [kks cSBrk gSA¸
¶johUæukFk Bkdqj¸ 3
¶ysfdu vçfrjksèkh 'kgknr tks dj ikus esa vliQy jg tkrh gS] mls
U;k;fç; vkSj çfrjksèkh 'kfDr dj Mkyrh gS] rFkk vR;kpkjh dks vkSj vfèkd
gkfu igq¡pkus esa ukdke dj nsrh gSA¸4
cdZ7 dk dguk gS] ¶,d lPpk jktuhfrK] ges'kk bl ckr ij lksprk jgrk
gS fd dSls og vius ns'k esa ekStwn lalkèkuksa ls T+;knk ls T+;knk v£tr djsA¸
fofèk'kkL=k1 %
o+Qkuwu %
1- o+Qkuwu dk çkfoèkku ftl :i esa og ekStwn gSA
{ 2- o+Qkuwu dk bfrgkl
3- o+Qkuwu&foèkku dk foKku
{ ftl :i esa mldk fodkl gqvkA
tSlk mls gksuk pkfg,A
1- fo'ys"k.kkRed
2- ,sfrgkfld
3- uhfr'kkL=kh;
{ fofèk'kkL=k
o+Qkuwu %
¶ge ml fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds fu;e ;k fl¼kUr dks o+Qkuwu uke ns nsrs gSa]
ftlds }kjk dkjZokb;k¡ fuèkkZfjr dh tkrh gSaA¸
(gwdj)1
¶o+Qkuwu vius lokZfèkd lkekU; vFkZ esa dkjZokbZ lEcUèkh fu;e dks
fof'k"VhÑr djrk gS] vkSj ;g lHkh çdkj dh dkjZokbZ ij fcuk HksnHkko ds] ykxw
gksrk gS] pkgs os rdZijd gksa ;k rdZghu] thoèkkjh ls lEcfUèkr gksa] ;k futhZo
lsA blhfy, ge xfr ds] xq#Rokd"kZ.k ds] çdk'k ds] HkkSfrdh ds] çÑfr ds vkSj
jk"Vªksa ds fu;eksa dh ckr djrs gSa¸A
(CySdLVksu)2
1- lEHkor% vaxzst+ èkeZ'kkL=kh; fjpMZ gwdj (1554&1600) ftlus n ykW vkWi+Q
,Dysfl,fLVdy ikWfylh esa ,aXyhdfuT+e ds fl¼kUrksa dks lafgrkc¼ fd;kA
2- lEHkor% lj fofy;e CySdLVksu (1723&1780)% vaxszt+ fofèkosÙkk] ftlus des.Vªht+
vkWu n ykWt+ vkWi+Q baXyS.M (1765&1769) fy[kh] tks vaxzst+h o+Qkuwu ds fl¼kUr ij ,d
vkfèkdkfjd iqLrd ekuh tkrh gSA
lt+k %
jktuhfrd tqeZ % ge fofèk&fuekZrkvksa ds Hkkjh leqnk; dh bl lksp ls
lger gSa fd] Hkys gh] vkerkSj ij ml O;fDr ij dM+h dkjZokbZ ugha dh tkuh
pkfg,] tks ,slh eqtfjekuk lkft+'k esa 'kkfey jgk gks] ftl lkft+'k dks vatke
ugha fn;k x;k gks] fiQj Hkh jkT; ds f[k+yki+Q fd;s x;s cM+s tqeks± ds flyflys
esa bl fu;e dk ,d viokn t+:j j[kk tkuk pkfg,] dkj.k fd jkT; ds
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 105
f[k+yki+Q fd;s tkus okys tqeks± dh [k+kfl;r ;g gksrh gS fd ;fn muesa eqtfje
o+Qke;kc gks tkrk gS] rks og lt+k ls ro+Qjhcu lki+Q cp tkrk gSA o+Qkfry o+QRy
djus ds ckn] o+QRy djus dh vis{kk dgha vfèkd [k+rjs esa gksrk gS] ysfdu
jktæksgh tc ljdkj dk r[+rk iyV nsrk gS] rks og [k+rjs ls ckgj gks tkrk gSA
pw¡fd n.MkRed o+Qkuwu ,d o+Qke;kc foæksgh ds fo#¼ uiqald gh fl¼ gksrk
gS] blfy, t+:jh gS fd bls foæksg dh igyh 'kq#vkr ds f[k+yki+Q gh l'kDr
vkSj dM+k cuk;k tk;s---A¸
(II ,y-lh-lh- ttes.V 1906] i`"B 120)1
i` " B 111 ¼84½
lt+k %
LoIu tks çk.kn.M dk dkj.k cuk % tc eklsZt us liuk ns[kk fd mlus
Mk;ksuhfl;l2 dk xyk dkV fn;k gS] rc fujadq'k 'kkld us mls çk.kn.M ns
fn;k] ftlds ihNs mldh nyhy ;g Fkh fd ;fn mlus fnu esa ,slk lkspk u
gksrk rks jkr esa ;g liuk dnkfi ugha ns[krkA
çk.kn.M vkSj MªSdks dk o+Qkuwu % MªSdks3 ds o+Qkuwu esa yxHkx lHkh çdkj
ds tqeks±] tSls ekewyh pksjh ls ysdj èkeZ&æksg vkSj gR;k rd ds fy, ,d leku
ekSr dh lt+k dk foèkku Fkk] vkSj dgk tkrk gS fd bldk ,dek=k Li"Vhdj.k
tks MªSdks us fn;k Fkk] og ;g fd NksVs&eksVs tqeks± dh rks ;gh lt+k gksuh pkfg,
vkSj cM+s tqeks± ds fy, bls cM+h lt+k og lksp ugha ldkA
jkT; vkSj euq"; % jkT; viusvki esa dksbZ y{; ugha gS] vkSj euq"; o+Qkuwu
;k jkT; ds fy, ugha] cfYd ;s gh euq"; ds fy, gksrs gSaA
fookg %
MkW- VSxksj3 dk ekuuk gS fd vkfne ;qxksa ls ysdj vkt rd fookg dh
ç.kkyh fli+QZ Hkkjr esa gh cfYd lkjh nqfu;k esa L=kh vkSj iq#"k ds lPps feyu
ds jkLrs esa ,d ckèkk gh cuh gqbZ gS] tksfd dsoy rHkh lEHko gS tc lekt
bruk l{ke gks tk;s fd og L=kh dks] ?kj esa jpukRed dk;Z djus ls jksds cx+Sj]
mldh fof'k"V çfrHkk dks jpukRed dk;Z esa yxkus ds fy, ,d O;kid {ks=k
eqgS;k dj ldsA
i` " B 117 ¼90½
ukxfjd vkSj euq"; %
LikVkZoklh isMkdZVht+ rhu lkS dh ifj"kn esa nkf[k+ys ds fy, mifLFkr gqvk]
ijUrq mls okil dj fn;k x;k_ og bl [+kq'kh esa pyk x;k fd 300 LikVkZoklh
mlls csgrj rks FksA eSa le>rk gw¡ fd blesa lUnsg dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha fd og
lPPkk Fkk]
og ,d lPPkk ukxfjd FkkA
1- vKkr
2- ykyk yktir jk; (1865&1928)] ykgkSj esa lkbeu deh'ku dk fojksèk djus ij
fczfV'k iqfyl us ccZj ykBhpktZ fd;k] vkSj blh esa yxh lka?kkfrd pksV ds iQyLo:i ckn
esa] ykyk th dh e`R;q gks x;hA mudh ekSr vkSj iatkc ds vieku dk cnyk ysus ds fy,
Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds ØkfUrdkjh lkfFk;ksa us fczfV'k iqfyl vi+Qlj] lk.MlZ dh xksyh ekj
dj gR;k dj nhA
3- johUæukFk Bkdqj
lR; %
lR; dksbZ [k+t+kuk ugha çnku djrk] vkSj turk dksbZ jktnwr ;k çksi+Qslj dk
1- ,feyh & ç+Qkalhlh nk'kZfud T;k¡ tkd :lks (1712&1778) dk miU;kl (1762)
ftlesa ;g fl¼kUr fu:fir fd;k x;k gS fd cPps dks lH;rk ds cqjs çHkkoksa ls cpkus ds
fy, çkÑfrd okrkoj.k esa fodkl dk iw.kZ volj fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 111
in ;k isa'ku ugha çnku djrhA
& :lks] 122
,l-lh-1
1- :lks dh iqLrd lks'ky dk.VSªDV % blesa ,d ,sls vkn'kZ jkT; dk o.kZu çLrqr fd;k
x;k gS ftlesa lEçHkqrk iwjh turk esa fufgr FkhA mlds fopkj 1789 dh ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr
dh ,d egÙoiw.kZ çsjd'kfDr cusA
2- Ý+;ksnksj fe[kkbyksfop nksLrks;sOLdh (1821&1881) dk miU;kl n gkml vkWi+Q MsM]
tks Lo;a muds dkjkokl ds vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij 1861 esa fy[kk x;kA
¶vHkh Hkh nks Hkkjh&Hkjde vkSj vR;Ur nq"dj dk;ZHkkj cko+Qh gSa & (,d
ns'k & ;kuh :l & esa ekStwnk 'kklu&O;oLFkk dks m[kkM+ iQsadus ds ckn Hkh)A
¶lcls igyk dk;ZHkkj gS vkUrfjd laxBuA
¶nwljh egÙoiw.kZ leL;k fo'o ØkfUr dh--- & vUrjjk"Vªh; leL;kvksa dks
gy djus dh] fo'o ØkfUr dks vkxs c<+kus dh gS (ftlds gy fd;s fcuk
dE;qfuLV 'kklu&O;oLFkk vUrjjk"Vªh; iw¡thokn ds [k+rjs ds fo#¼ lqjf{kr ugha
jg ldrhA)
i`"B 21&22 2
i` " B 121 ¼94½
1- ;fn loZgkjk dks vkcknh ds cgqer dks vius i{k esa djuk gS rks mlds
fy, lcls igys t+:jh gS fd og cqtqZvk oxZ dks m[kkM+ iQsads vkSj jkT; lÙkk
ij o+QCt+k djsA
2- nwljs] mls iqjkus jkT; midj.k dks rksM+dj lksfo;r lÙkk LFkkfir djuk]
vkSj ,d >Vds esa ml çHkko dks [k+Re dj nsuk t+:jh gS] ftls cqtqZvk oxZ vkSj
thou dk mís';
¶thou dk mís'; eu dks fu;fU=kr djuk ugha cfYd mldk lqlaxr
fodkl djuk gS] ejus ds ckn eks{k çkIr djuk ugha] cfYd bl lalkj esa gh
mldk loksZÙke bLrseky djuk gS] dsoy è;ku esa gh ugha] cfYd nSfud
thou ds ;FkkFkZ vuqHko esa Hkh lR;] f'ko vkSj lqUnj dk lk{kkRdkj djuk gS]
lkekftd çxfr dqNsd dh mUufr ij ugha] cfYd cgqrksa dh le`f¼ ij fuHkZj
djrh gS] vkSj vkfRed turU=k ;k lkoZHkkSfed Hkzkr`Ro dsoy rHkh çkIr fd;k
tk ldrk gS] tc lkekftd&jktuhfrd vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou esa volj dh
lekurk gks¸A2
jkT; dk foKku
çkphu jkT; O;oLFkk % jkse1 vkSj LikVkZ]2 vjLrw3 vkSj IysVks4 % jkT; ds çfr
O;fDr dh ekrgrh bu çkphu jkT; O;oLFkkvksa] LikVkZ vkSj jkse dh çeq[k
fo'ks"krk FkhA gsykl5 es]a ;k jkse es]a ukxfjd dks cl FkksMs+ ls futh vfèkdkj çkIr
FksA mldk vkpj.k dki+Qh gn rd lkoZtfud lsaljf'ki ds vèkhu Fkk] vkSj
mldk èkeZ jkT;lÙkk }kjk ykxw fd;k x;k gksrk FkkA ,dek=k lPps ukxfjd vkSj
lEçHkqrklEiUu fudk; ds lnL; fo'ks"kkfèkdkj çkIr dqyhu oxZ ds eqDr yksx
gksrs Fks] ftuds fy, 'kkjhfjd Je nkl fd;k djrs Fks] ftuds ikl dksbZ ukxfjd
vfèkdkj u FksA
lqdjkr %
lqdjkr6 dks ;g nyhy nsrs gq, çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS fd tks dksbZ Hkh
ukxfjd jkT; esa igq¡pus ds ckn] ;fn LosPNk ls ,d uxj esa jgus yxs] rks mls
ljdkj dh ekrgrh Lohdkj djuh pkfg,] Hkys gh mls blds o+Qkuwu vuqfpr
D;ksa u yxsa] rnuqlkj gh] bl vkèkkj ij fd ;fn og tsy ls i+Qjkj gksdj Hkkx
tk;s] rks jkT; ds lkFk mldk o+Qjkj Hkax gks tk;sxk] og ,d vuqfpr lt+k ds
ykxw gksus dk Hkh bUrt+kj djrs jgus ds fy, rS;kj jgsA
IysVks % (lkekftd le>kSrk)
og lekt vkSj jkT; dh mRifÙk dks ikjLifjd vko';drkvksa esa ns[krk gS]
D;ksafd euq"; vyx&vyx jgdj viuh cgqfoèk vko';drkvksa dks rq"V djus
esa vleFkZ gksrs gSaA og ,d fo+QLe ds vkn'khZÑr LikVkZ dk fp=k.k djrs gq,
dgrk gS] ¶,d vkn'kZ jkT; es]a nk'kZfudksa dks 'kklu djuk pkfg,] vkSj ukxfjdksa
ds fudk; dks bl dqyhu rU=k ;k loZJs"Bksa dh ljdkj ds çfr fuf'pr :i
1- çkphu jkseu x.kjkT; vkSj lkezkT;
2- ;wuku dk çkphu uxjjkT;
3- vjLrw (384&322 bZ-iw-) % ;wukuh nk'kZfud vkSj IysVks dk f'k";A mlus cgqrsjs fo"k;ksa
ij fy[kk] ftuesa ls ikfyfVDl vkSj iks;fVDl fo'ks"k :i ls mYys[kuh; gSaA
4- IysVks (427&347 bZ-iw-)% ;wukuh nk'kZfud vkSj lqdjkr dk f'k";] vkSj vkn'kZ jkT;
ds ;wVksfi;k ds rkSj ij] fjifCyd dk ys[kd] ftlesa mlus ,d nk'kZfud jktk vkSj
foosdlEer jkT;&O;oLFkk dh dYiuk dh FkhA
5- gsykl % çkphu ;wuku
6- lqdjkr (469&399 bZ- iw-) % ;wukuh nk'kZfud ftls ukStokuksa dks ¶Hkz"V djus¸ ds
vkjksi esa tgj dk I;kyk ihdj vkRegR;k dj ysus dh lt+k nh x;hA
116 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
ls vkKkdkjh gksuk pkfg,A¸ og ukxfjdksa ds lpsr çf'k{k.k vkSj f'k{kk ij t+ksj
nsrk gSA
vjLrw %
og igyk O;fDr Fkk ftlus jktuhfr dks uhfr'kkL=k ls eqDr fd;k] gkyk¡fd
og lrdZ Hkh Fkk fd ;s nksuksa ,d&nwljs ls fcYdqy i`Fkd u gks tk;saA mldh
nyhy Fkh] ¶yksxksa dh cgqla[;k foosd ds ctk; viuh Hkkoukvksa ls 'kkflr
gksrh gS] vkSj blhfy, jkT; ds fy, t+:jh gS fd og mUgsa thou&i;ZUr
vuq'kklu esa jgus dk çf'k{k.k ns] tSlkfd LikVkZ esa gSA tc rd jktuhfrd lekt
LFkkfir ugha gksrk] rc rd U;k; dk dksbZ ç'kklu ugha gks ldrk---(ysfdu)
blds fy, vko';d gS fd loksZÙke lafoèkku vkSj fofèk&fuekZ.k dh loksZÙke
ç.kkyh dh [kkst dh tk;s---A ¹i`"B 166 ¼101½ ij tkjhº
¶jkT; dk cht ifjokj ;k dqVqEc esa gksrk gSA dbZ dqVqEcksa ds la;qDr gksus
ls xzke leqnk; dh mRifÙk gqbZ gS (ftlds) lnL; fir`lÙkkRed ljdkj ds
vèkhu gksrs gSaA
¶dbZ xk¡oksa dks feykdj jkT; dk fuekZ.k gqvk] tks ,d çkÑfrd] LorU=k]
vkSj vkRefuHkZj laxBu FkkA
¶ysfdu tgk¡ dqVqEc ,d O;fDrRo }kjk 'kkflr gksrk gS] ogha laoSèkkfud
ljdkjksa esa O;fDr LorU=k vkSj vius 'kkldksa ds leku gksrs gSaA
¶çkÑfrd lkekftd eS=kh vkSj ijLij ykHk ls ,drk xfBr gksrh gSA euq";
vius LoHkko ls ,d jktuhfrd (lkekftd) çk.kh gSA
¶jkT; ,d laJ; ls dgha vfèkd gS] ftlls O;fDr tqM+ ldrs gSa ;k fcuk
dksbZ i+Qo+QZ iM+s NksM+ ldrs gSa] ysfdu LorU=k ;k ukxfjdrkjfgr euq";
vfo'oluh;] vlH;] vkSj ,d ukxfjd ls fHkUu dksbZ pht+ gksrk gSA
IysVks %
IysVks us ,d ,sls fudk; ds :i esa jkT; dh bl voèkkj.kk dk iwokZuqeku
fd;k Fkk ftlds lnL; ,d loZekU; y{; ds fy, lkeatL;iw.kZ <ax ls
la;qDr gksaA
vjLrw %
vjLrw dk ekuuk Fkk fd tgk¡ LorU=krk vkSj lekurk gks] ogk¡ ckjh&ckjh ls
'kklu vkSj vèkhuhdj.k gks] ysfdu lcls vPNk ;gh gS fd ;fn lEHko gks rks]
os gh O;fDr ges'kk 'kklu djrs jgsaA
IysVks ds lkE;okn ds fojksèk esa mldh nyhy cko+Qk;nk fu;e fuèkkZfjr
futh lEifÙk ds i{k esa Fkh] ftlds ihNs mldk fopkj ;g Fkk fd jkT; esa
fli+QZ ,d uSfrd ,drk gh lEHko ;k okaNuh; gSA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 117
(ljdkjksa ds çdkj)
mlus ljdkjksa dks jktrU=kksa] dqyhurU=kksa vkSj x.krU=kksa rFkk Øe'k% muds
foÑr :iksa] tSls fujadq'k rU=kksa] vYirU=kksa vkSj turU=kksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k]
ftldk vkèkkj ;g Fkk fd buesa loksZPp lÙkk ,d ;k dqN ;k dbZ ds gkFkksa esa
gksrh gS] vkSj budk mís'; lkekU; fgr ;k 'kkldksa dk futh fgr gksrk gS rFkk
buesa LorU=krk] lEink] laLÑfr vkSj dqyhurk dks Hkh roTtks nh tkrh gSA
çR;s d jkT; O;oLFkk ds rhu va x gks r s gS a % (1) foe'kkZ R ed
(2) dk;kZRed vkSj (3) U;kf;d fudk;A ukxfjdrk dk fuèkkZj.k u rks
fuokl ls gksrk gS u gh o+Qkuwuh vfèkdkj j[kus ls] cfYd U;kf;d lÙkk vkSj
ljdkjh dkedkt esa Hkkxhnkjh ls gksrk gSA
uSfrdrk dk ,d fuf'pr Lrj çkIr djds db;ksas dks 'kklu djuk pkfg,]
D;ksafd vyx&vyx O;fDrxr rkSj ij de ;ksX; gksus ds ckotwn] os lfEefyr
:i ls] dqNd s pqfuUnk O;fDr;ksa ls dgha vfèkd prqj vkSj vfèkd ln~x.q klEiUu
gksrs gSaA ysfdu lkjh foe'kkZRed vkSj U;kf;d dk;Zokfg;ksa dks l¡Hkkyus ds
ckotwn] mUgsa mPpre dk;kZRed inksa ls ckgj gh j[kuk pkfg,A lcls
vPNh jkT;O;oLFkk og gS ftlesa cgqr èkuh vkSj cgqr x+jhc ds chp dk
