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Table 3
Global governance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR): sectors, actors and frames
| Human health | Animal health | Food system | Environment | Development | Trade and IP | Security |
IOs | WHO | OIE | FAO | UNEP | UNDP | WTO, WIPO | UN Security Council |
National actors | Ministry of Health | Ministry of Agriculture | Ministry of Health/ Agriculture | Ministry of Environment | Bilateral development agencies | Ministry of Trade | Ministry of Foreign Affairs |
Main concern | Health impact of AMR on human health | Health impact of AMR on animal health | Transmission of AMR through food systems | Consequences of AMR on the environment | AMR as an obstacle to development | Market failure and lack of access to antibiotics | AMR as threat to the stability of social systems |
Strategies | Conservation | Conservation | Conservation, containment | Conservation | Access | Innovation | Surveillance and containment |
Frames | Healthcare and One Health | One Health | One Health | One Health and development | Development | Innovation | Security |