eè;e oxZ ljdkj pyk;s] dkj.k fd bl oxZ dk thou lcls LFkk;h gksrk gS
rFkk ;g lcls foosdlEer] vkSj lkFk gh laoSèkkfud dk;Zokgh esa lcls l{ke
Hkh gksrk gSA ¹i`"B 167 ¼102½ ij tkjhº oLrqr% blh ds fy, ;g dgk tkrk
gS fd lEçHkqrk dks ukxfjdksa dh cgqla[;k esa fufgr gksuk pkfg,] ftlesa
cs'kd nkl ugha vkrsA
turU=k O;fDrxr LorU=krk ds ekeys esa lekurk ij ,der gksrs gSa]
ftldk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd lHkh ukxfjd] jkT; ds inksa ij vklhu gksus ;k pqus
tkus ds fy,] rFkk gjsd lc ij vkSj lHkh gjsd ij 'kklu djus ds fy, vgZ~;
gksrs gSaA
vjLrw Hkh] IysVks dh Hkk¡fr gh turU=k dks ljdkj dk ,d foÑr :i ekurk
Fkk] vkSj dgrk Fkk fd ;g vU; fdlh çdkj ds jkT;ksa dh vis{kk cM+s jkT;ksa
ds fy, vfèkd mi;qDr gSA
LVksbdoknh % flfudoknh %
,ihD;wjloknh % ,ihD;wjl1 dk dguk Fkk] ¶U;k; Lo;a esa dqN ugha gS] ;g
cl ijLij uqo+Qlku jksdus ds fy, (U;k; ds vkèkkj ds rkSj ij) le>kSrs
1- ,ihD;wjl % (341&270 bZ-iw-) ;wukuh nk'kZfud] tks ekurk Fkk fd vkRela;e ls thou
lq[ke; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA uSfrdrk lUrks"kçkfIr dk ,d lkèku gSA
118 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
dh ,d rjdhcHkj gSA
LVksbd % (okn)
nk'kZfud t+suks (340&260 bZ-iw-)1 dk ,d f'k";] ftlus ,Fksal ds ^LVksvk
ikWbdykbV* (is.VsM ikspZ) uked cx+hps esa viuh nk'kZfud 'kk[kk dk
f'k{k.k&laLFkku [kksykA ckn esa dSVks n ;axj2] lsusdk3] ekD;wZl vkWjsfy;l4 jkseu
LVksbdoknh gq,A LVksbd 'kCn dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS % ^og O;fDr tks lq[k ;k nq[k
ds çfr fojDr gksA*
LVksbdokn iqjkus n'kZu dh ,d 'kk[kk gS] tks thou vkSj dÙkZO; ds çfr
vius n`f"Vdks.k esa ,ihD;wjlokn dk çcy fojksèkh gS_ vkSj lq[k ;k nq[k ds çfr
mnklhu gSA
flfudokn %
nk'kZfudksa dk ,d lEçnk; ftldh LFkkiuk ,Fksal ds ,.VhLFksuht5 (tUe
444 bZ-iw-) us dh Fkh] ftldh vfHkyk{kf.kd fof'k"Vrk èku&nkSyr] dyk]
foKku vkSj vkeksn&çeksn ds fo#¼ ,d çdV ?k`.kk ds :i esa FkhA bUgsa flfud
buds :[ks O;ogkj ds dkj.k dgk tkrk gSA flfudokn dHkh&dHkh ekuo&
LoHkko ds çfr frjLdkj Hkkouk ds fy, Hkh bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
,ihD;wjloknh %
,ihD;wjl (341&270 bZ-iw-) ,d ;wukuh nk'kZfud Fkk] ftldh f'k{kk Fkh
fd lq[k gh vlyh pht+ gSA ,ihD;wjloknh mls dgk tkrk gS tks [kkvks&ihvks
vkSj ekSt&eLrh esa fo'okl djrk gSA
1- t+us ks % ;wukuh nk'kZfud] tks vkRela;e vkSj çÑfr dh laxfr esa thou thus dk fgek;rh
FkkA
2- dSVks n ;axj (95&46 bZ-iw-) % jkseu nk'kZfud tks LVksbdokfn;ksa dk laj{kd lUr cukA
3- lsusdk % iwjk uke Y;wfl;l ,uh;l lsusdk (4 bZ-iw-&65 bZ-) % jkseu ys[kd vkSj
jktuhfrK rFkk jkseu lezkV uhjks dk f'k{kd] ftlus LVksbdokn ij dbZ fucUèk vkSj nq[kkUr
ukVd Hkh fy[ksA FkksM+s le; ds fy, og ,d rjg ls jkse dk 'kkld Hkh jgk] fiQj ckn
esa vkRegR;k djus dh lt+k feyhA
4- ekdZl vkjsfy;l ,Urksfu;l % (121&180 bZ-) % jkseu nk'kZfud vkSj lezkV
(161&180 bZ- rd)A mlus esfMVs'kal uke ls ,d Dykfldh; LVksbdoknh xzUFk fy[kkA
5- ,.VhLFksuht+ (444&365 bZ- iw-) % lqdjkr ls çHkkfor ;wukuh nk'kZfudA mlds lknxh
Hkjs thou vkSj f'k{kkvksa us x+jhcksa dks vkd£"kr fd;kA
1- jkseu lezkV ,.Vksfu;l ik;l (86&161 bZ-) dk 'kkludky (138&161 bZ-)A mldk
'kkludky 'kkfUr vkSj mÙke ç'kklu dk dky ekuk tkrk gSA
u;k ;qx
lqèkkj&dky ds ckn] iksi dh lÙkk pjejk x;h] rFkk 'kkld vkSj turk nksuksa
ds fnekx+ vkt+knh dh ygj esa rjaxkf;r gks pysA ysfdu ,d Ågkiksg dh fLFkfr
Hkh iSnk gks x;hA bl u;h fLFkfr ls fuiVus ds fy, cgqrsjs fpUrdksa us jkT; ds
loky ij lkspuk 'kq: dj fn;kA fpUru dh fofHkUu 'kk[kk,¡ mB [kM+h gqb±A
eSfd;kosyh %
eSfd;kosyh & bl e'kgwj brkyoh jktuhfrd fopkjd us ljdkj ds
x.krkfU=kd :i dks loksZÙke ekuk] ysfdu ljdkj ds bl :i ds LFkkf;Ro ij
lUnsg gksus ds dkj.k] mlus ,d l'kDr jktrU=kkRed 'kklu dks lqjf{kr j[kus
ds fl¼kUrksa dk Hkh fu:i.k fd;k] vkSj blh ukrs mlus ¶n fçUl¸1 dh jpuk
dhA
,d dsUæhÑr ljdkj dh mldh fgek;r dk ;wjksi ds jktuhfrd fl¼kUr
vkSj O;ogkj ij Hkkjh çHkko iM+kA
eSfd;kosyh lEHkor% igyk ys[kd Fkk ftlus ,dne èkeZfujis{k n`f"Vdks.k
ls ¶jktuhfr¸ ij fopkj fd;kA
vU; fopkjd
o+Qjkj vkSj le>kSrk
vU; fopkjdksa esa ls T+;knkrj us o+Qjkj ;k le>kSrs ds fl¼kUr dk leFkZu
fd;kA jkseu o+Qkuwu esa (o+Qjkj) O;fDr;ksa ds chp ,d lgefr dk urhtk gqvk
djrk Fkk vkSj bldk nk;jk le>kSrs ls NksVk gqvk djrk Fkk] tcfd le>kSrk
o+Qjkj ds lkFk&lkFk ,d ckè;dkjh nkf;Ro Hkh gksrk FkkA
,sls fopkjdksa ds nks vyx&vyx lEçnk; FksA igys çdkj dk lEçnk;
bZ'oj vkSj euq"; ds chp o+Qjkj dh ;gwnh èkkj.kk ij vkèkkfjr fl¼kUr dk
çfriknu djrk Fkk] tks le>kSrs dh jkseu èkkj.kk ls lEiwfjr FkkA ;g ljdkj vkSj
turk ds chp ,d vfyf[kr le>kSrs dk çfriknu djrk FkkA
1- n fçUl % 1527 esa] brkyoh jktuhfrd fpUrd eSfd;kosyh }kjk fy[kh x;h çfl¼
iqLrd] ftlesa jkT;lÙkk gkfly djus ds mik;ksa dk foLrkjiwoZd foospu vkSj fo'ys"k.k
fd;k x;k gSA eSfd;kosyh vkSj mldh iqLrd us vius le; rFkk ckn ds ;qx esa Hkh jktuhfr
ij dki+Qh çHkko MkykA
1- fiyfxze i+QknlZ % baXyS.M ds ppZ ds I;wfjVu foæksfg;ksa dk ,d tRFkk tks ijs'kku fd;s
tkus ls cpus rFkk mÙkjh vesfjdk esa tk clus ds fy,] esÝykoj uked tgkt+ ls Hkkx
fudykA
2- I;wfjVu % çksVsLVs.V bZlkbZ lEçnk; dk lnL;
3- tkWu feYVu (1608&1674) % vaxzst+ dfoA iSjkMkbt ykWLV vkSj iSjkMkbt fjxsUM ds
jpf;rk
4- eksVs v{kjksa esa gkf'k;s ij ntZ
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 127
igq¡pkus ls cp ldsa rFkk ,d lkFk feydj ml fdlh Hkh pht+ ls viuk cpko
dj ldsa tks xM+cM+h iSnk djus okyh gks ;k bl rjg dh lgefr ds f[k+yki+Q
iM+rh gksA blh dh cnkSyr o+QLcs] uxj vkSj jkT; vfLrRo esa vk;sA rc vkRej{kk
vkSj laj{k.k dh ;g vkfèkdkfjd lÙkk tks cqfu;knh rkSj ij muesa ls çR;sd ds
Hkhrj rFkk la;qDr :i ls lcesa fufgr Fkh] fMfIV;ksa vkSj dfe'ujksa ds :i esa
jktkvksa vkSj eftLVsªVksa dks lkSai nh x;hA¸
¶jktkvksa vkSj eftLVsªVksa dh lÙkk vkSj dqN Hkh ugha gS] flok; blds fd
;g fli+QZ mUgsa turk }kjk lcdh HkykbZ ds fo'okl ds lkFk çnkfur] gLrkUrfjr
vkSj lkSaih x;h lÙkk gS] tks vHkh Hkh cqfu;knh rkSj ij mlh esa (;kuh turk
esa & l-) fufgr gksrh gS vkSj tks mlds çkÑfrd tUefl¼ vfèkdkj dk
mYya?ku fd;s cx+Sj Nhuh ugha tk ldrhA vr% jk"Vª jktkvksa dks pqu ;k gVk
ldrs gSa] LorU=k&tUek euq";ksa ds egt bl vfèkdkj vkSj LorU=krk ds vk/kj
ij fd os fduls 'kkflr gksuk loksZÙke le>rs gSaA¸
mlds fopkj ls jkt'kkgh] dqyhurU=k] ;k turU=k esa lÙkk dks ysdj dksbZ
1- gkWCl
fLiukst+k1 % (1677)
(euq"; dh vlekftdrk)
viuh Ñfr VSªDVsVl ikWfyfVdl (1677)] esa og ekurk gS fd 'kq:&'kq:
esa euq";ksa dk lHkh pht+ksa ij leku vfèkdkj Fkk] blfy, çkÑfrd voLFkk ;q¼
dh voLFkk FkkA euq";ksa us vius foosd ls çsfjr gksdj viuh 'kfDr;ksa dks
ukxfjd ljdkj dh LFkkiuk ds fy, la;qDr fd;kA pw¡fd euq";ksa ds ikl fujadq'k
lÙkk Fkh] blfy, bl çdkj LFkkfir lEçHkq lÙkk Hkh fujad'q k lÙkk gh FkhA mlds
fopkj ls ^vfèkdkj* vkSj ^lÙkk* ,d leku gSA vr% lÙkk ls ySl gksdj lEçHkq
'kkld dks lkjs ds lkjs vfèkdkj Lo;eso çkIr gks tkrs gSaA bl çdkj] og
^fujadq'krkokn* dk leFkZu djrk gSA
iqi+QsUMksj2 %
(ykW vkWi+Q uspj ,.M us'kal 1672)3
mlds fopkj ls] euq"; ,d lkekftd çk.kh gS] tks ifjokj vkSj 'kkfUre;
thou dh vksj LokHkkfod #>ku j[krk gSA
mldh jpukvksa dk gJ
,feyh vkSj lks'ky dk.VSªDV nksuksa gh 1762 esa çdkf'kr gqb±] igyh dks
isfjl esa tyk;k x;k] :lks ceqf'dy fxjÝ+rkj gksrs&gksrs cpk] fiQj nksuksa fdrkcksa
dks lkoZtfud rkSj ij] tsuksvk esa] mldh tUeLFkyh esa] tyk;k x;k] tgk¡ mls
dgha vfèkd 'kksgjr feyus dh mEehn FkhA
èkeZ %
:lks èkeZ dks Hkh lEçHkq 'kkld dh fujadq'krk ds vèkhu j[krk gSA
Hkwfedk3 %
eSa bl ckr dh tk¡p djuk pkgrk gw¡ fd D;k] vkt yksx tSls gSa vkSj
tSls o+Qkuwu cuk;s tk ldrs gSa] mudks eísut+j j[krs gq,] ;g lEHko gS fd
ukxfjd ekeyksa ds ç'kklu gsrq dqN U;k;laxr vkSj fuf'pr fu;e LFkkfir
fd;s tk;sa---A
euq"; tUe ls LorU=k gksrk gS ysfdu gj txg csfM+;ksa esa tdM+ fn;k tkrk
1
gSA
nklrk dk vfèkdkj
¶D;k rc ijkèkhu tu viuh vfLerkvksa dk bl 'krZ ij R;kx dj nsa fd
mudh lEifÙk Hkh ys yh tk;s\ eSa le> ugha ikrk fd muds fy, D;k 'ks"k jg
tk;sxk\
¶dgk tk ldrk gS fd fujadq'k 'kkld vius 'kkflrksa ds fy, ukxfjd 'kkfUr
lqfuf'pr djrk gSA gks ldrk gS] ,slh gh ckr gks_ ysfdu blls mudks feyrk D;k
gS] tcfd ;q¼] tks mldh egÙokdka{kkvksa ds pyrs mu ij Fkksi fn;s tkrs gSa] rFkk
mldh vrks"k.kh; yksyqirk vkSj mlds ç'kklu ds lUrki] muds vius cSj&fojksèk
ls dgha vfèkd gh mUgsa rax djrs gSa\ ¹i`"B 181 ¼116½ ij tkjhº
¶;g dguk] fd ,d vkneh viusvki dks fcuk fdlh ,ot esa ;ksa gh lkSai
nsrk gS] ,dne okfg;kr vkSj vdYiuh; ckr gSA¸
bl rjg dh ckr] pkgs ,d vkneh nwljs vkneh dks lEcksfèkr djds dgs
;k jk"Vª dks lEcksfèkr djds dgs] ges'kk ew[kZrkiw.kZ gh dgh tk;sxh %
¶eSa iwjh rjg ls rqEgkjh o+Qher ij vkSj iwjh rjg ls vius ykHk ds fy,
rqels ,d le>kSrk djrk gw¡] vkSj eSa bls rc rd ykxw fd;s j[kw¡xk] tc
rd eSa pkgw¡xk] vkSj rqe Hkh bls rc rd ykxw fd;s j[kksxs tc rd eSa
pkgwx¡ kA¸3
lekurk %
;fn rqe jkT; dks LFkkf;Ro çnku djuk pkgrs gks] rks bu nks pje voLFkkvksa
dks] tgk¡ rd lEHko gks lds] o+Qjhc ykvks % u rks èkfudksa dks cjnk'r djks]
u gh fHk[kkfj;ksa dksA ;s nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡] tks LokHkkfod rkSj ij ,d&nwljs ls
1- :lks] lks'ky dkW.VªSDV
2- ogh 3- ogh
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 137
vfoHkkT; gSa] lkekU; fgr ds fy, leku :i ls lka?kkfrd gSa % ,d oxZ ls
fujadq'k iSnk gksrs gSa] rks nwljs oxZ ls] fujadq'krk ds leFkZd % ges'kk bUgha nksuksa
ds chp lkoZtfud LorU=krk dk O;kikj pyrk jgrk gS % ,d [k+jhnrk gS] nwljk
csprk gSA1
i` " B 182 ¼117½
¶vksyko`f"V dqNsd {ks=kksa dks cjckn dj Mkyrh gS] ij blls vdky fcjys
gh iM+rk gSA naxs&iQlkn vkSj x`g;q¼ lnkjr djus okys yksxksa dks dki+Qh pkSadk
nsrs gSa_ fiQj Hkh os jk"Vªksa ds fy, dksbZ okLrfod ladV ugha iSnk djrs] tc rd
bl ckr dks ysdj fookn pyrk gS fd dkSu mu ij fujadq'k 'kklu djsA mudh
okLrfod le`f¼ ;k foink,¡ rks mudh LFkk;h fLFkfr;k¡s ls iSnk gksrh gSaA tc
lc dqN tqos rys dqpy dj j[k fn;k tkrk gS] rHkh lc dqN u"V gks tkrk
gS_ rHkh ;s 'kkld] bRehuku ls lc dqN u"V djus ds ckn] ,d eqnkZ [k+keks'kh
iSnk dj nsrs gSa] ftls os 'kkfUr dgrs gSaA¸
i`"B 176 2
i` " B 183 ¼118½
ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr3 %
vesfjdk % vesfjdh LorU=krk&laxzke dk ç+Qkal dh fLFkfr ij Hkkjh çHkko
iM+kA (1776)
VSDl %
^jktk* ds uke ij dke djus okys dksVZ ;k efU=ke.My us euekus <ax ls
VSDlksa ds i+Qjeku rS;kj fd;s vkSj mls ik£y;kes.V4 esa bUnjkt fd;s tkus ds fy,
Hkst fn;k] D;ksafd tc rd ik£y;kes.V mudk bUnjkt ugha dj ysrh] rc rd
os ykxw ugha gks ldrs FksA
dksVZ dk nkok Fkk fd ik£y;kes.V dh lÙkk dks ,rjkt+ dk dkj.k crkus
ds vykok vkSj dksbZ vfèkdkj u Fkk] tcfd og (;kuh dksVZ ;k efU=ke.My)
vius ikl ;g i+QSlyk djus dk vfèkdkj lqjf{kr j[ks gq, Fkk fd dkj.k
okftc gSa ;k x+Sj&okftc] vkSj fd rnuqlkj gh og viuh et+hZ ls pkgs rks
1- ogh 2- ogh
3- ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUr ds ckjs esa Hkxr¯lg ds bu uksV~l ds Ïksr dk irk ugha pyrkA
4- ik£y;kes.V % okLro esa ;g dksbZ fuokZfpr çfrfufèk;ksa dk fudk; ugha] cfYd jktk
ds lykgdkjksa dk ,d fudk; ;k btykl gqvk djrh FkhA
138 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
i+Qjeku okil ys ys ;k cko+Qk;nk mls vkfèkdkfjd rkSj ij bUnjkt fd;s tkus
dk vkns'k tkjh dj nsA
nwljh rji+Q] ik£y;kes.V dk nkok Fkk fd mlds ikl bUdkj dj nsus dk
vfèkdkj FkkA
eU=kh ,e- dSyksu1 dks eqæk pkfg, FkhA og VSDlksa ds ekeys esa ik£y;kes.V
ds dM+s #[k ls ifjfpr FkkA mlus ¶vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl¸2 vkgwr dh
(1787)A
;g LVsV~l&tujy ugha Fkh] tksfd pquh tkrh Fkh] cfYd blds lHkh lnL;
jktk }kjk euksuhr fd;s x;s Fks vkSj blesa dqy 141 lnL; FksA rc Hkh og
cgqer dk leFkZu gkfly u dj ldkA rc mlus bls 7 desfV;ksa esa foHkDr
dj fn;kA çR;sd desVh esa 20 lnL; FksA gjsd loky desfV;ksa esa cgqer ls
vkSj vlsEcyh esa desfV;ksa ds cgqer ls r; fd;k tkrk FkkA mlus fdUgha pkj
;k çR;sd desVh esa 11 ,sls lnL; j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh] ftu ij og fo'okl
dj ldrk FkkA ysfdu mldh ;s ;qfDr;k¡ Hkh vliQy jghaA
i` " B 184 ¼119½
,e- n yi+Qk;r4 ,d nwljh desVh dk mikè;{k FkkA mlus ,e- dSyksu ij
1- pkYlZ vysDlkUæ n dSyksu (1734&1802)] ç+Qkalhlh jktuhfrK] tks uoEcj 1783 esa
foÙkeU=kh cukA
2- vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl % jkT; dk [k+t+kuk [k+kyh gksus ds dkj.k] foÙkeU=kh dSyksu
'kkgh [k+t+kus ds fy, o+Qt+Z ysuk pkgrk Fkk] ijUrq ik£y;kes.V us bls eatwj ugha fd;kA rc
mlus jktk dks lykg nh fd vkUrfjd lhek'kqYdksa dks [k+Re dj fn;k tk;s vkSj uksVscYl
;kuh dqyhuksa vkSj iknfj;ksa ij VSDl yxk fn;k tk;sA blds fy, dqyhuksa dh ,d lHkk
(vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl) tuojh 1787 esa cqyk;h x;hA ijUrq dqyhuksa us vius
fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa esa dVkSrh fd;s tkus dk fojksèk dj fn;kA
3- LVsV~l tujy% ;g dqyhu oxZ] iknjh oxZ vkSj cqtqZvk oxZ ls pqus x;s çfrfufèk;ksa dh
,d lHkk FkhA
4- ek£Dol n yi+Qk;r (1757&1834) % vesfjdh LorU=krk laxkz e vkSj ç+Qkal dh ØkfUr
esa Hkkx fy;kA og ç+Qkalhlh lsuk dk duZy (1779) vkSj ckn esa estj tujy (1781)
Hkh jgk_ 1790 esa mldh rjD+oQ+ h us'kuy xkMZ vkWiQ+ isfjl ds duZy&tujy in ij gks x;h]
vkSj mlus ØkfUr ds vkjfEHkd nkSjksa esa cgqr lfØ; Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA ysfdu 1792 esa
laoSèkkfud jktrU=k dk leFkZu djus ds dkj.k vlsEcyh us mls x+íkj o+Qjkj dj fuokZflr
dj fn;kA vius fuokZlu dky esa Hkh og viuh ØkfUrdkjh Hkwfedk ds dkj.k 5 o"kks± rd
ç'kk] teZuh] vkSj vkfLVª;k dh tsyksa esa o+QSn jgk] vkSj usiksfy;u cksukikrZ ds gLr{ksi ls
gh tsy ls fjgk gksdj 1799 esa ç+Qkal ykSVkA
'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd @ 139
nks fefy;u ykboj esa 'kkgh t+ehu csp Mkyus dk vkjksi yxk;kA bls mlus
fyf[kr :i esa Hkh is'k fd;kA mlds dqN gh le; ckn] ,e- dSyksu dks
cj[k+kLr dj fn;k x;kA
rksywl dk vkdZfc'ki çèkkueU=kh vkSj foÙkeU=kh fu;qDr gqvkA mlus
ik£y;kes.V ds le{k nks çdkj ds VSDlksa dk çLrko j[kk & LVkEi VSDl vkSj ,d
fo+QLe dk Hkwfe VSDlA bl ij ik£y;kes.V us tokc fn;k]
fd jk"Vª vc rd ftl rjg ds jktLo dh fgek;r djrk vk
jgk gS] mlds lkFk VSDlksa dh ppkZ muesa dVkSrh djus ds vykok
vkSj fdlh Hkh mís'; ls ugha djuh pkfg,]
vkSj mu nksuksa gh çLrkoksa dks mBkdj jíh dh Vksdjh esas iQsad fn;kA rc mUgsa
olkZbZ cqyk;k x;k] tgk¡ jktk us ^, csM vkWi+Q tfLVl* uke ls ,d fo'ks"k cSBd
dh vkSj mu çLrkoksa dk bUnjkt dj fy;kA ik£y;kes.V isfjl ykSV x;hA ogk¡
,d vfèkos'ku fd;kA olkZbZ esa dh x;h çR;sd dk;Zokgh dks x+Sj&o+Qkuwuh o+Qjkj
nsrs gq,] bUnjkt dks jí dj nsus dk vkns'k fn;kA rc lcdks ^ysVj fM dS'ksRl*
uked 'kkgh i+Qjeku tkjh gqvk vkSj lHkh dks fuokZflr dj fn;k x;kA fiQj ckn
esa mUgsa okil cqyk fy;k x;kA vkSj fiQj os gh i+Qjeku muds lkeus j[ks x;sA
¹i`"B 185 ¼120½ ij tkjhº
fiQj LVsV~l tujy dh cSBd cqykus dk loky mBkA jktk us blds fy,
ik£y;kes.V ls oknk fd;kA ysfdu efU=ke.My us fojksèk fd;k] vkSj ,d ^iQqy
dksVZ* xfBr djus dk u;k çLrko j[kkA ysfdu bldk nks vkèkkjksa ij fojksèk gqvk
% igyk ;g fd lS¼kfUrd vkèkkj ij ljdkj dks Lo;a dks cnyus dk dksbZ
vfèkdkj ugha FkkA bl rjg dh ut+hj uqo+Qlkunsg gksxhA nwljk fojksèk Lo:i dks
ysdj Fkk] blds fojksèk esa ;g nyhy nh x;h fd ;g ,d foLrkfjr efU=ke.My
ds vykok vkSj dqN u gksrkA
vr% ik£y;kes.V us bl çLrko dks Bqdjk fn;kA rc mls l'kL=k lsukvksa ls
?ksj fy;k x;kA dbZ fnuksa rd ;g ?ksjscUnh pyrh jghA fiQj Hkh ik£y;kes.V
viuh ckr ij vM+h jghA rc mlds dbZ lnL;ksa dks fxjÝ+rkj djds vyx&vyx
tsyksa esa Hkst fn;k x;kA
bldk fojksèk&çn'kZu djus ds fy, fczVSuh ls ,d çfrfufèke.My vk;kA
mlds lnL;ksa dks ckLrh; (tsy) Hkst fn;k x;kA
^vlsEcyh vkWi+Q uksVscYl* fiQj cqyk;h x;h] vkSj LVsV~l tujy dh cSBd
cqykus ds fy, fiQj ogh rjho+Qk viukus dk i+QSlyk fd;k x;k] tks 1614 esa
viuk;k x;k FkkA
ik£y;kes.V us r; fd;k fd blds fy, dqy 1200 lnL;ksa esa ls 600
140 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
lkèkkj.k turk ls] 300 iknjh oxZ ls] vkSj 300 dqyhu oxZ ls pqus tkus pkfg,A
LVsV~l tujy1 dh cSBd ebZ 1789 esa gqbZA dqyhu oxZ vkSj iknjh oxZ
ds çfrfufèk nks vyx&vyx d{kksa esa cSBsA
i` " B 186 ¼121½
rhljh Js.kh] ;k lkèkkj.k turk ds çfrfufèk;ksa us iknjh oxZ vkSj dqyhu oxZ
ds bl vfèkdkj dks ekuus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj Lo;a dks ^jk"Vª ds çfrfufèk*
?kksf"kr djrs gq,] vius d{k esa lkFk cSBs jk"Vªh; çfrfufèk;ksa ds vykok] vU;
fdlh Hkh gSfl;r ds fdlh Hkh lnL; dk dksbZ Hkh vfèkdkj ekuus ls bUdkj
dj fn;kA bl çdkj] LVsV~l tujy gh ^jk"Vªh; vlsEcyh* gks x;hA mlus nwljs
d{kksa esa vkeU=k.k HkstAs iknjh oxZ ds çfrfufèk;ksa dh vfèkdrj la[;k muds lkFk
vk x;hA dqyhu oxZ ds 45 lnL; muds lkFk vk x;s] fiQj mudh la[;k
c<+dj 80 vkSj ckn esa mlls Hkh vfèkd gks x;hA
i` " B 187 ¼122½
Vsful dksVZ dh 'kiFk
dqyhu oxZ vkSj iknjh oxZ ds nq"V rÙo jk"Vªh; vlsEcyh dks m[kkM+ iQsaduk
pkgrs FksA mUgksaus efU=ke.My ds lkFk feydj "kM~;U=k jpkA jk"Vª ds çfrfufèk;ksa
dh ekStwnxh esa gh d{k dk njokt+k cUn dj fn;k x;k vkSj ml ij vaxj{kd
lsuk dk igjk cSBk fn;k x;kA rc os ,d Vsful dksVZ dh vksj c<+ x;s] vkSj
ogk¡ lcus feydj 'kiFk [kk;h fd tc rd os ,d lafoèkku dh LFkkiuk ugha
dj ysrs] rc rd vyx ugha gksaxsA
ckLrh;2
nwljs fnu d{k dk njokt+k muds fy, fiQj [kksy fn;k x;kA ysfdu
pqids&pqids 30 gt+kj dh i+QkSt isfjl dks ?ksjus ds fy, jokuk dh tk pqdh FkhA
1- LVsV~l tujy % 175 o"kZ ds yEcs vUrjky ds ckn ebZ 1789 esa bldh cSBd gqbZA
[k+t+kuk [k+kyh gks tkus ds dkj.k etcwj gksdj lezkV yqbZ pkSngosa dks lkeUrksa] ppZ vkSj
cqtqZvk oxZ ds çfrfufèk;ksa dh ;g cSBd cqykuh iM+hA igyh nksuksa Jsf.k;ksa ds o+Qjhc
300&300 vkSj rhljh Js.kh ds blls nksxuq s çfrfufèk vk;sA tYn gh ;g ,d u;s jktuhfrd
la?k"kZ dk dsUæ cu x;hA turk ds çfrfufèk;ksa us c<+dj igy vius gkFk esa ys yhA ç+Qkalhlh
ØkfUr ds rwi+Qkuh ?kVukØe dh 'kq#vkr blh ls gqbZA
2- ckLrh; % isfjl ls dqN nwj fLFkr ckLrh; dk fo+Qyk] tgk¡ jktrU=k fojksèkh cfUn;ksa
dks j[kk vkSj ;kruk,¡ nh tkrh Fkha] fujadq'krk vkSj neu dk ,d ?k`f.kr çrhd FkkA 14
tqykbZ 1789 dks fugRFkh turk dh HkhM+ us bl ij èkkok cksydj o+QCt+k dj fy;kA
olkZbZ1 %
5 vDVwcj 1789 & gt+kjksa L=kh&iq#"k jk"Vªh; çrhd ds çfr vaxj{kd lsuk
}kjk fd;s x;s xqLrk[k+h Hkjs O;ogkj dk cnyk ysus ds fy, olkZbZ dh vksj dwp
dj x;sA bls olkZbZ vfHk;ku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA mlds ckn ?kVh ?kVukvksa
ds iQyLo:i jktk dks isfjl yk;k x;kA
i` " B 188 ¼123½
çR;sd jk"Vª dk foosd tc tkx tkrk gS] rks og vius lHkh mís';ksa ds fy,
i;kZIr fl¼ gksrk gSA (i`"B 112] jkbV~l vkWi+Q eSu)2
viekudrkZ %
¶;fn VSDlksa ds T+kYq eks&flre dks [k+Re djus dh xjt ls jkt'kkgh vkSj gjsd
fo+QLe dh oa'kkuqxr ljdkj dh èkks[kkèkM+h vkSj Ny&diV ls Hkjh VSDl&uhfr
dk Hk.MkiQksM+ djuk & vlgk; cPpksa dh f'k{kk rFkk cw<+ksa ,oa eqlhcr ds ekjs
yksxksa dh lgk;rk dh ;kstuk,¡ çLrkfor djuk & ;q¼ ds ?k`f.kr pyu dks [k+Re
djuk & lkoZHkkSfed 'kkfUr] lH;rk vkSj okf.kT; dks çksRlkfgr djuk & vkSj
jktuhfrd vUèkfo'okl dh csfM+;ksa dks rksM+ Mkyuk] rFkk vèkksxfr ds f'kdkj
euq"; dks mldh okftc xfjek rd mBkuk & ;fn ;s lc pht+sa viekutud
gS]a rks eq>s ,d viekudrkZ dk thou thus nks] vkSj esjh o+Qcz ij ¶viekudrkZ¸
dk uke [kqnok nsukA¸ xi 2
i` " B 190 ¼125 ½
ysfdu tc LFkku ugha cfYd fl¼kUr deZ dks ÅtZfLor djus okyk dkj.k
cu tkrk gS] rks eSa ns[krk gw¡ fd vkneh gj txg ,d gh tSlk gks tkrk gSA3
e`R;q %
;fn ge vej gksrs rks cgqr nq[kh gksrs] blesa dksbZ 'kd ugha fd ejuk dfBu
gS] ij ;g lkspuk eèkqj yxrk gS fd ge ges'kk thrs gh ugha jgsaxsA4
(i`"B 45] ,feyh)
lektoknh O;oLFkk %
¶çR;sd ls mldh ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj] çR;sd dks mldh vko';drk ds
vuqlkjA¸5
nkUrksa1 dk dguk Fkk] ¶dkjZokbZ] dkjZokbZA lÙkk igys] cgl ckn esa¸A2
:lh ç;ksx3
1917&27
1- i+Qsl ,.M ekb.M ^^cksY'ksfodksa dk n'kZu ,dne]
vkWiQ+ cksY'ksfoT+e vkØked :i ls HkkS f rdoknh gS ]
ys- jsus iQqyi&feyj ftldh ,d eqfDrnk;h fo'ks"krk dks
2- jf'k;k muds dV~Vj ls dV~Vj nq'euksa rd dks
ys- ekdho&vks*gkjk Lohdkj djuk iM+sxk] vkSj og ;g fd
3- jf'k;u fjoksY;w'ku muesa fdlh Hkh çdkj ds foHkze dk iwjh
ys- ySalykWV yksVu (eSdfeyu) rjg vHkko gSA
4- cksY'ksfoLV jf'k;k os vius laLFkkid ds bl fo'okl
ys- ,.Vu dkyZxzhu ij iwjh n`<+rk ls o+Qk;e gSa fd ¶çR;sd
5- fyVjspj ,.M fjoksY;w'ku pht+ dks çkÑfrd fu;eksa }kjk ;k] ,d
& =kkRLdh ladh.kZrj vFkZ esa dgsa rks] HkkSfrd
6- ekDlZ&ysfuu ,.M lkbal fØ;k foKku (fiQftvkWfyth) }kjk
vkWi+Q fjoksY;w'ku O;k[;kf;r fd;k tk ldrk gSA¸
ys- ,.Vu dkyZxzhu & i`"B 30
1- tkWtZ tkd nkUrksa (1769&1794) % ç+Qkalhlh ØkfUrdkjhA ç[kj oDrk vkSj ç+Qkalhlh
ØkfUr ds lcls jSfMdy usrkvksa esa ls ,dA jkt'kkgh dks m[kkM+ iQsadus (1792) esa mldh
çeq[k Hkwfedk FkhA og vLFkk;h ljdkj dk çeq[k cuk vkSj ^ukxfjd lqj{kk dh desVh*
dh LFkkiuk dh tks ckn esa ØkfUrdkjh vkrad o+Qk;e djus dk lkèku cu x;hA
2- ;s nksuksa okD; eksVs v{kjksa esa ist ij frjNs fy[ks gq, gSaA
3- Hkxr¯lg us ,d vksj dqN iqLrdksa vkSj muds ys[kdksa ds uke ntZ fd;s gSa vkSj muds
lkeus ,d m¼j.k fy[kk gS ftldk Ïksr Li"V ugha gSA
144 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
ekDlZ us dgk gS] ¶nk'kZfudksa us] bl nqfu;k dh egt rjg&rjg ls O;k[;k
dh gS] njvly egÙoiw.kZ ckr rks bls cnyus dh gSA¸1
fgUnw lH;rk %
gesa ,slk yx ldrk gS fd vius dbZ i{kksa dh n`f"V ls ;g ,d ,slk yxHkx
vdYiuh;&lk leqPp; gS ftlesa ,d rji+Q vkè;kfRed Hkkookn gS rks nwljh
rji+Q LFkwy HkkSfrdokn Hkh gS] ,d rji+Q bfUæ;fuxzg gS rks nwljh rji+Q
bfUæ;fyIlk Hkh gS] ,d rji+Q ;g ekuoh; vkRek dks oSf'od vkRek ds lkFk
,dkdkj djus dk niZHkjk nkok djrh gS rFkk euq"; dks nSoh;rk esa vkSj nSoh;rk
dks euq"; esa lekfgr djrh gS] rks nwljh rji+Q og grk'k dj nsus okyk fujk'kkokn
Hkh gS ftlds rgr ;g mins'k nsrh gS fd thou viusvki esa nq[knk;h çrhfr
1- fcfiupUæ iky (1858&1932) % Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku caxky esa ,oa vU;=k
Lons'kh ,oa fons'kh oLrqvksa ds cfg"dkj vkUnksyuksa ds çeq[k usrk_ cky xaxkèkj fryd] ykyk
yktir jk; vkSj fcfiupUæ iky ;kuh ^yky&cky&iky* dh frdM+h us dkaxzsl esa ^xje
ny* dk usr`Ro fd;kA iky us dbZ v[k+ckjksa tSls U;w bf.M;k] oUnsekrje] Lojkt] n
bf.Mis.Ms.V ,oa U;w fLifjV dk lEiknu fd;kA
f'k{kk uhfr %
Hkkjr esa if'peh f'k{kk dks pkyw djus dk ewy eUrO; ukStoku Hkkjrh;ksa dh
,d vPNh&[k+klh la[;k dks çf'kf{kr djuk Fkk] rkfd ljdkjh nÝ+rjksa esa ekrgrh
inksa dks vaxzst+h cksyus okys ns'kt yksxksa ls Hkjk tk ldsA
i`"B 34 2
1- f'kjksy dh bf.M;u vujsLV_ Hkxr¯lg us f'kjksy dh iqLrd ls foLr`r uksV~l fy;s gSaA
[k+kldj blesa m¼`r usrkvksa ds Hkk"k.kksa vkSj ijpksa lsA ihNs vk;k fcfiupUæ iky dk yEck
m¼j.k vkSj vkxs vk;k enueksgu ekyoh; dk m¼j.k blh iqLrd ls fy;k x;k gSA
2- if.Mr enu eksgu ekyoh; (1861&1946)
vNwr %
jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkkjrh; vkcknh ds yk[kksa&yk[k yksxksa dk vius
'kkldksa dh vkLFkk ds vuq:i èkekZUrj.k ,slh lEHkkoukvksa ds }kj [kksy nsxk fd
eSa mudk foLrkjiwoZd o.kZu djus dh t+:jr ugha eglwl djrkA
i`"B 184 3
1- enuyky èkhaxjk % yUnu esa ^bf.M;u gkse:y lkslk;Vh* rFkk ^bf.M;k gkml xzqi*
ls tqM+s ;qok ØkfUrdkjhA bldh LFkkiuk ØkfUrdkjh ';keth Ñ".k oekZ us ykyk gjn;ky]
lkojdj vkSj èkhaxjk tSls ns'kHkDr ;qokvksa dks lkFk ysdj dh FkhA enuyky èkhaxjk us
cax&Hkax vkSj mlds ckn ns'k esa pys vkUnksyu ij ccZj neu ds fojksèk esa lj fofy;e
dtZu ok;Zyh dh yUnu esa 1 tqykbZ 1909 dks xksyh ekj dj gR;k dj nhA mUgsa ckn esa
iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA
2- ¶r; djks] vks Hkkjrh; 'kkldks¸ 'kh"kZd ;g ijpk jk"Vªoknh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us Hkkjr
ds jtokM+ksa@fj;klrksa ds 'kkldksa ds uke Hkstk FkkA ,d 'kkld us bls f'kjksy dks fn;k Fkk
ftlus blds nks fgLls viuh iqLrd bf.M;u vujsLV esa 'kkfey fd;sA
3- f'kjksy] bf.M;u vujsLV] vè;k; ^nfyr tkfr;k¡* ls
1- gR;k ugha ;K % ;g iwjk vorj.k f'kjksy dh iqLrd bf.M;u vujsLV (eSdfeyu ,.M
dEiuh] yUnu ls 1910 esa çdkf'kr) ds fVIif.k;ksa okys fgLls ls fy;k x;k gSA blesa ¶n
fjewoy vkWi+Q bui+QkeZlZ¸ (Hksfn;ksa dk liQk;k) 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr fy[kk x;k gS fd
¶'kEl&my&vkye dh gR;k ds rqjUr ckn fuEufyf[kr vihy¸ ØkfUrdkfj;ksa }kjk dydÙks
esa tkjh dh x;h %
^gR;k ukW; ;K* (gR;k ugha ;K)
uo+Qn buke % ,d ;wjksih; ;k nks Hksfn;ksa dk flj dkVus ij
50ok¡ vad] dydÙkk] jfookj pS=k v"Veh 1316)
2- okjhUæ ?kks"k % vjfoUnks ?kks"k ds NksVs HkkbZ vkSj ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ekfudryk xzqi ds
,d usrk] tks vyhiqj "kM~;U=k dsl (ebZ 1909) ds vfHk;qDr Fks_ os ^;qxkUrj* uked
ØkfUrdkjh i=k Hkh çdkf'kr djrs FksA
3- vk'kqrks"k fo'okl % ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks lt+k fnykus ds fy, reke x+yr rjho+Qs viukus
okyk vaxzst+ijLr ,d ljdkjh odhy ftls vyhiqj iqfyl dksVZ ls ckgj ØkfUrdkjh pk#
pUæ xqgk us xksyh ekjdj ekSr ds ?kkV mrkj fn;kA
4- pk#pUæ xqgk % ,d ohj r#.k ftlus nk;sa gkFk dh gFksyh tUe ls gh ugha gksus ds
ckotwn ns'kæksgh ljdkjh odhy vk'kqrks"k fo'okl dks xksyh ekj nhA mls 10 ekpZ 1909
dks vyhiqj ls.Vªy tsy esa iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA
5- 'kEl&my&vkye % fczfV'k iqfyl dk lh-vkbZ-Mh- baLisDVj tks ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh
lqjkxj'kh djrk FkkA mls ohjsUæukFk nÙk us 24 tuojh] 1910 dks xksyh ls mM+k fn;k_ bl
ukStoku ØkfUrdkjh dks 21 i+Qjojh 1910 dks iQk¡lh ns nh x;hA
6- vkyexhj ikn'kk % eqxy ckn'kkg vkSjxatsc
Hksfn;k2 %
vk;fj'k "kM~;U=kksa esa tks ?k`f.kr ysfdu mi;ksxh oxZ vkerkSj ij (Hksfn;ksa
dh & l-) vkiw£r fd;k djrk Fkk] og tM+ewy ls D;ksa lw[k x;k] blds eq[;
dkj.kksa esa ls eSa le>rk gw¡ ,d rks ;gh jgk gS fd lÙkkèkkjh vius Hksfn;s dks
fNikus vkSj cpkus esa vliQy jgs (tSls tsEl dSjh ds ekeys esa] tcfd mlh
us ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds vHksn~; fxjksg dk jgL;ksn~?kkVu fd;k Fkk vkSj mlh ds lk{;
ij czSMh] fiQV~t+gjcVZ vkSj eqysu dks iQhfuDl ikdZ dh nks gR;kvksa] vFkkZr phi+Q
lsØsVjh vkSj v.MjlsØsVjh dh gR;kvksa ds cnys iQk¡lh ij p<+k fn;k x;kA ml
Hksfn;s dh ,d ukStoku ØkfUrdkjh vks*MkWusy us] Mjcu esa] fnu&ngkM+s xksyh
ekjdj gR;k dj nhA3) xks fd gR;k djus okyk idM+k x;kA egk;q¼ ls igys
1- lj ekbdsy vks*M~ok;j (1864&1940) dh iqLrd bf.M;k ,st+ vkbZ fum bV ls
m¼`r] tks 1925@28 esa yUnu ls çdkf'kr gqbZA 1988 esa feÙky ifCyds'kal] fnYyh ls
iqueqZfærA vks*M~ok;j çFke fo'o;q¼ ds nkSjku iatkc dk ysfÝ+Vus.V xouZj Fkk] mlus iatkc
ls cM+s iSekus ij ukStokuksa dh t+cju lsuk esa Hkjrh djk;h] yksxksa dks ;q¼ ds fy, ljdkj
dks ½.k nsus ij ckè; fd;k vkSj jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks ØwjrkiwoZd çrkfM+r fd;kA
tfy;k¡okyk ckx+ dk.M dk mlus leFkZu fd;kA ckn es]a Åèke¯lg us yUnu esa mldh gR;k
dj nhA
2- bl fgLls esa vks*M~ok;j us vk;jyS.M ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa }kjk fczfV'k ljdkj ds Hksfn;ksa
ds liQk;s dk mnkgj.k nsrs gq, iatkc esa [+kqn mlds }kjk ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fo#¼ viuk;s
rjho+Qksa dh ppkZ dh gSA
3- tc vk;fj'k ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us iQhfuDl ikdZ esa phi+Q vkSj v.MjlsØsVfj;ksa dh gR;k
dj nh] rc mUgsa idM+okus vkSj iQk¡lh p<+okus esa tsEl dSjh us eq[kfcj dh Hkwfedk fuHkk;h]
gkyk¡fd mldh Hkh iSfVªd vks*Mksuy s uked ØkfUrdkjh us xksyh ekjdj gR;k dj nh] ftlls
Hkkjr ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks Hkkjh eukscy çkIr gqvkA
156 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
vkSj mlds nkSjku] iatkc ds ysÝ+Vhus.V xouZj ds :i esa] esjk dbZ ØkfUrdkjh
"kM~;U=kksa ls ikyk iM+k] ftudk inkZi+Qk'k djus esa Hksfn;ksa dh tkfr us ,d cM+h
Hkwfedk vnk dh] vkSj gekjh lrdZrk bruh eqdEey jgh fd ,d Hkh ekeys
esa fdlh Hkh Hksfn;s ij dksbZ vk¡p ugha vk;hA1
vk;Zlekt %
okLro esa vk;Zlekt if'peh çHkko ds fo#¼ ,d jk"Vªoknh iqutkZxj.k gSA
;g bl lEçnk; ds laLFkkid n;kuUn ds vkfèkdkfjd xzUFk] lR;kFkZ çdk'k esa
vius vuq;kf;;ksa dk vkàku djrk gS fd os osnksa dh vksj ykSVsa vkSj vk;ks± ds
dkYifud Lo£.ke vrhr esa Lo£.ke Hkfo"; dh ryk'k djsaA lR;kFkZ çdk'k
x+Sj&fgUnw 'kklu ds fo#¼ nyhysa Hkh nsrk gS] vkSj dqN o"kZ igys] bl lEçnk;
ds ,d vxz.kh eq[ki=k us rks n;kuUn dks gh Lojkt ds fl¼kUr dk vlyh
çorZd gksus dk nkok Hkh fd;kA
ysfdu 1907 esa tc dqN 'kjkjrh yksxksa us vk;Z lekt ds fo#¼ vi+Qokgsa
iQSykuk 'kq: fd;k] rc bl lEçnk; us vius iqjkus èkeZ fl¼kUr dks nqgjkrs gq,
bl vk'k; dk ,d çLrko çdkf'kr djus dh cqf¼eÙkk fn[kk;h fd bl laxBu
dk fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd fudk; ;k fdlh Hkh fo+QLe ds jktuhfrd
vkUnksyu ls dksbZ lEcUèk ugha gSA vc ;fn ,d fudk; ds :i esa lekt }kjk
pjeiUFkh jktuhfr ls lEcUèk&foPNsn ds bl nkos dks eku Hkh fy;k tk;s] rc
Hkh dV~Vj fgUnqvksa ds fy, ;g ckr x+kSjryc gksuh gh pkfg, fd Hkys gh] vk;Z
lekt esa iatkc dh fgUnw vkcknh ds 5 çfr'kr ls vfèkd yksx 'kkfey ugha gSa]
fiQj Hkh 1907 ls ysdj vkt rd fgUnqvksa dh ,d cM+h vkcknh tks jktæksg
esa ls
244]000]000
226]000]000 yksx
xkaoksa esa jgrs gSaA
& iwjs Hkkjr esa 31 djksM+ 50 yk[k yksxksa esa ls 22 djksM+ 60 yk[k yksx Hkwfe
ij vkfJr gSaA
& muesa ls 20 djksM+ 80 yk[k yksx lhèks Ñf"k ij thrs ;k vkfJr gSaA
(ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ)1
1- ekW.Vi+QksMZ fjiksVZ % Hkkjrh; laoSèkkfud lqèkkjksa ij rS;kj dh x;h fjiksVZA bls ekW.Vi+QksMZ
fjiksVZ blfy, dgk x;k fd bls lsØsVjh vkWi+Q LVsV] ekW.VsX;w] vkSj xouZj tujy psEli+QksMZ us
feydj rS;kj fd;k FkkA ;g fjiksVZ 8 tqykbZ 1918 dks çLrqr dh x;hA
i` " B 288 ¼144½
25 yk[k yksx vaxzst+h i<+uk tkurs gSa & çfr ,d gt+kj iq#"kksa esa ls 16
vkSj çfr gt+kj fL=k;ksa esa ls 2
ns'kh Hkk"kkvksa dh dqy la[;k 222 gS
xk¡oksa dh dqy la[;k 500]0001
vkSj dke dk lcls dfBu fgLlk gksxk >qXxh&>ksaifM+;ksa esa jgus okyksa ds
fnekx+ esa dqN csgrjh dh bPNk dks fcBkukA
i`"B 22
lkbeu fjiksVZ 2
Hkxr¯lg
ds y?kq gLrk{kj
fnukad 12-9-1929
1- uksVcqd esa i`"B 289 ls i`"B 303 rd dqN ugha vafdr gSA uksVcqd ds çFke i`"B ij
uksVcqd esa i`"Bksa dh la[;k 404 vafdr gSA ijUrq i`"B 305 ls ysdj i`"B 404 rd ds iUuksa
dk dksbZ vrk&irk ugha gSA dqy 304 i`"B miyC/ gSa ftu ij jcj dh eqgj ls uEcj Mkys
x;s gSaA ;s uEcj dc vkSj fdlus Mkys ;g Li"V ugha gSA 'ks"k 100 i`"B D;k gq,\ os x+k;c
gks x;s ;k fdlh vU; dke ds fy, bLrseky fd;s x;s] ;g Hkh Li"V ugha gSA
Hkxr¯lg us dqy 145 i`"Bksa ij uksV~l fy;s gSa ftuesa chp&chp esa [k+kyh i`"B gSaA
Lokèkhurk laxzke esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds ços'k dh ?kks"k.kk djus okyk igyk èkekdk
1897 esa iwuk esa pkisdj cUèkqvksa us fd;k FkkA iwuk 'kgj esa mu fnuksa Iysx t+ksjksa
ij FkkA jS.M uke ds ,d vaxzst+ dks ogk¡ Iysx dfe'uj cukdj Hkstk x;kA og
cM+k gh t+kfye vkSj rkuk'kkg fo+QLe dk vkneh FkkA mlus Iysx ls çHkkfor
edkuksa dks fcuk dksbZ viokn [k+kyh djk;s tkus dk gqDe tkjh dj fn;kA tgk¡
rd ml gqDe dk loky gS mlesa dksbZ x+yr ckr ugha FkhA ysfdu ftl rjg
jS.M us bl gqDe ij vey djok;k] mlls og vyksdfç; gks x;kA yksxksa dks
muds ?kjksa ls fudkyk x;k vkSj mUgsa diM+s] cjru vkfn rd ys tkus dk le;
ugha fn;k x;kA
4 ebZ] 1897 dks yksdekU; fryd us vius i=k dsljh esa ,d ys[k
fy[kdj u fli+QZ uhps ds vi+Qljksa ij cfYd [+kqn ljdkj ij bYt+ke yxk;k fd
og tku&cw>dj turk dk mRihM+u dj jgh gSA mUgksua s jS.M dks fujad'q k cryk;k
vkSj ljdkj ij ¶neu dk lgkjk ysus¸ dk vkjksi yxk;kA
fiQj vk;k f'kokth lekjksgA bl volj ij] 12 twu] 1897 dks ,d
lkoZtfud lHkk esa vè;{k in ls cksyrs gq, fryd us dgk % ¶D;k f'kokth
us vi+Qt+y [k+k¡ dks ekjdj dksbZ iki fd;k Fkk\ bl ç'u dk mÙkj egkHkkjr esa
fey ldrk gSA xhrk esa Jheu Ñ".k us vius xq#vksa vkSj ckUèkoksa rd dks ekjus
dk mins'k fn;k gSA muds vuqlkj vxj dksbZ O;fDr fu"dke Hkko ls deZ djrk
gS rks og fdlh Hkh rjg iki dk Hkkxh ugha curk gSA Jh f'kokth us vius
mnj&iw£r ds fy, dqN ugha fd;k FkkA cgqr gh usd bjkns ds lkFk] nwljksa dh
HkykbZ ds fy, mUgksaus vi+Qt+y [k+k¡ dk oèk fd;kA vxj pksj gekjs ?kj esa ?kql
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 163
vk;sa vkSj gekjs vUnj mudks ckgj fudkyus dh rko+Qr u gks rks gesa csfgpd
njokt+k cUn djds mudks ft+Unk tyk nsuk pkfg,A bZ'oj us fgUnqLrku ds jkT;
dk iV~Vk rkez&i=k ij fy[kdj fonsf'k;ksa dks rks ugha fn;k gSA f'kokth egkjkt
us mudks viuh tUeHkwfe ls ckgj [knsM+us dh dksf'k'k dhA ,slk djds mUgksaus
nwljksa dh oLrq gM+ius dk iki ugha fd;kA dq,¡ ds es<+d dh rjg viuh n`f"V
dks ladqfpr er djks] rkthjkrs&fgUn dh o+QS n ls ckgj fudyks] Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk
ds vR;Ur mPp okrkoj.k esa igq¡pks vkSj egku O;fDr;ksa ds dk;ks± ij fopkj
djksA¸1
vkSj 22 twu dks pkisdj Hkkb;ksa us jS.M o ,soLVZ dks ekj fn;kA bl rjg]
Åijh rkSj ij ns[kus ls ;gh yxrk gS fd pkisdj Hkkb;ksa ds dk;Z ds rkRdkfyd
çsjd rÙo jS.M dh fujadq'krk vkSj fryd dk Hkk"k.k FksA ysfdu ;g fli+QZ
v¼ZlR; gSA njvly] pkisdj cUèkqvksa ds fopkj egkekjh iQSyus ;k jS.M ds iwuk
vkus ls cgqr igys ls gh ,d 'kDy vf[+r;kj djus yxs FksA
1894 esa gh pkisdj Hkkb;ksa us iwuk esa 'kkjhfjd vkSj lSfud çf'k{k.k ds fy,
^fgUnw èkeZ vojksèk fuokj.k lfefr* o+Qk;e dj j[kh Fkh fd ftls fgUnw lajf{k.kh
lfefr Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA ;g lfefr gj lky fu;eiwoZd f'kokth o x.kifr
lekjksg vk;ksftr djrh FkhA bu lekjksgksa esa pkisdj Hkkb;ksa }kjk i<+s tkus okys
'yksdksa ls mudh Hkkouk dk irk pyrk gSA turk ls ryokj mBkus dk vkxzg
djrs gq, ^f'kokth 'yksd* dgrk gS %
¶Hkk¡M dh rjg f'kokth dh dgkuh nqgjkus&ek=k ls Lokèkhurk çkIr ugha dh
tk ldrhA vko';drk bldh gS fd f'kokth vkSj ckt+h dh rjg rst+h ds lkFk
dke fd;s tk;saA vkt gj Hkys vkneh dks ryokj vkSj <ky idM+uh pkfg, &
;g tkurs gq, fd gesa jk"Vªh; laxkz e ds ;q¼{ks=k esa thou dk tksf[ke mBkuk gksxkA
ge èkjrh ij mu nq'euksa dk [+kwu cgk nsaxs tks gekjs èkeZ dk fouk'k dj jgs gSaA
ge rks ekjdj ej tk;saxs] ysfdu rqe vkSjrksa dh rjg fli+QZ dgkfu;k¡ lqukrs
jgksxAs ¸2
^x.kifr 'yksd* rks ^f'kokth 'yksd* ls Hkh T+;knk mxz FkkA xkS vkSj èkeZ dh
j{kk ds fy, mB [kM+s gksus dk vkàku djrs gq, blesa fgUnqvksa ls dgk x;k gS
% ¶vi+Qlksl] rqe X+kqykeh dh ft+Unxh ij 'k£eUnk ugha gks_ tkvks] vkRegR;k dj
yksA mi+Q~! ;s dehus dlkb;ksa dh rjg xk; vkSj cNM+ksa dks ekj jgs gSa_ mls (xkS
dks) bl ladV ls eqDr djkvks_ ejks ysfdu vaxzst+ksa dks ekjdj_ uiqald gksdj
èkjrh ij cks> u cuksA bl ns'k dks fgUnqLrku dgk tkrk gS_ vaxzst+ Hkyk fdl
rjg ;gk¡ jkt dj jgs gSa\3
bl rjg ge ns[krs gSa fd pkisdj cUèkq vkSj muds lg;ksxh eq[;r% rhoz
164 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
èkk£ed Hkkoukvksa ls mRiszfjr Fks vkSj mudk n`f"Vdks.k ?kksj dV~VjiUFkh FkkA
lEHkor% blh dkj.k ls os fczfV'k fojksèkh gh ugha] eqfLye fojksèkh Hkh FksA
pkisdj cUèkqvksa dh ns'kHkfDr fgUnqRo ij vkèkkfjr FkhA os fgUnw èkeZ vkSj
xkS dh j{kk ds fy, vaxzst+ksa dks ckgj Hkxkuk pkgrs FksA jS.M dh gR;k Hkh ,d
,sls O;fDr ds çfr mudh xgjh ui+Qjr dk urhtk Fkh tks viuh neu vkSj
fujadq'krk dh dkjZokb;ksa ds dkj.k iwjh turk dh ?k`.kk dk ik=k cu x;k FkkA
tgk¡ rd mudks çsfjr djus okys nwljs dkj.kksa dk loky gS] bldk dksbZ
lqcwr ugha feyrk fd os 1857 ds Hkkjrh; Lokèkhurk laxzke ls ;k ç+Qkalhlh o
brkyoh ØkfUr;ksa ls çHkkfor jgs gksaA
bu reke lhekvksa ds ckotwn eqo+Qnes ds nkSjku ;k ckn esa] pkisdj Hkkb;ksa
us ftl ohjrk] lkgl vkSj vkRecfynku dh Hkkouk dk ifjp; fn;k mlds
egÙo dks fdlh Hkh rjg de djds vk¡dk ugha tk ldrkA lj Å¡pk fd;s gq,
rhuksa Hkkb;ksa us iQk¡lh ds iQUns dks pwekA
X+ky
q keh vkSj vkt+knh dh leL;kvksa ds çfr ;g èkk£ed n`f"Vdks.k pkisdj
Hkkb;ksa rd gh lhfer ugha FkkA lkojdj cUèkq Hkh èkk£ed jgs---caxky ds
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us Hkh èkeZ ds lgkjs yksxksa dks mHkkM+k FkkA bl okD; ls 'kk;n ;g
x+yri+Qgeh gks fd os èkeZ dks u ekurs Fks dsoy mHkkM+us dk dke mlls ysrs Fks]
blfy, ;g dg nsuk t+:jh gS fd os Lo;a èkeZ ds dV~Vj ekuus okys FksA4
1902 esa dydÙkk esa o+Qk;e vuq'khyu lfefr dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk o.kZu
djrs gq, rkfj.kh'kadj pØorhZ fy[krs gSa % ¶ØkfUrdkjh dk;Z ds fy, tks bl
lfefr esa vkrs Fks] mudks nks oxks± esa ck¡Vk tkrk FkkA èkeZ esa ftudh vkLFkk Fkh
mudks ,d oxZ vkSj èkeZ&fo'ks"k esa] ftUgsa vkLFkk ugha Fkh ijUrq ØkfUrdkjh dk;ks±
esa fo'ks"k fu"Bk Fkh] ,slh yM+dksa dks nwljs oxZ esa j[kk tkrk FkkA¸ ¶èkeZ ds çfr
tks J¼koku Fks os bl cx+hps (ekfudrYyk ckxku & l-) esa jgrs Fks---;s gh
yM+ds çFke dksfV ds ØkfUrdkjh le>s tkrs FksA¸5
ml le; caxky ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk cgqer cafdepUæ pVthZ vkSj Lokeh
foosdkuUn ls csgn çHkkfor FkkA ¶vuq'khyu lfefr ds lnL;ksa dks fgUnw xzUFkksa]
[k+kldj xhrk dks cgqr è;ku ls i<+uk iM+rk FkkA¸6
¶cafdepUæ pVthZ vkSj Lokeh foosdkuUn dh ckSf¼d ijEijk esa iys&c<+s
caxky ds chloha lnh ds igys n'kd ds ;s ØkfUrdkjh èkk£ed miknkuksa vkSj
deZdk.Mksa ls rFkk çkphu o rkRdkfyd fgUnqRo ds ikSjkf.kd mik[;kuksa] çrhdksa]
xhrksa vkSj ukjksa ls çsj.kk xzg.k djrs FksA¸7
bl rjg] ØkfUrdkjh vkUnks y u ds igys pj.k (1897&1913) ds
ØkfUrdkjh vkerkSj ij fgUnw èkeZ ds çfr vkLFkkoku Fks vkSj mlls çsj.kk xzg.k
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 165
djrs FksA ;g dksbZ vkdfLed ckr ugha FkhA blds ,sfrgkfld dkj.k FksA fiNyh
lnh ds vkBosa n'kd esa r#.k Hkkjr ds fnyksa dks ,d u;h Hkkouk eFk jgh FkhA
f'kf{kr ;qod jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k ls lkspus yxs FksA ,d u;h fo+QLe dk
jk"Vªokn tUe ys jgk FkkA ;g u;k jk"Vªokn iqjkus jktuhfrokn ds eqo+Qkcys T+;knk
lathnk] T+;knk [kqys fnekx+ okyk FkkA ;g bl fopkj ls ySl vkSj iszfjr Fkk fd
iwjs jk"Vªh; thou dk iqu#RFkku vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; ekul fdl lhek rd
vkUnksfyr gks mBk Fkk] bldk vuqeku blh rF; ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lHkh
csgrjhu lksp ds yksxksa dh u;h Hkkouk,¡ vkSj fopkj èkeZ ls vuqçkf.kr FksA iqjkus
nsorkvksa dh txg ?k`.kk vkSj jDr ds u;s nsorkvksa dh iwtk gksus yxh FkhA8
bl lhek rd] èkeZ dh ,d ldkjkRed Hkwfedk vo'; FkhA ysfdu
bldk ,d udkjkRed igyw Hkh FkkA bl nkSj esa cky xaxkèkj fryd]
fcfiupUæ iky] czã ckUèko mikè;k; vkSj vjfoUn ?kks"k tSls lHkh tq>k:
jk"Vªh; usrk jktuhfr dks èkeZ ds jax esa j¡x jgs FksA bl rjg vpsru :i esa
gh lgh] mUgksaus lkEçnkf;d jktuhfr ds fo"ko`{k yxk;sA xk¡èkh vkSj muds
vuq;kf;;ksa us bl ijEijk dks vkxs c<+k;k vkSj vUr rd mlls fpids jgs]
tcfd ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us 1914 esa gh] tc mudk vkUnksyu nwljs pj.k esa
ços'k dj jgk Fkk] bls NksM+dj èkeZfujis{krk dks viuk fy;k FkkA èkeZ vkSj
jktuhfr dk ;g rkyesy rc ls vkt rd yxkrkj gekjs lkoZtfud thou
dks rckg djrk jgk gS] vkSj vc rks blds dkj.k gekjh jk"Vªh; ,drk dk
<k¡pk gh pjejkrk ut+j vk jgk gSA
gkyk¡fd egkjk"Vª ds pkisdj cUèkq vkSj caxky ds igys n'kd ds ØkfUrdkjh]
nksuksa çkphu Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls çsj.kk xzg.k djrs Fks ysfdu nksuksa ds chp ,d
ekdsZ dk vUrj Hkh gSA
30 vçSy] 1908 dks ¯dXli+QksMZ dh cX?kh ij ,d ce vkdj fxjk ftlls
nks efgykvksa dh e`R;q gks x;hA bl ?kVuk ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, 22 twu ds dsljh
esa yksdekU; fryd us fy[kk % ¶1897 dh gR;k vkSj caxky ds cedk.M ds
chp dki+Qh vUrj gSA tgk¡ rd fnysjh vkSj dk;Z dks dq'kyrkiwoZd lEiUu djus
dk loky gS] pkisdj Hkkb;ksa dk ntkZ caxky dh ce ikVhZ ds lnL;ksa ls Å¡pk
gSA ysfdu vxj lkè; vkSj lkèku ds ut+fj;s ls ns[ksa rks caxkfy;ksa dh T+;knk
rkjhi+Q djuh gksxh---o"kZ 1897 esa iwuk fuoklh Iysx ds le; ds neu ds f'kdkj
Fks] vkSj ml neu ls mRiUu mÙkstuk dk dksbZ 'kq¼ jktuhfrd pfj=k ugha FkkA
;g 'kklu&ç.kkyh gh [k+jkc gS vkSj tc rd vfèkdkfj;ksa dks Nk¡V&Nk¡Vdj
O;fDrxr :i ls vkrafdr ugha fd;k tkrk] rc rd os O;oLFkk dks cnyus ij
rS;kj ugha gksaxs & ,slk dksbZ egÙoiw.kZ ç'u pkisdj Hkkb;ksa ds lkeus ugha FkkA
166 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
mudk deZ Iysx ds ckn tkjh neu ds] ;kuh ,d fo'ks"k dk;Z ds f[k+yki+Q FkkA
fu'p; gh caxky dh ce ikVhZ dh n`f"V ,d T+;knk O;kid iVy ij Fkh ftls
caxky ds foHkktu us mHkkjk FkkA¸9
bruk gh ugha] caxky ds ØkfUrdkjh èkeZ dks cgqr T+;knk egÙo nsrs Fks] bl
rF; ds ckotwn vkUnksyu ds vfUre y{; dh n`f"V ls dgsa rks] 1902 esa gh
mUgksaus ,d cgqr egÙoiw.kZ ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA blh o"kZ caxky ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us
vius dks ^vuq'khyu lfefr* uke dh ,d ikVhZ ds :i esa laxfBr fd;k FkkA
lfefr dh LFkkiuk ds le; tkjh ?kks"k.kki=k esa dgk x;k Fkk % ¶vuq'khyu dh
dYiuk ds lekt esa vui<+] x+jhc yksx ugha gksxa ]s dk;j] nq"V yksx ugha gksxa s vkSj
vLoLFk yksx Hkh ugha gksaxsA ,sls lekt ds fuekZ.k ds fy, lHkh çdkj dh
fo"kerkvksa dks lekIr djuk gksxkA fo"kerk ds chp ekuo dh ekuork fodflr
ugha gks ldrhA ekuo lekt ls èku dh fo"kerk] lkekftd fo"kerk]
lkEçnkf;d fo"kerk vkSj çknsf'kd fo"kerk nwj dj lHkh euq";ksa esa lekurk ykuh
gksxhA dsoy jk"Vªh; ljdkj }kjk gh ,slk fd;k tkuk lEHko gSA ijkèkhurk dh
n'kk esa vuq'khyu ds LoIu ds lekt dh LFkkiuk lEHko ugha gS] blhfy,
vuq'khyu ijkèkhurk ds fo#¼ foæksg dh ?kks"k.kk djrh gSA vuq'khyu Hkkjr dh
iw.kZ LorU=krk pkgrh gSA¸10
vuq'khyu lfefr dh ;g ?kks"k.kk fu'p; gh vkxs dh rji+Q ,d cgqr cM+k
o+Qne FkkA ;gha ij caxky ds ØkfUrdkjh 1897 ds iwuk dsUæ ls vkxs gSaA pkisdj
cUèkq fonsf'k;ksa ls ui+Qjr rks djrs Fks exj os [+knq D;k pkgrs gSa blds ckjs esa Li"V
ugha FksA ;g ckr caxky ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds lkFk ugha FkhA ;s yksx eqfLye
fojksèkh Hkh ugha Fks] gkyk¡fd os èkk£ed yksx Fks vkSj fgUnw xzUFkksa ls çsj.kk çkIr
djrs FksA
blds foijhr bl nkSj ds iatkc ds ØkfUrdkjh vkjEHk ls gh lkEçnkf;drk
ds nks"k ls eqDr FksA ljnkj vthr ¯lg] ykypUn ^i+Qyd*] lwi+Qh vEck çlkn]
ykyk gjn;ky vkSj muds lHkh lg;ksxh èkeZfujis{k FksA èkeZ muds fy, ,d
futh ekeyk FkkA
'krkCnh ds igys n'kd ds ØkfUrdkjh ftu Ïksrksa ls çsj.kk xzg.k dj jgs Fks
muesa èkeZ ds vykok ,d Fkk 1857 dk Hkkjr dk igyk Lokèkhurk laxzkeA ¶bl
fo"k; ij 1907 ;k 1908 esa yUnu esa fy[kh x;h ohj lkojdj dh iqLrd us
viuh reke vi;kZIrrkvksa ds ckotwn] tks ml nkSj esa vkSj ml le; ds gkykr
esa LokHkkfod Fkh] cM+h egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA bl fo"k; ij fczfV'k
lkezkT;oknh ys[kdksa }kjk iQSyk;s x;s ykaNuksa rFkk muds >wBs ,sfrgkfld ys[ku
dh èkfTt;k¡ mM+kdj bl iqLrd us cgqr cM+k dke fd;kA blus ckrksa dks lgh
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 167
rkSj ij lkeus j[kkA bl fdrkc ij fczfV'k 'kkldksa us i+QkSju çfrcUèk yxk fn;k]
ysfdu fiQj Hkh ;g esgur ls vkSj xqIr :i ls rS;kj dh x;h ik.Mqfyfi ds :i
esa Hkkjr ds ml le; ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds chsp ?kwerh jghA¸11
okLrfodrk ;g gS fd 1857 dk tu&foæksg iwjs Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku
lHkh Lokèkhurk lsukfu;ksa ds fy, çsj.kk dk Ïksr cuk jgkA
'krkCnh ds igys n'kd esa ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fy, çsj.kk dk nwljk Ïksr Fkk
ç+Qkalhlh] brkyoh vkSj :lh ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh dgkfu;k¡A
vkUnksyu ds igys pj.k dh det+ksfj;k¡ vkSj lhek,¡
vkUnksyu ds igys pj.k ds nkSjku iwuk vkSj caxky ds ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dh igyh
det+ksjh Fkh mudk fgUnw iwokZxzgA bl iwokZxzg us eqfLye turk dks vkUnksyu ls
nwj j[kkA gkyk¡fd caxky ds ØkfUrdkjh eqfLye fojksèkh ugha Fks] ysfdu eqfLye
turk ls dk;ZdrkZ Hkjrh djus dk dksbZ xEHkhj ç;kl mUgksaus dHkh ugha fd;kA
bl dFku ds dqN viokn ;gk¡&ogk¡ fey ldrs gSaA ysfdu viokn dHkh fu;e
ugha cursA
vkUnksyu ds nk;js dks lhfer djus okyh nwljh det+ksjh Fkh turk ds lkFk
thoUr lEcUèkksa dk u gksukA Lons'kh vkUnksyu ds rhu ;k pkj lkyksa dks NksMd+ j]
tc caxky ds ØkfUrdkjh turk ds chp x;s vkSj yksxksa dks lfØ; gksus ds fy,
çksRlkfgr fd;k] vkerkSj ij ØkfUrdkjh O;fDrxr fØ;k'khyrk esa fo'okl j[krs
Fks] ftls ljdkj vkradokn ds x+yr uke ls iqdkjrh FkhA turk bu ØkfUrdkfj;ksa
ds vkRecfynku] fuHkhZdrk vkSj lkgl dh ç'kalk rks djrh Fkh ysfdu viuh
jkst+ejkZ dh leL;kvksa ds lkFk mudh dkjZokb;ksa dks tksM+ ldus esa vleFkZ jgrh
FkhA ,slh fLFkfr esa lkezkT;okfn;ksa ds fy, ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dk neu dj lduk
vkSj Hkh vklku gks tkrk FkkA
vkUnksyu dh rhljh lhek Fkh mlds dk;ZdrkZvksa dk oxZ&pfj=kA ØkfUrdkjh
vkUnksyu ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dk ,d cM+k cgqer fuEu&eè;e oxZ ls lEcfUèkr FkkA
bl pj.k esa ;g ,dne LokHkkfod FkkA ;g ogh nkSj Fkk tcfd ubZ ih<+h fons'kh
'kklu ls iw.kZ eqfDr dk nkok djus yxh FkhA ;g ih<+h [+knq dks ^o;Ld* le>us
yxh FkhA ukStoku rcds esa cspuS h Fkh exj iqjkuk usrR` o gkse :y ds fy, çLrkoksa
vkSj çkFkZuki=kksa ls vkxs c<+us dks rS;kj u FkkA ysfdu f'kf{kr ukStoku ,d u;h
nqfu;k ikus ds fy, viuk lc yqVk nsus ij vkeknk FkkA ukStokuksa dk fo'okl Fkk
fd os tq>k: l'kL=k la?k"kZ ds tfj;s ns'k dks vkt+kn djk ldrs gSAa blds fy,
os viuk thou rd gkse dj nsus dks rS;kj FksA
eè;e oxZ LoHkko ls gh O;fDroknh gksrk gSA ;g ,d 'kfDr'kkyh lg;ksxh
168 @ 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd
gks ldrk gSA vxj ;g iwt ¡ hifr oxZ dh rji+Q tkrk gS rks çfrfØ;kokn dk okgd
gks tkrk gSA vxj ;g et+nwj oxZ ds lkFk [kM+k gksrk gS rks] Lo;a usr`Ro çnku dj
ldus dh {kerk u gksrs gq, Hkh] ,d ØkfUrdkjh 'kfDr cu tkrk gSA bldh
LorU=k dkjZokb;k¡ çk;% O;fDrxr dkjZokb;ksa dk :i ys ysrh gSaA ftl nkSj dh
ckr ge dj jgs gSa ml le; Lokèkhurk ds fy, tukUnksyu [kM+k dj ldus esa
u rks iw¡thifr oxZ leFkZ Fkk vkSj u et+nwj oxZ ghA bl pqukSrh dk lkeuk vius
liuksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, lcdqN o+Qcq kZu dj nsus dks rS;kj bu eè;eoxhZ;
ukStokuksa us LoHkkor% vius <ax ls fd;k tks vkjEHk esa O;fDrxr dkjZokb;ksa dk
gh :i ys ldrh FkhA ;g lhek ,d ,sfrgkfld çfØ;k dh mit FkhA
X+kqykeh dh viekutud fLFkfr ds lkeus leiZ.k djus ls csgrj gksrk gS
pksV djuk vkSj u"V gks tkukA fdlh u fdlh dks igyh pksV djuh gh iM+rh
gSA igyh pksV dk dksbZ urhtk ugha fudyrk vkSj igyh pksV djus okys T+;knkrj
u"V gks tkrs gSaA ysfdu mudh o+QqckZfu;k¡ dHkh csdkj ugha tkrhaA >juk c<+dj
xjtrk gqvk nfj;k cu tkrk gS] fpuxkjh Tokykeq[kh curh gS] O;fDr lef"V ls
,dkdkj gks tkrk gSA iqjkuh O;oLFkk dh txg ,d u;h O;oLFkk vkrh gS] vkSj
liuk ,d go+Qho+Qr dk :i ys ysrk gSA ØkfUr;k¡ blh rt+Z ij vkxs c<+rh gSaA
Hkkjr dk ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu Hkh Bhd blh rt+Z ij vkxs c<+kA
¶Hkkjrh; ØkfUrdkfj;ksa us] vdYiuh; dfBukb;ksas ds chp Hkh] vkèkqfud
;qx dh lcls cM+h lkezkT;oknh&mifuos'koknh rko+Qr dks pqukSrh nsus dh T+kqjZr
dhA bruk gh ugha] ml ;qx ds ØkfUrdkjh 'kwjohjksa & pkisdj Hkkb;ksa] [+kqnhjke]
dukbZyky vkSj enuyky èkhaxjk us vius vkRecfynku vkSj 'kgknr ds ekè;e
ls vius Å¡?krs gq, ns'kokfl;ksa dks txk;k vkSj mUgsa jk"Vªh; Lokèkhurk rFkk vius
tUefl¼ tuoknh jktuhfrd vfèkdkjksa ds mPp fopkjksa ls Hkh ifjfpr djk;kA
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu] ,sfrgkfld :i ls] vius <ax dk og igyk vkUnksyu Fkk
ftlus jk"Vªh; Lokèkhurk vkSj lEçHkqrk ds fy, Hkkjr ds la?k"kZ ds jktuhfrd
mís'; ds :i esa iw.kZ Lokèkhurk rFkk fczfV'k lkezkT; ls gj rjg ds jktuhfrd
lEcUèk&foPNsn ds y{; dks turk ds lkeus j[kkA Bhd blh mís'; dks è;ku
esa j[kdj mUgksaus fons'kh lkezkth 'kklu ds fo#¼ laxfBr gfFk;kjcUn la?k"kZ ds
fy, turk dk vkàku fd;kA
¶os 'kq: ls gh Hkkjrh; turk ds fy, iw.kZ jk"Vªh; çHkqlÙkk vkSj yksdrkfU=kd
LorU=krk ds fy, vuojr la?k"kZ djrs jgs vkSj ml y{; ls dHkh fMxs ughaA
¶mudh 'kgknrksa us muds çfr turk dh ç'kalk dks mHkkjdj fons'kh
lkezkT;oknh 'kklu ds çfr mldh ui+Qjr dks vkSj Hkh rh[kk cuk;k vkSj mlds
la?k"kZ'khy lkgl dks vkSj Hkh Å¡pk mBk;kA¸12
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl @ 169
x+nj ikVhZ dh LFkkiuk
ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu ds igys nkSj esa cgqr&ls ØkfUrdkjh ns'k NksMd + j ;wjksi vkSj
vesfjdk pys x;s FksA mudk mís'; Fkk Hkkjr esa ØkfUrdkjh xfrfofèk;ksa ds
lapkyu ds fy, èku laxzg djuk] çpkj djuk vkSj lkglh] vkReR;kxh rFkk
le£ir ;qodksa dh ,d Vhe [kM+h djukA bl dke esa mudks dqN de liQyrk
ugha feyhA ysfdu tgk¡ rd vfUre y{; dk ç'u gS] muds fopkj vHkh rd
Hkkjr dh vkt+knh dh ,d HkkoukRed èkkj.kk rd gh lhfer FksA ØkfUr ds ckn
LFkkfir gksus okyh ljdkj dh :ijs[kk D;k gksxh] nwljs ns'kksa dh ØkfUrdkjh
'kfDr;ksa ds lkFk mlds lEcUèk D;k gksaxs] ubZ O;oLFkk esa èkeZ dk D;k LFkku
gksxk] vkfn ç'uksa ij ml le; ds vfèkdka'k ØkfUrdkjh Li"V ugha FksA ;g lwjr
deksc's k 1913 rd tkjh jghA bu lHkh eqíksa ij Li"V joS;k viukus dk Js; x+nj
ikVhZ ds usrkvksa dks tkrk gSA
bl 'krkCnh ds igys n'kd esa Hkkjr NksM+dj tkus okys ØkfUrdkfj;ksa dks
vaxzst+ ljdkj ds gkFkksa esa iM+us ls cpus ds fy, ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k rd
HkVduk iM+rk FkkA vUr esa] muesa ls db;ksa us vesfjdk esa clus vkSj ml ns'k
dks vius dk;Z dk vkèkkj&{ks=k cukus dk i+QSlyk fd;kA buesa çeq[k Fks &
rkjdukFk nkl] 'kSysUæ ?kks"k] pUæ pØorhZ] uUnyky dkj] clUrdqekj jk;]
lkjaxèkj nkl] lqèkhUæukFk cksl rFkk th-Mh- dqekjA igys n'kd ds vUr rd
ykyk gjn;ky Hkh muls vk feysA bu yksxksa us vesfjdk vkSj dukMk esa cls
Hkkjrh; çokfl;ksa ls lEidZ fd;k] èku laxzg fd;k] v[k+ckj fudkys] vkSj dbZ
txgksa ij xqIr laLFkk,¡ o+Qk;e dhaA
rkjdukFk nkl us ç+Qh fgUnqLrku uke ls v[k+ckj fudkyk vkSj vesfjdk esa
jg jgs Hkkjrh; Nk=kksa rFkk Hkkjrh; çokfl;ksa ds fy, O;k[;ku nsrs jgsA os lfefr
uke dh ,d xqIr laLFkk ds çèkku Hkh FksA bl laLFkk ds vU; lnL; Fks &
'kSysUæukFk cksl] lkjaxèkj nkl] th-Mh- dqekj] yLdj vkSj xzhu uked ,d
vesfjdhA
jkeukFk iqjh us 1908 esa vksdyS.M esa ^fgUnqLrku ,lksfl,'ku* uke dh ,d
laLFkk o+Qk;e dh] vkSj ldqZyj vkWi+Q ç+QhMe uke ls ,d v[k+ckj fudkykA ;s
bl v[k+ckj ds ekè;e ls vaxzst+ksa dks Hkkjr ls [knsM+s tkus dh odkyr djrs jgsA
th-Mh- dqekj us oSadwoj ls Lons'kh lsod uked v[k+ckj fudkykA os ogk¡ dh
,d xqIr laLFkk ds lnL; Hkh FksA bl laLFkk ds lnL; jghe vkSj lqUnj ¯lg
Hkh FksA lqUnj ¯lg vk;Zu uke ds ,d v[k+ckj dk lEiknu Hkh djrs Fks vkSj
mlds tfj;s yxkrkj fczfV'k&fojksèkh çpkj pykrs FksA jghe vkSj vkRekjke us
· vius cpiu ds fe=k t;nso ds uke Hkxrflag dk ;g i=k fdrkcksa dh mudh Hkw[k dk
çek.k gSA buesa ls vusd fdrkcksa ds uksV~l bl uksVcqd esa feyrs gSa ftlls irk pyrk gS
fd ;s murd igq¡p xbZ FkhaA i=k ls ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd Hkxrflag vius lkfFk;ksa ds
vè;;u ds ckjs esa Hkh lpsr Fks vkSj mlesa tsy ls gh ;FkklEHko enn djus dh dksf'k'k
djrs jgrs FksA
•••
csgrj ft+Unxh dk jkLrk
csgrj fdrkcksa ls gksdj tkrk gS!
tupsruk
ml ikj gS mEehnksa
vkSj mtkl dh
,d iwjh nqfu;k
v¡èksjk rks fli+QZ nsgjh ij gS
lEiw.kZ lwphi=k
2018
ge gSa liuksa ds gjdkjs
ge gSa fopkjksa ds Mkfd;s
vke yksxksa ds fy,
t+:jh gSa os fdrkcsa
tks mudh ft+Unxh dh ?kqVu
vkSj eqfDr ds LoIuksa rd
igq¡pkrh gSa fopkj
tSls fd ck:n dh <sjh rd
vkx dh fpuxkjhA
?kj&?kj rd fpuxkjh fNVdkus okyk
rst+ gok dk >ksadk cu tkuk gksxk
ft+Unxh vkSj vkus okys fnuksa dk lp
crykus okyh fdrkcksa dks
tu&tu rd igq¡pkuk gksxkA
nks n'kd igys izxfr'khy] tui{k/j lkfgR; dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus dh
eqfge dh ,d NksVh&lh 'kq#vkr gqb]Z cM+s ealcw s ds lkFkA ,d NksVh&lh nqdku
vkSj i+QVq ikFkksa ij] eqgYyksa esa vkSj nÝ+rjksa ds lkeus NksVh&NksVh izn'kZfu;k¡ yxkus
okys rFkk lkbfdyksa ij] Bsyksa ij] >ksyksa esa Hkjdj ?kj&?kj fdrkcsa igqp ¡ kus okys
le£ir voSrfud okyf.V;jksa dh Vhe & 'kq#vkr cl ;gha ls gqbAZ vkt ;g
oSpkfjd vfHk;ku mÙkj Hkkjr ds ntZuksa 'kgjksa vkSj xk¡oksa rd iQSy pqdk gSA ,d
cM+s vkSj ,d NksVs izn'kZuh okgu ds ekè;e ls tupsruk fgUnh vkSj iatkch {ks=k
ds lqnjw dksuksa rd fgUnh] iatkch vkSj vaxt sz h+ lkfgR; ,oa dyk&lkexzh ds lkFk
lius vkSj fopkj ysdj tk jgh gS] thou&la?k"kZ&l`tu&izxfr dk ukjk ysdj tk
jgh gSA
fgUnh {ks=k esa ;g vius <ax dk ,d vuwBk ç;kl gSA ,d Hkh oSrfud LVki+Q
ds fcuk] le£ir okyf.V;jksa vkSj fofHkUu lg;ksxh tulaxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa
ds cwrs ij ;g çkstsDV vkxs c<+ jgk gSA
vkb;s] vki lHkh bl eqfge esa gekjs lg;k=kh cfu;sA
lEiw.kZ lwphi=
ifjdYiuk çdk'ku
miU;kl
1- r#.kkbZ dk rjkuk@;kÄ eks ---
2- rhu Vds dk miU;kl@csVksZYV csz"V ---
3- ek¡@efDle xksdhZ ---
4- os rhu@efDle xksdhZ 75-00
5- esjk cpiu@efDle xksdhZ ---
6- thou dh jkgksa ij@efDle xksdhZ ---
7- esjs fo'ofo|ky;@efDle xksdhZ ---
8- i+Qksek xksnsZ;so@efDle xksdhZ 55-00
9- vHkkxk@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
10- csdjh dk ekfyd@efDle xksdhZ 25-00
11- vlyh bUlku@cksfjl iksysoksbZ ---
12- r#.k xkMZ@vysDlkUæ i+Qns;so (nks [k.Mksa esa) 160-00
13- xksnku@çsepUn ---
14- fueZyk@çsepUn ---
15- iFk ds nkosnkj@'kjr~pUæ ---
16- pfj=kghu@'kjr~pUæ ---
17- x`gnkg@'kjr~pUæ 70-00
18- 'ks"kç'u@'kjr~pUæ ---
19- bUæèkuq"k@okUnk oSlhY;qLdk 65-00
20- bdrkyhlok¡@cksjhl yozsU;kso 20-00
21- nkLrku pyrh gS (,d ukStoku dh
Mk;jh ls)@vukrksyh dqT+usRlkso 70-00
-3-
22- os lnk ;qok jgsaxs@xzhxksjh cdykukso 60-00
23- eqnks± dks D;k ykt&'keZ@xzhxksjh cdykukso 40-00
24- c[+rjcUn jsy 14&69@Olsoksyksn bokukso 30-00
25- v'olsuk@blkd ckcsy 40-00
26- yky >.Ms ds uhps@ykvks 'k 50-00
27- fjD'kkokyk@ykvks 'k 65-00
28- fpjLej.kh; (çfl¼ dUuM+ miU;kl)@fujatu 55-00
29- ,d r;'kqnk ekSr (,uthvks dh i`"BHkwfe ij)@eksfgr jk; 30-00
30. Mother/Maxim Gorky 250.00
31. The Song of Youth/Yang Mo ---
dgkfu;k¡
1- Js"B lksfo;r dgkfu;k¡ (3 [k.Mksa dk lsV) 450-00
2- og 'k[+l ftlus gSMyscxZ dks Hkz"V dj fn;k
(ekdZ V~osu dh nks dgkfu;k¡) 60-00
efDle xksdhZ
3- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 1) ---
4- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 2) ---
5- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 3) ---
6- fgEer u gkjuk esjs cPpks 10-00
7- dkeks % ,d tk¡ckt+ bUo+Qykch et+nwj dh dgkuh ---
vUrksu ps[k+o
8- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 1) ---
9- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;k¡ ([k.M 2) ---
10- nks vej dgkfu;k¡@yw 'kqu ---
11- Js"B dgkfu;k¡@çsepUn 80-00
12- ik¡p dgkfu;k¡@iqf'du ---
13- rhu dgkfu;k¡@xksxksy 30-00
14- rwi+Qku@vysDlkUæ lsjki+Qheksfop 60-00
15- olUr@lsxbZs Z vUrksukso 60-00
16- olUrkxe@jvks f'k 50-00
-4-
17- lwjt dk [k+t+kuk@fe[k+kbZy çhf'ou 40-00
18- LusxksosRl dk gksVy@eRosbZ rsosY;kso 35-00
19- olUr ds js'ke ds dhM+@s ekvks rqu 50-00
20- ØkfUr >a>k dh vuqxw¡tsa (vDVwcj ØkfUr dh dgkfu;k¡) 75-00
21- pquh gqbZ dgkfu;ka@¡ ';kvks gqÄ 50-00
22- le; ds ia[k@dksULrkUrhu ikmLrksOldh ---
23- Js"B :lh dgkfu;k¡ (ladyu) ---
24- vutku iQwy@vkUæsbZ Iykrksukso 40-00
25- dqÙks dk fny@fe[k+kbZy cqYxkdkso 70-00
26- nksu dh dgkfu;k¡@fe[k+kbZy 'kksyks[k+kso 35-00
27- vc bUlki+Q gksus okyk gS ---
(Hkkjr vkSj ikfdLrku dh çxfr'khy mnwZ dgkfu;ksa dk çfrfufèk ladyu)
(X;kjg u;h dgkfu;ksa lfgr ifjo£¼r laLdj.k)@l- 'kdhy flího+Qh
28- yky dqjrk@gfj'kadj JhokLro ---
29- pEik vkSj vU; dgkfu;k¡@enu eksgu 35-00
dfork,¡
1- tc eSa tM+ksa ds chp jgrk gw¡@ikCyks us:nk 60-00
2- vk¡[ksa nqfu;k dh rji+Q ns[krh gS@a ySXaXlVu g~;wt 60-00
3- mEehn&,&lgj dh ckr lquks (i+QSt+ vgen i+QSt+ ds laLej.k vkSj
pqfuUnk 'kk;jh] lEiknd% 'kdhy flího+Qh) 160-00
4- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh dfork,¡ (jktuhfrd i`"BHkwfe lfgr foLr`r
fVIif.k;k¡ ,oa vuqokn % lR;ozr) 20-00
5- bdgÙkj dfork,¡ vkSj rhl NksVh dgkfu;k¡ & csVksZYV czs"V
(ewy teZu ls vuqokn % eksgu Fkify;ky)
(czs"V ds nqyZHk fp=kksa vkSj Ldspksa ls lfTtr) 150-00
6- lej rks 'ks"k gS--- (bIVk ds nkSj ls vkt rd ds
çfrfufèk ØkfUrdkjh lewgxhrksa dk ladyu) 65-00
7- eè;oxZ dk 'kksdxhr@gkUl ekXuql ,URlsUlcxZj 30-00
8- tsy Mk;jh@gks ph feUg 40-00
9- vksl dh cw¡nsa vkSj yky X+kqykc@gksls ekfj;k fllksa 25-00
-5-
10- bfUri+Qknk % i+QyLrhuh dfork,¡@l- jkeÑ".k ik.Ms; ---
11- ygw gS fd rc Hkh xkrk gS@ik'k ---
12- yksgw vkSj bLikr ls iQwVrk X+kqykc % i+QyLrhuh dfork,¡ (f}Hkk"kh ladyu)
A Rose Breaking Out of Steel and Blood (Palestinian Poems) 60-00
13- ikBkUrj@fo".kq [kjs 50-00
14- ykyVsu tykuk (pquh gqbZ dfork,¡)@fo".kq [kjs 60-00
15- bZ'oj dks eks{k@uhykHk 60-00
16- cgusa vkSj vU; dfork,¡¡@vln t+Snh 50-00
17- lkeku dh ryk'k@vln t+Snh 50-00
18- dksgsdki+Q ij laxhr&lkèkuk@'kf'kçdk'k 50-00
19- ir>M+ dk LFkkiR;@'kf'kçdk'k 75-00
20- lkr Hkkb;ksa ds chp pEik@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) ---
(gkMZckmaM) 125-00
21- bl ikS#"kiw.kZ le; esa@dkR;k;uh 60-00
22- tknw ugha dfork@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) ---
(gkMZckmaM) 200-00
23- i+QqVikFk ij dqlhZ@dkR;k;uh 80-00
24- jk[k&v¡èksjs dh ckfj'k esa@dkR;k;uh 15-00
25- ;g eq[kkSVk fdldk gS@foey dqekj 50-00
26- ;g tks oDr gS@dfiys'k Hkkst 60-00
27- ns'k ,d jkx gS@Hkxor jkor ---
28- cgqr ueZ pknj Fkh ty ls cquh@ujs'k pUædj 60-00
29- fnu HkkSagsa p<+krk gS@ey; 120-00
30- ns[krs u ns[krs@ey; 65-00
31- vlEHko dh vk¡p@ey; 100-00
32- bPNk dh nwc@ey; 90-00
33- bl <yku ij@izeksn dqekj 90-00
34- rks@'kSys; 75-00
ukVd
1- djoV@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
2- nq'eu@efDle xksdhZ 35-00
-6-
3- ryNV@efDle xksdhZ ---
4- rhu cgusa (nks ukVd)@vUrksu ps[k+o 45-00
5- psjh dh cfx+;k (nks ukVd)@v- ps[k+o 45-00
6- cfynku tks O;FkZ u x;k@Olsoksyksn fo'usOLdh 30-00
7- Øsefyu dh ?kf.V;k¡@fudksykbZ iksxksfnu 30-00
laLej.k
1- yso rksYLrks; % 'kCn&fp=k@efDle xksdhZ 20-00
L=kh&foe'kZ
1- nqxZ }kj ij nLrd (L=kh iz'u ij ys[k)@dkR;k;uh (isijcSd) 130-00
ToyUr ç'u
1- dqN thoUr dqN ToyUr@dkR;k;uh 90-00
2- "kM~;U=kjr e`rkRekvksa ds chp
(lkEçnkf;drk ij ys[k)@dkR;k;uh 25-00
3- bl jkf=k ';keyk csyk esa (ys[k vkSj fVIif.k;k¡)@lR;ozr 30-00
O;aX;
1- dgsa eucgdh [kjh&[kjh@eucgdh yky 25-00
ukStokuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k
1- t; thou! (ys[k] Hkk"k.k vkSj i=k)@fudksykbZ vksL=kksOLdh 50-00
oSpkfjdh
1- ekvksoknh vFkZ'kkL=k vkSj lektokn dk Hkfo";@jse.M yksV~Vk 25-00
lkfgR;&foe'kZ
1- miU;kl vkSj tuleqnk;@jSYi+Q i+QkWDl 75-00
2- ys[kudyk vkSj jpukdkS'ky@
xksdhZ] i+Qsfnu] e;kdksOLdh] v- rksYlrks; ---
3- n'kZu] lkfgR; vkSj vkykspuk@
csfyaLdh] gtZ+u] psuhZ'ksOLdh] nksczksY;qckso 65-00
4- l`tu&çfØ;k vkSj f'kYi ds ckjs esa@efDle xksdhZ 40-00
-7-
5- ekDlZokn vkSj Hkk"kkfoKku dh leL;k,¡@Lrkfyu 20-00
u;h ih<+h ds fuekZ.k ds fy,
1- ,d iqLrd ekrk&firk ds fy,@vUrksu edkjsadks ---
2- esjk ân; cPpksa ds fy,@olhyh lq[k+ksEyhULdh ---
vkàku iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- çse] ijEijk vkSj foæksg@dkR;k;uh 50-00
l`tu ifjizs{; iqfLrdk Ük`a[kyk
1- ,d u;s loZgkjk iqutkZxj.k vkSj çcksèku ds
oSSpkfjd&lkaLÑfrd dk;ZHkkj@dkR;k;uh] lR;e 25-00
-8-
jkgq y Qkm.Ms ' ku
ukStokuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k
1- ukStokuksa ls nks ckrs@a ihVj ØksiksVfdu 15-00
2- ØkfUrdkjh dk;ZØe dk elfonk@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
3- eSa ukfLrd D;ksa gw¡ vkSj ^MªheyS.M* dh Hkwfedk@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
4- ce dk n'kZu vkSj vnkyr esa c;ku@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
5- tkfr&èkeZ ds >xM+s NksM+ks] lgh yM+kbZ ls ukrk tksM+ks@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
6- Hkxr¯lg us dgk---(pqus gq, m¼j.k)@Hkxr¯lg 15-00
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds nLrkost+
1- Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa ds
lEiw.kZ miyCèk nLrkost+@l- lR;e 350-00
2- 'kghnsvkt+e dh tsy uksVcqd@Hkxr¯lg 100-00
3- fopkjksa dh lku ij@Hkxr¯lg 50-00
ØkfUrdkfj;ksa ds fopkjksa vkSj thou ij
1- cgjksa dks lqukus ds fy,@,l- bji+Qku gchc
(Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dh fopkjèkkjk vkSj dk;ZØe) ---
2- ØkfUrdkjh vkUnksyu dk oSpkfjd fodkl@f'ko oekZ 15-00
3- Hkxr¯lg vkSj muds lkfFk;ksa dh
fopkjèkkjk vkSj jktuhfr@fciu pUæ 20-00
4- ;'k dh èkjksgj@
Hkxokunkl ekgkSj] f'ko oekZ] lnkf'kojko eydkiqjdj 50-00
5- laLe`fr;k¡@f'ko oekZ 80-00
6- 'kghn lq[knso % ukS?kjk ls iQk¡lh rd@l- MkW- gjnhi ¯lg 40-00
-9-
egÙoiw.kZ vkSj fopkjksÙkstd ladyu
1- mEehn ,d ft+Unk 'kCn gS
(^nkf;Rocksèk* ds egÙoiw.kZ lEikndh; ys[kksa dk ladyu) 75-00
2- ,uthvks % ,d [k+rjukd lkezkT;oknh dqpØ 60-00
3- MCY;w,l,i+Q % lkezkT;okn dk u;k Vªkstu gkWlZ 50-00
ToyUr ç'u
1- ^tkfr* ç'u ds lekèkku ds fy, cq¼ dki+Qh ugha] vEcsMdj Hkh
dki+Qh ugha] ekDlZ t+:jh gSa @ jaxuk;dEek ---
2- tkfr vkSj oxZ % ,d ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k @ jaxuk;dEek 60-00
- 10 -
3- VªsM;wfu;u dke ds tuoknh rjho+Qs@lsxsZbZ jksLrksoLdh 5-00
4- ebZ fnol dk bfrgkl@vysDt+S.Mj VªSDVucxZ 10-00
5- isfjl dE;wu dh vej dgkuh 20-00
6- vDVwcj ØkfUr dh e'kky 15-00
7- taxyukek % ,d jktuhfrd leh{kk@MkW- n'kZu [ksM+h 5-00
8- ykHkdkjh ewY;] ykxr ewY;] eè;e fdlku vkSj NksVs iSekus
ds eky mRiknu ds ckjs esa ekDlZoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d cgl 30-00
9- la'kks/uokn ds ckjs esa 10-00
10- f'kdkxks ds 'kghn et+nwj usrkvksa dh dgkuh@gkoMZ i+QkLV 10-00
11- et+nwj vkUnksyu esa u;h 'kq#vkr ds fy, 20-00
12- et+nwj uk;d] ØkfUrdkjh ;ks¼k 15-00
13- pksj] Hkz"V vkSj foyklh usrk'kkgh ---
14- cksyrs vk¡dM+s] ph[k+rh lPpkb;k¡ ---
15- jktèkkuh ds esgurd'k % ,d vè;;u@vfHkuo 30-00
16- i+Qklhokn D;k gS vkSj blls dSls yM+sa\@vfHkuo 75-00
17- usikyh ØkfUr % bfrgkl] orZeku ifjfLFkfr vkSj vkxs ds jkLrs
ls tqM+h dqN ckrsa] dqN fopkj@vkyksd jatu 55-00
18- dSlk gS ;g yksdra=k vkSj ;g lafoèkku fdudh lsok djrk gS
vkyksd jatu@vkuUn flag 100-00
ekDlZokn
1- èkeZ ds ckjs esa@ekDlZ] ,axsYl 100-00
2- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks"k.kki=k@ekDlZ&,axsYl 25-00
3- lkfgR; vkSj dyk@ekDlZ&,axsYl 150-00
4- ç+Qkal esa oxZ&la?k"kZ@dkyZ ekDlZ 40-00
5- ç+Qkal esa x`g;q¼@dkyZ ekDlZ 20-00
6- ywbZ cksukikrZ dh vBkjgoha czwesj@dkyZ ekDlZ 35-00
7- mt+jrh Je vkSj iw¡th@dkyZ ekDlZ 15-00
8- et+nwjh] nke vkSj equki+Qk@dkyZ ekDlZ 20-00
9- xksFkk dk;ZØe dh vkykspuk@dkyZ ekDlZ 40-00
10- yqMfox i+Qk;jck[k+ vkSj Dykfldh; teZu n'kZu dk vUr@
ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl 20-00
- 11 -
11- teZuh esa ØkfUr rFkk çfrØkfUr@ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl 30-00
12- lektokn % dkYifud rFkk oSKkfud@ç+QsMfjd ,axsYl ---
13- ikVhZ dk;Z ds ckjs esa@ysfuu 15-00
14- ,d o+Qne vkxs] nks o+Qne ihNs@ysfuu 60-00
15- tuoknh ØkfUr esa lkekftd&tuokn ds nks j.kdkS'ky@ysfuu 25-00
16- lektokn vkSj ;q¼@ysfuu 20-00
17- lkezkT;okn % iw¡thokn dh pje voLFkk@ysfuu 30-00
18- jkT; vkSj ØkfUr@ysfuu 40-00
19- loZgkjk ØkfUr vkSj x+íkj dkmRLdh@ysfuu 15-00
20- nwljs b.Vjus'kuy dk iru@ysfuu 15-00
21- xk¡o ds x+jhcksa ls@ysfuu ---
22- ekDlZokn dk foÑr :i rFkk lkezkT;oknh vFkZokn@ysfuu 20-00
23- dkyZ ekDlZ vkSj mudh f'k{kk@ysfuu 20-00
24- D;k djsa\@ysfuu ---
25- ¶okeiUFkh¸ dE;qfuT+e & ,d cpdkuk etZ+@ysfuu ---
26- ikVhZ lkfgR; vkSj ikVhZ laxBu@ysfuu 15-00
27- turk ds chp ikVhZ dk dke@ysfuu 70-00
28- èkeZ ds ckjs es@a ysfuu 20-00
29- rksYLrks; ds ckjs esa@ysfuu 10-00
30- ekDlZokn dh ewy leL;k,¡@th- Iys[k+kukso 30-00
31- tq>k: HkkSfrdokn@Iys[k+kukso 35-00
32- ysfuuokn ds ewy fl¼kUr@Lrkfyu 50-00
33- lksfo;r la?k dh dE;qfuLV ikVhZ (cksY'ksfod) dk bfrgkl 90-00
34- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh jpuk,¡ % çfrfufèk p;u (,d [k.M esa) ---
35- dE;qfuLV thou'kSyh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh ds ckjs esa@ekvks Rls&rqÄ ---
36- lksfo;r vFkZ'kkL=k dh vkykspuk@ekvks Rls&rqÄ 35-00
37- n'kZu fo"k;d ik¡p fucUèk@ekvks Rls&rqÄ 70-00
38- dyk&lkfgR; fo"k;d ,d Hkk"k.k vkSj ik¡p nLrkost+ @
ekvks Rls&rqÄ 15-00
39- ekvks Rls&rqÄ dh jpukvksa ds m¼j.k 50-00
- 12 -
vU; ekDlZoknh lkfgR;
1- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k] ekDlZoknh vè;;u ikBÔØe u;h 300-00
2- [kzq'pso >wBk Fkk@xzksoj i+Qj 300-00
3- jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k ds ewyHkwr fl¼kUr (nks [k.Mksa esa)
(fn 'ka?kkbZ VsDLVcqd vkWi+Q iksfyfVdy bdksukWeh) 160-00
4- isfjl dE;wu dh f'k{kk,¡ (lfp=k) ,ysDt+s.Mj VªDS VucxZ 10-00
5- dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk ?kks"k.kki=k@Mh- fj;kt+kukso 100-00
(foLr`r O;k[;kRed fVIif.k;ksa lfgr)
6- }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn@MsfoM xsLV ---
7- egku loZgkjk lkaLÑfrd ØkfUr % pqus gq, nLrkost+
vkSj ys[k ([k.M 1) 35-00
8- bfrgkl us tc djoV cnyh@fofy;e fg.Vu 25-00
9- }U}kRed HkkSfrdokn@oh- vnksjkRLdh 50-00
10- vDVwcj ØkfUr vkSj ysfuu@vYcVZ jhl fofy;El 90-00
(egÙoiw.kZ u;h lkexzh vkSj vusd u;s nqyZHk fp=kksa ls lfTtr ifjo£¼r laLdj.k)
11- lksfo;r la?k esa iw¡thokn dh iquLFkkZiuk@ek£Vu fudksyl 50-00
jkgqy lkfgR;
1- rqEgkjh {k;@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 40-00
2- fnekx+h X+kqykeh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u ---
3- oSKkfud HkkSfrdokn@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 65-00
4- jkgqy fucUèkkoyh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 50-00
5- Lrkfyu % ,d thouh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 150-00
ijEijk dk Lej.k
1- pquh gqbZ jpuk,¡@x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ 100-00
2- lyk[kksa ds ihNs ls@x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ 30-00
3- bZ'oj dk cfg"dkj@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00
4- ykSfdd ekxZ@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 20-00
5- èkeZ dk <dkslyk@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00
6- fL=k;ksa dh Lokèkhurk@jkèkkeksgu xksdqyth 30-00
- 13 -
thouh vkSj laLej.k
1- dkyZ ekDlZ thou vkSj f'k{kk,¡@ts+YMk dksV~l 25-00
2- iz+QsMfjd ,axsYl % thou vkSj f'k{kk,¡@t+sYMk dksV~l ---
3- dkyZ ekDlZ % laLej.k vkSj ys[k ---
4- vnE; cksY'ksfod urk'kk
(,d L=kh et+nwj laxBudrkZ dh laf{kIr thouh)@,y- dkrk'ksok 30-00
5- ysfuu dFkk@ejh;k fçyst+k;sok 70-00
6- ysfuu fo"k;d dgkfu;k¡ 75-00
7- ysfuu ds thou ds pUn iUus@yhfn;k i+Qksfr;sok ---
8- Lrkfyu % ,d thouh@jkgqy lkaÑR;k;u 150-00
fofoèk
1- iQk¡lh ds r[+rs ls@twfy;l Ý+;wfpd 30-00
2- iki vkSj foKku@Mk;lu dkVZj 100-00
3- lkisf{kdrk fl¼kUr D;k gS\@yso yUnkÅ] ;wjh :esj ----
vkàku
lEikndh; dk;kZy;
ch&100] eqdqUn fogkj] djkoy uxj]
fnYyh&110094
,d çfr % 20 #i;s • okf"kZd % 160 #i;s (MkdO;; lfgr)
- 14 -
Rahul Foundation
MARXIST CLASSICS
KARL MARX
1. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 100.00
2. The Civil War in France 80.00
3. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 40.00
4. Critique of the Gotha Programme 25.00
5. Preface and Introduction to
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy 25.00
6. The Poverty of Philosophy 80.00
7. Wages, Price and Profit 35.00
8. Class Struggles in France 50.00
FREDERICK ENGELS
9. The Peasant War in Germany 70.00
10. Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of
Classical German Philosophy 65.00
11. On Capital 55.00
12. The Origin of the Family, Private Property
and the State 100.00
13. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 60.00
14. On Marx 20.00
15. Principles of Communism 5.00
MARX and ENGELS
16. Historical Writings (Set of 2 Vols.) 700.00
17. Manifesto of the Communist Party 50.00
18. Selected Letters 40.00
V. I. LENIN
19. Theory of Agrarian Question 160.00
20. The Collapse of the Second International 25.00
21. Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism 80.00
22. Materialism and Empirio-Criticism 150.00
- 15 -
23. Two Tactics of Social-Democracy
in the Democratic Revolution 55.00
24. Capitalism and Agriculture 30.00
25. A Characterisation of Economic Romanticism 50.00
26. On Marx and Engels 35.00
27. “Left-Wing” Communism, An Infantile Disorder 40.00
28. Party Work in the Masses 55.00
29. The Proletarian Revolution and
the Renegade Kautsky 40.00
30. One Step Forward, Two Steps Back ...
31. The State and Revolution ...
MARX, ENGELS and LENIN
32. On the Dictatorship of Proletariat,
Questions and Answers 50.00
33. On the Dictatorship of the Proletariat:
Selected Expositions 10.00
PLEKHANOV
34. Fundamental Problems of Marxism 35.00
J. STALIN
35. Marxism and Problems of Linguistics 25.00
36. Anarchism or Socialism? 25.00
37. Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 30.00
38. On Organisation 15.00
39. The Foundations of Leninism 40.00
40. The Essential Stalin Major Theoretical Writings 1905–52 175.00
(Edited and with an Introduction by Bruce Franklin)
LENIN and STALIN
41. On the Party ...
MAO TSE-TUNG
42. Five Essays on Philosophy 50.00
43. A Critique of Soviet Economics 70.00
44. On Literature and Art 80.00
- 16 -
45. Selected Readings from the
Works of Mao Tse-tung ...
46. Quotations from the Writings of Mao Tse-tung ...
OTHER MARXISM
1. Political Economy, Marxist Study Courses
(Prepared by the British Communist Party in the 1930s) 275.00
2. Fundamentals of Political Economy
(The Shanghai Textbook) 160.00
3. Reader in Marxist Philosophy/
Howard Selsam & Harry Martel ...
4. Socialism and Ethics/Howard Selsam ...
5. What Is Philosophy? (A Marxist Introduction)/
Howard Selsam 75.00
6. Reader’s Guide to Marxist Classics/Maurice Cornforth 70.00
7. From Marx to Mao Tse-tung /George Thomson ...
8. Capitalism and After/George Thomson ...
9. The Human Essence/George Thomson 65.00
10. Mao Tse-tung’s Immortal Contributions/Bob Avakian 125.00
11. A Basic Understanding of the Communist Party
(Written during the GPCR in China) 150.00
12. The Lessons of the Paris Commune/
Alexander Trachtenberg (Illustrated) 15.00
- 17 -
2. Preface of Class Struggles in the USSR /
Charles Bettelheim 30.00
3. Nepalese Revolution: History, Present Situation and
Some Points, Some Thoughts on the Road Ahead /
Alok Ranjan 75.00
4. Problems of Socialism, Capitalist Restoration and
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution /
Shashi Prakash 40.00
ON SOCIALIST CONSTRUCTION
1. Away With All Pests: An English Surgeon in
People’s China: 1954–1969 / Joshua S. Horn ...
2. Serve The People: Observations on Medicine in
the People’s Republic of China /Victor W. Sidel and Ruth Sidel ...
3. Philosophy is No Mystery
(Peasants Put Their Study to Work) 35.00
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES
1. Caste and Class: A Marxist Viewpoint /
Ranganayakamma 60.00
DAYITVABODH REPRINT SERIES
1. Immortal are the Flames of Proletarian Struggles /
Deepayan Bose 15.00
- 18 -
2. Problems of Socialism, Capitalist Restoration and
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution /
Shashi Prakash 40.00
3. Why Maoism? / Shashi Prakash 25.00
AHWAN REPRINT SERIES
1. Where Should Students and Youth Make a New Beginning?
2. Reservation: Support, Opposition and Our Position 20.00
3. On Terrorism : Illusion and Reality / Alok Ranjan 15.00
BIGUL REPRINT SERIES
1. Still Ablaze is the Torch of October Revolution 20.00
2. Nepalese Revolution History, Present Situation and Some
Points, Some Thoughts on the Road Ahead /
Alok Ranjan 75.00
WOMEN QUESTION
1. The Emancipation of Women / V. I. Lenin ...
2. Breaking All Tradition’s Chains: Revolutionary
Communism and Women’s Liberation /Mary Lou Greenberg...
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Probabilities of the Quantum World / Daniel Danin ...
2. An Appeal to the Young / Peter Kropotkin 15.00
- 19 -
vjfoUn Le`fr U;kl ds izdk'ku
1- bDdhloha lnh esa Hkkjr dk et+nwj vkUnksyu% fujUrjrk vkSj
ifjorZu] fn'kk vkSj lEHkkouk,¡] leL;k,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(f}rh; vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 40-00
2- Hkkjr esa tuoknh vf/dkj vkUnksyu% fn'kk] leL;k,¡ vkSj pqukSfr;k¡
(r`rh; vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 80-00
3- tkfr iz'u vkSj ekDlZokn
(prqFkZ vjfoUn Le`fr laxks"Bh ds vkys[k) 150-00
PUBLICATIONS FROM
ARVIND MEMORIAL TRUST
1. Working Class Movement in the Twenty-First Century:
Continuity and Change, Orientation and Possibilities,
Problems and Challenges (Papers presented in the
Second Arvind Memorial Seminar) 40.00
2. Democratic Rights Movement in India: Orientation,
Problems and Challenges (Papers presented in the
Third Arvind Memorial Seminar) 80.00
3. Caste Question and Marxism (Papers presented in the
Fourth Arvind Memorial Seminar) 200.00
tupsruk
,d oSpkfjd eqfge gS
Hkfo";&fuekZ.k dk ,d izkstsDV gS
oSdfYid ehfM;k dh ,d l'kDr èkkjk gSA
ifjdYiuk çdk'ku] jkgqy i+Qkm.Ms'ku] vuqjkx VªLV] vjfoUn Le`fr U;kl]
'kghn Hkxrflag ;knxkjh çdk'ku] nLrd çdk'ku vkSj çkaty vkVZ ifCy'klZ
dh iqLrdksa dh ^tupsruk* eq[; forjd gSA ;s çdk'ku ik¡p Ïksrksa & ljdkj]
jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ksa] dkWjiksjsV ?kjkuksa] cgqjk"Vªh; fuxeksa vkSj fons'kh i+Qf.Max
,tsafl;ksa ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dk vuqnku ;k foÙkh; lgk;rk fy;s fcuk turk
ls tqVk;s x;s lalkèkuksa ds vkèkkj ij vkt ds nkSj ds fy, t+:jh o egÙoiw.kZ
lkfgR; csgn lLrh njksa ij miyCèk djkus ds fy, çfrc¼ gSaA
- 20 -
vuqjkx VªLV
1- cPpksa ds ysfuu 35-00
2 Stories About Lenin 35.00
3- lp ls cM+k lp@johUnzukFk Bkdqj 25-00
4- vkSt+kjksa dh dgkfu;k¡ 20-00
5- xqM+ dh Myh@dkR;k;uh 20-00
6- iQwy dqaMykdkj D;ksa gksrs gS@a luh 20-00
7- èkjrh vkSj vkdk'k@v- oksYdkso 120-00
8- dtkdh@izsepUn 35-00
9- uhyk I;kyk@vjdknh xSnkj 40-00
10- xM+fj;s dh dgkfu;k¡@d+;we raxjhdqyh;so 35-00
11- phaVh vkSj vUrfj{k ;k=kh@v- feR;k;so 35-00
12- vUèkfo'oklh 'ksdh Vsy@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
13- pyrk&fiQjrk gSV@,u- ukslkso] gksYdj iqDd 20-00
14- pkykd ykseM+h (yksddFkk) 20-00
15- fn;kadk&VkWefpd 20-00
16- xèkk vkSj Ånfcyko@efDle xksdhZ] lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
17- xqiQk ekuoksa dh dgkfu;k¡@eSjh eklZ ---
18- ge lwjt dks ns[k ldrs gS@a fedksyk fxy] nk;j Lykodksfop 20-00
19- eqlhcr dk lkFkh@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 20-00
20- uUgs vkFkZj dk lwjt@g|kd X;qyut+j;ku] xsyhuk yscsnsok 20-00
22- vkdk'k esa ekSt&eLrh@fpuqvk vpscs 20-00
23- ft+Unxh ls I;kj (nks jksekapd dgkfu;k¡)@tSd y.Mu 40-00
24- ,d NksVs yM+ds vkSj ,d NksVh
yM+dh dh dgkuh@efDle xksdhZ 20-00
25- cgknqj@vejdkUr 15-00
26- cqUuw dh ijh{kk (lfp=k jaxhu)@'kL;k g"kZ ---
- 21 -
27- nkUdks dk tyrk gqvk ân;@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
28- uUgk jktdqekj@vkrqvku n lSarsDT+kwisjh 40-00
29- nknk vk£[ki vkSj Y;ksadk@efDle xksdhZ 30-00
30- lsekxk dSls idM+k x;k@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
31- ckt+ dk xhr@efDle xksdhZ 15-00
32- okadk@vUrksu ps[k+o 15-00
33- rksrk@johUæukFk VSxksj 15-00
34- iksLVekLVj@johUæukFk VSXkksj ---
35- dkcqyhokyk@johUæukFk VSxksj 20-00
36- viuk&viuk HkkX;@tSusUæ 15-00
37- fnekx+ dSls dke djrk gS@fd'kksj 25-00
38- jkeyhyk@çsepUn 15-00
39- nks cSyksa dh dFkk@çsepUn 25-00
40- bZnxkg@çsepUn ---
41- ykWVjh@çsepUn 20-00
42- xqYyh&M.Mk@çsepUn ---
43- cM+s HkkbZ lkgc@çsepUn 20-00
44- eksVsjke 'kkL=kh@çsepUn ---
45- gkj dh thr@lqn'kZu ---
46- boku@Oyknhfej cksxkseksykso 40-00
47- pedrk yky flrkjk@yh f'ku&F;su 55-00
48- mYVk nj[+r@Ñ'upUnj 35-00
49- gjkeh@fe[kkbZy 'kksyks[k+kso 25-00
50- nksu fdgksrs @lokZUrsl (ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) ---
51- vk'p;Zyksd esa ,fyl @yqbl dSjksy
(ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) 30-00
52- >k¡lh dh jkuh y{ehckbZ@o`Unkouyky oekZ
(ukV~; :ikUrj & uhys'k j?kqoa'kh) 35-00
53- uUgs xqnM+hyky ds lkgfld dkjukes@lqu ;vksP;qu ---
54- yk[kh@vUrksu ps[k+o 25-00
55- csf>u pjkxkg@boku rqxZuso 12-00
- 22 -
56- fgjukSVk@n~eh=kh ekfeu flfc;kZd 25-00
57- ?kj dh yyd@fudksykbZ rsys'kkso 10-00
58- cl ,d ;kn@ysvksuhn vUæs;so 20-00
59- enkjh@vysDlkUæ dqfçu 35-00
60- ijk;s ?kksalys esa@Ý+;ksnksj nksLrks;sOLdh 20-00
61- dksgdki+Q dk cUnh@rksYlrks; 30-00
62- euekuh ds ets+@lsxsZbZ fe[kkYdkso 30-00
63- lnkuUn dh NksVh nqfu;k@lR;thr jk; 15-00
64- Nr ij iQ¡l x;k fcYyk@forkmrs ftfyUldkbrs 35-00
65- xksyw ds dkjukes@jkeckcw 25-00
66- nks lkgfld dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 15-00
67- vke ft+Unxh dh ets+nkj dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
68- daxwjs okys edku dk jgL;e; ekeyk@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
69- jkst+ejsZ dh dgkfu;k¡@gksYxj iqDd 20-00
70- vthcksx+jhc fo+QLls@gksYxj iqDd ---
71- u;s t+ekus dh ijhdFkk,¡@gksYxj iqDd 25-00
72- fdLlk ;g fd ,d nsgkrh us nks
vi+Qljksa dk dSls isV Hkjk@fe[kkby lfYrdkso&'psfæu 15-00
73- i'pn`f"V&Hkfo";n`f"V (ys[k ladyu)@ deyk ik.Ms; 30-00
74- ;knksa ds ?ksjs esa vrhr (laLej.k)@ deyk ik.Ms; 100-00
75- gekjs vklikl dk v¡èksjk (dgkfu;k¡)@ deyk ik.Ms; 60-00
76- dkyeUFku (miU;kl)@ deyk ik.Ms; 60-00
dksia y
cPpksa ds lexz oSKkfud vkSj
lkaLÏfrd fodkl ds fy, lefiZr
vuqjkx VªLV dh =Sekfld if=dk
Mh&68] fujkyk uxj] y[kuÅ&226020
,d izfr % 20 #i;s]
okf"kZ d % 100 #i;s (MkdO;; lfgr)
- 23 -
iatkch çdk'ku
çÃåÕ êz Õ Åôé
îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ çÅ ÃòË-ÜÆòéÆ éÅòñ (Çå§é íÅן ÇòµÚ)
A. î¶ðÅ ìÚêé AC@.@@
B. î¶ð¶ Çòôò-ÇòÇçÁÅñ¶ A@@.@@
C. î¶ð¶ ôÇ×ðçÆ ç¶ Ççé B@@.@@
- 24 -
ôÔÆç í×å ÇÃ§Ø ïÅç×ÅðÆ êzÕÅôé
A. À°Üðå, ÕÆîå Áå¶ î°éÅëÅ / îÅðÕà C@.@@
B. À°ÜðåÆ ÇÕðå Áå¶ ÃðîÅÇÂÁÅ / îÅðÕà B@.@@
C. ÇÃÁÅÃÆ ÁÅðÇæÕåÅ çÆ Áñ¯ÚéÅ ÇòµÚ ï¯×çÅé / îÅðÕà ABE.@@
D. ñ±ÂÆ ì¯éÅêÅðà çÆ ÁáÅðòƺ ìð±î¶ð / îÅðÕà E@.@@
E. 걧ÜÆ çÆ À°åêåÆ / îÅðÕà DE.@@
F. ÇðÔÅÇÂôÆ Øðź çÅ ÃòÅñ / ¶º×ñ÷ CE.@@
G. ÇëÀ±ðìÅÖ : êÅçðæòÅçÆ Áå¶ ÁÅçðôòÅçÆ ÇçzôàÆÕ¯äź
çÅ Çòð¯è / îÅðÕÃ-¶º×ñ÷ F@.@@
H. ÜðîéÆ ÇòµÚ ÇÂéÕñÅì Áå¶ À°ñà ÇÂéÕñÅì / ¶º×ñ÷ E@.@@
I. îÅðÕÃ ç¶ ÒÒÃðîÅÇÂÁÅÓÓ ìÅð¶ / ¶º×ñ÷ F@.@@
A@. ëðźà Áå¶ ÜðîéÆ ÓÚ ÇÕÃÅéÆ çÅ ÃòÅñ / ¶º×ñ÷ B@.@@
AA. ïôÇñ÷î : ÇòÇ×ÁÅéÕ Áå¶ ï±à¯êÆÁÅÂÆ / ¶º×ñ÷ CE.@@
AB. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà ìÅð¶ / ¶º×ñ÷ A@.@@
AC. ñ°âÇò× ÇëÀ°ðìÅÖ Áå¶ ÕñÅÃÆÕÆ Üðîé çðôé
çÅ Á§å / ¶º×ñ÷ C@.@@
AD. àµìð, ÇéµÜÆ ÜÅÇÂçÅç Áå¶ ðÅÜ çÆ À°µåêåÆ / ¶º×ñ÷ FE.@@
AE. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà Áå¶ À°éź çÆ ÇõÇÖÁÅ / ñËÇéé CE.@@
AF. ðÅÜ Áå¶ ÇÂéÕñÅì / ñËÇéé E@.@@
AG. ç±ÜÆ Ç§àðéËôéñ çÅ êåä / ñËÇéé DE.@@
AH. Ö¶åÆ ÇòµÚ 걧ÜÆòÅç / ñËÇéé AE.@@
AI. ðÅÜ / ñËÇéé A@.@@
B@. ÃÅîðÅÜòÅç, ÃðîŶçÅðÆ çÅ ÃðòÀ°µÚ êóÅÁ / ñËÇéé G@.@@
BA. ÇÂµÕ Õçî Áµ×¶ ç¯ Õçî ÇêµÛ¶ / ñËÇéé ABE.@@
BB. ñ¯Õź ÇòµÚ Õ§î ÇÕò¶º Õðƶ / ñËÇéé FE.@@
BC. ÃÅÇÔå Áå¶ ÕñÅ ìÅð¶ / ñËÇéé AE@.@@
BD. ÃîÅÜòÅç Áå¶ Ü§× / ñËÇéé DE.@@
BE. Öµì¶ êµÖÆ ÕÇîÀ±Çé÷î ÇÂµÕ ìÚ×ÅéÅ ð¯× / ñËÇéé FE.@@
BF. ÁÃƺ ÇÜÔóÅ ÇòðÃÅ ÇåÁÅ×ç¶ Ôź / ñËÇéé BE.@@
BG. êz¯ñ¶åÅðÆ ÇÂéÕñÅì Áå¶ í×½óÅ ÕÅÀ±åÃÕÆ / ñËÇéé G@.@@
BH. ÁÅðæÕ ð¯îźÚòÅç çÅ ÚÇðµåð ÇÚµåðä / ñËÇéé E@.@@
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BI. ðå§åð òêÅð çÅ ÃòÅñ / îÅðÕÃ, ¶º×ñ÷, ñËÇéé A@.@@
C@. ñËÇééòÅç çÆÁź éÆÔź / ÃàÅÇñé B@.@@
CA. øñÃëÅéÅ ÇñÖåź / îÅú-÷¶-å°§× BE.@@
CB. ïòÆÁå ÁðæôÅÃåð çÆ Áñ¯ÚéÅ / îÅú-÷¶-å°§× F@.@@
CC. îÅðÕÃòÅç ç¶ ì°ÇéÁÅçÆ îÃñ¶ / êñËÖÅé¯ò D@.@@
CD. ðÅÜéÆåÕ ÁðæôÅÃåð ç¶ î±ñ ÇÃèźå F@.@@
CE. ÇëñÅÃëÆ Õ¯ÂÆ ×¯ðÖè§çÅ éÔƺ A@.@@
CF. çò§çòÅç ÷ðƶ ñ¯Õź çÆ Ã¶òÅ A@.@@
CG. ÇÂÇåÔÅÃ é¶ Üç Õðòà ìçñÆ D@.@@
CH. ÇÂéÕñÅì Á§çð ÇÂéÕñÅì B@.@@
CI. îÅú-÷¶-å°§× çÆ ÁÇîµà ç¶ä ABE.@@
D@. ÚÆé ÇòµÚ À°ñà ÇÂéÕñÅì
Áå¶ îÅú çÅ ÇÂéÕñÅìÆ ÇòðÃÅ F@.@@
DA. îÅúòÅçÆ ÁðæôÅÃåð Áå¶ ÃîÅÜòÅç çÅ íÇòµÖ F@.@@
DB. ñËÇéé çÆ ÜÆòé ÕÔÅäÆ A@@.@@
DC. Áâ¯ñ ìÅñôÇòÕ éåÅôÅ C@.@@
DD. îÅðÕà Áå¶ Â¶º×ñ÷
ÁÅêä¶ ÃîÕÅñÆÁź çÆÁź é÷ðź ÇòµÚ GE.@@
DE. êËÇðà ÕÇîÀ±é çÆ Áîð ÕÔÅäÆ A@.@@
DF. ì°Þ éÔƺ ÃÕçÆ ÁÕå±ìð ÇÂéÕñÅì çÆ îôÅñ A@.@@
DG. çÇÔôå×ðçÆ ìÅð¶ íðî Áå¶ ïæÅðæ A@.@@
DH. ê§ÜÅì çÅ ÇÕÃÅé Á§ç¯ñé Áå¶ ÕÇîÀ±ÇéÃà ñÇÔð A@.@@
DI. ܧ×ñéÅîÅ : ÇÂµÕ ðÅÜéÆåÕ êóÚ¯ñ A@.@@
E@. íÅðåÆ Ö¶åÆ ÇòµÚ 걧ÜÆòÅçÆ ÇòÕÅà B@.@@
EA. ÁÇîµà Ôé î÷ç±ð ç×ðÅîź çÆÁź ÇÚäן A@.@@
EB. ÃîÅÜòÅç çÆÁź ÃîµÇÃÁÅòź, 걧ÜÆòÅç çÆ î°ó ìÔÅñÆ
Áå¶ îÔÅé êz¯ñ¶åÅðÆ ÃµÇíÁÅÚÅð ÇÂéÕñÅì B@.@@
EC. ÇÕÀ°º îÅúòÅç? A@.@@
ED. ïòÆÁå ï±éÆÁé ç¶ ÇÂÇåÔÅà ìÅð¶ êzÚÅð¶ ÜÅºç¶ Þ±á A@.@@
EE. Çð÷ðò¶ôé : êµÖ, ÇòêµÖ Áå¶ åÆÃðÅ êµÖ E.@@
EF. îÅðÕÃòÅç Áå¶ ÜÅå çÅ ÃòÅñ / ðÖÇò§çð B@.@@
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EG. îÅðÕÃòÅç ìÅð¶ Á§ì¶âÕð ç¶ ÇòÚÅð / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ AE.@@
EH. âÅ. Á§ì¶âÕð Áå¶ íÅðå çŠçÇòèÅé / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ AE.@@
EI. âÅ. Á§ì¶âÕð : ÜÆòé Áå¶ ÇòÚÅð / ð§×ÅéÅÇÂÕ§îÅ A@.@@
F@. íÅðå ç¶ ÇÂÇåÔÅà ÇòµÚ ÜÅå-êÅå / êz¯. ÇÂðøÅé ÔìÆì A@.@@
FA. À°çÅðòÅçÆ éÆåÆÁź ç¶ AH ÃÅñ E.@@
FB. Ú¯ð, Çízôà Áå¶ ÁïÅô é¶åÅôÅÔÆ E.@@
FC. êÅê Áå¶ ÇòÇ×ÁÅé / âÅÂÆÃé ÕÅðàð F@.@@
FD. ëÅÃÆòÅç ÕÆ ÔË Áå¶ ÇÂà éÅÿ ÇÕò¶º ñóƶ? AE.@@
FE. ÁÅÂÆéÃàÆé ç¶ ÃîÅÇÜÕ Ãð¯ÕÅð A@.@@
FF. é½ÜòÅéź éÅÿ ç¯ ×µñź / êÆàð Õz¯ê¯àÇÕé A@.@@
FG. ÇÂéÕñÅì çŠðé¶ÔÅ
(í×å ÇÃ§Ø Áå¶ ÃÅæÆÁź çÆÁź ÇñÖåź) C@.@@
FH. ÁÇÜÔÅ ÃÆ ÃÅâÅ í×å ÇÃ§Ø / Çôò òðîÅ A@.@@
FI. î˺ éÅÃÇåÕ ÇÕÀ°º Ôź? / í×å ÇÃ§Ø A@.@@
G@. í×å ÇÃ§Ø é¶ ÇÕÔÅ... / í×å ÇÃ§Ø E.@@
GA. í×å ÇÃ§Ø å¶ À°Ãç¶ ÃÅæÆÁź
çÅ ÇòÚÅðèÅðÕ ÇòÕÅà / êz¯. Çìêé Ú§çðÅ A@.@@
GB. ÇÂéÕñÅìÆ ñÇÔð çÅ ÇÃèźåÕ ÇòÕÅà / Çôò òðîÅ A@.@@
GC. ôÔÆç Ú§çð ô¶Öð ÁÅ÷Åç / í×òÅé çÅà îÔ½ð A@.@@
GD. ×çðÆ Ã±ðìÆð / êz¯. ðäèÆð ÇÃ§Ø A@.@@
GE. ôÔÆç ðÖç¶ò B@.@@
GF. ôÔÆç ÕðåÅð ÇÃ§Ø ÃðÅíÅ E.@@
GG. ÇòÇçÁÅðæÆ é½ÜòÅé éòƺ ô°ð±ÁÅå Çյ毺 Õðé? A@.@@
GH. ïèòÅç ìÅð¶ E.@@
GI. íÅðå ÇòµÚ Ç×ÁÅé êzÃÅð çÆ ñ¯ó ÇÕÀ°º? / ðÖÇò§çð AE.@@
H@. òèçÆ ÁìÅçÆ AE.@@
HA. ï°µ× ÇÕò¶º ìçñç¶ Ôé? / âÅ. Á§Çîzå A@.@@
HB. èðî ìÅð¶ / ñËÇéé C@.@@
HC. îé°µÖÆ ÜÆòé ÇòµÚ îÅå-íÅôÅ çÅ îÔµåò B@.@@
HD. ÇÂµÕ êzÇåíÅ çÅ Üéî / ×ËéÇðÖ ò¯ñÕ¯ò A@@.@@
HE. íÅðå ÇòµÚ éòÀ°çÅðòÅç ç¶ ç¯ çÔÅÕ¶ / ðÖÇò§çð B@.@@
- 27 -
HF. ÕÅðñ îÅðÕà çÅ ÕñÅ çðôé B@@.@@
HG. ÃåÅÇñé – ÇÂµÕ ÜÆòéÆ / ðÅÔ°ñ ÃźÕðåÅÇÂé AE@.@@
HH. ê¯ðé¯×zÅëÆ : ÇÂÕ ÃðîŶçÅðÅ Õ¯Ôó / Áܶ êÅñ A@.@@
HI. Á½ðåź çÆ ×°ñÅîÆ çÅ ÁÅðÇæÕ ÁèÅð / ÃÆåÅ A@.@@
- 28 -
BD. ðÅîñÆñÅ / êz¶îÚ§ç A@.@@
BE. öîÅ×Å ÇÕò¶º ëÇóÁÅ Ç×ÁÅ / ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
BF. å°ðçÅ-ÇëðçÅ à¯ê / Á˵é. é¯Ã¯ò A@.@@
BG. ì¶ÇÜé ÚðÅ×ÅÔ / ÇÂòÅé å°ð׶é¶ò B@.@@
BH. À°ñàÅ ð°µÖ / ÇÕzôéÚ§çð CE.@@
BI. òµâ¶ íÅÂÆ ÃÅÔì / êz¶îÚ§ç A@.@@
C@. ÇÂµÕ Û¯à¶ î°§â¶ Áå¶ Õ°óÆ çÆ ÕÔÅäÆ ÇÜÔó¶ ìðøÆñÆ
á§â ÓÚ ÕÅºì¶ éÅÿ îð¶ éÔƺ / îËÕÇÃî ׯðÕÆ A@.@@
CA. ìÔÅçð / ÁîðÕźå A@.@@
CB. ÇÔðé¯àÅ / çÇîåðÆ îÅÇîé ÇÃÇìð¶ÁÅÕ A@.@@
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ACC. NAME: JANCHETNA PUSTAK PRATISHTHAN SAMITI
Acc. No. 0762002109003796
Bank: Punjab National Bank
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