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Appendix:Irish Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Irish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Irish
Gaeilge 		IPA
pronunciation
Munster Connacht[1] Ulster[2]
1 I mé mʲeː mʲə, mʲeː
2 you (singular) tú t̪ˠuː t̪ˠuː
3 he sé ʃeː ʃə, ʃɛ
4 we sinn ʃɪn̠ʲ ʃɪn̠ʲ
5 you (plural) sibh ʃɪbʲ ʃɨ̞vʲ
6 they siad ʃiəd̪ˠ, ʃeːd̪ˠ ʃiəd̪ˠ, ʃəd̪ˠ
7 this seo ʃɔ ʃɔ
8 that sin, siúd ʃɪn, ʃuːd̪ˠ ʃɨ̞nʲ
9 here anseo ən̪ˠˈʃɔ in̠ʲˈʃɔ
10 there ansin, ansiúd ən̪ˠˈʃɪn ən̠ʲˈʃɨ̞n
11 who cé (interrogative) ceː ce
12 what cad, céard (interrogative) kɑd̪ˠ, ceːɾˠd̪ˠ
13 where cá (no movement, interrogative) kɑː
14 when cathain (interrogative)
15 how conas, cén chaoi (interrogative) ˈceːn̪ˠəsˠ
16 not ní n̠ʲiː
17 all uile ˈɪlə
18 many a lán
19 some roinnt
20 few beagán ˈbʲɞɡɑːnˠ
21 other eile ˈɛlə
22 one aon eːn i:n
23 two dó d̪ˠoː do:
24 three trí tʲɾʲiː tʲɾʲiː
25 four ceathair ˈcahəɾʲ
26 five cúig kuːɟ
27 big mór mˠoːɾˠ
28 long fada ˈfɑd̪ˠə
29 wide leathan ˈlʲahən
30 thick tiubh tʲʊ
31 heavy trom t̪ˠɾˠuːmˠ
32 small beag bʲɞɡ
33 short gearr ɟaːɾˠ
34 narrow cúng kuːŋ
35 thin tanaí ˈt̪ˠɑniː
36 woman bean bʲæn
37 man (male) fear fʲaɾˠ
38 man (human) duine ˈd̪ˠɪnə
39 child leanbh, páiste ˈl̠ʲanəvˠ, ˈpˠɑːʃtʲə
40 wife bean chéile ˈbʲæn ˈçeːlə
41 husband fear céile ˈfʲæɾˠ ˈceːlə
42 mother máthair ˈmˠɑːhəɾʲ
43 father athair ˈæhəɾʲ
44 animal ainmhí
45 fish iasc iəsˠk
46 bird éan eːn
47 dog madra ˈmˠɑd̪ˠɾˠə
48 louse míol cnis
49 snake nathair ˈn̪ˠæhəɾʲ
50 worm péist pʲeːʃtʲ
51 tree crann kɾˠɑːn̪ˠ
52 forest coill kɑil̠ʲ, kɞl̠ʲ
53 stick bata ˈbˠɑt̪ˠə
54 fruit toradh ˈt̪ˠɔɾˠə
55 seed síol ʃiːl
56 leaf duilleog ˈdʲɪloːɡ
57 root fréamh fʲɾʲeːvˠ
58 bark (of a tree) rúsc
59 flower bláth bˠlɑː
60 grass féar fʲeːɾˠ
61 rope téad tʲeːd̪ˠ
62 skin craiceann ˈkɾʲɛcən̪ˠ
63 meat feoil fʲoːl
64 blood fuil fˠɪl
65 bone cnámh knɑːvʲ
66 fat (noun) saill sˠail̠ʲ
67 egg ubh ɔvˠ
68 horn adharc ˈaiəɾˠk
69 tail eireaball ˈɾˠɨbəl̪ˠ
70 feather cleite ˈclɛtʲə
71 hair gruaig ɡɾˠuəɡ
72 head ceann caːn̪ˠ
73 ear cluas kluəʃ, kluəsˠ
74 eye súil sˠuːl
75 nose srón sˠɾˠoːn, sˠɾˠuːn
76 mouth béal bʲeːl
77 tooth fiacail ˈfʲiəkəl
78 tongue teanga ˈtʲaŋə, ˈtʲaŋɡə
79 fingernail ionga ˈɔŋə
80 foot cos kɔʃ, kɞʃ, kɔsˠ
81 leg cos kɔʃ, kɞʃ, kɔsˠ
82 knee glúin ɡluːn
83 hand lámh l̪ˠɑːvˠ
84 wing sciathán ˈʃcɪhɑːn
85 belly bolg ˈbɔlək
86 guts inní
87 neck muineál ˈmˠɪnɑːl
88 back droim d̪ˠɾˠiːmʲ
89 breast cíoch ciːx
90 heart croí kɾˠiː
91 liver ae
92 to drink ól oːl
93 to eat ith iː
94 to bite bain greim as bˠan ɟɾʲiːmʲ asˠ
95 to suck súigh
96 to spit caith seile
97 to vomit aisig
98 to blow séid ʃeːdʲ
99 to breathe análaigh
100 to laugh déan gáire dʲiːn ˈɡɑːɾʲə
101 to see feic
102 to hear cluin, clois klɨn, klɨʃ
103 to know a fhios a bheith agat
104 to think smaoinigh
105 to smell bolaigh
106 to fear eagla a bheith ort ˈaːɡlə
107 to sleep codail ˈkɔd̪ˠəl
108 to live mair mˠaɾʲ
109 to die faigh bás
110 to kill maraigh
111 to fight troid
112 to hunt seilg
113 to hit buail
114 to cut gearr
115 to split scoilt
116 to stab rop
117 to scratch tochais
118 to dig tochail
119 to swim snámh
120 to fly eitil
121 to walk siúil
122 to come tar
123 to lie (as in a bed) luigh (state)
124 to sit suigh (state)
125 to stand seas (state)
126 to turn (intransitive) cas
127 to fall tit
128 to give tabhair
129 to hold coinnigh
130 to squeeze fáisc
131 to rub cuimil
132 to wash nigh
133 to wipe cuimil
134 to pull tarraing
135 to push brúigh
136 to throw caith
137 to tie ceangail
138 to sew fuaigh
139 to count áirigh
140 to say abair
141 to sing can
142 to play imir
143 to float snámh
144 to flow snigh
145 to freeze reoigh
146 to swell at
147 sun grian
148 moon gealach
149 star réalta
150 water uisce
151 rain báisteach
152 river abhainn
153 lake loch
154 sea muir, farraige
155 salt salann
156 stone cloch
157 sand gaineamh
158 dust deannach
159 earth cré
160 cloud scamall, néal
161 fog ceo
162 sky spéir
163 wind gaoth
164 snow sneachta
165 ice oighear
166 smoke deatach
167 fire tine
168 ash luaith
169 to burn dóigh
170 road bóthar
171 mountain sliabh
172 red rua, dearg
173 green glas, uaine
174 yellow buí
175 white bán
176 black dubh
177 night oíche
178 day lá
179 year bliain
180 warm te
181 cold fuar
182 full lán
183 new nua
184 old sean
185 good maith
186 bad olc, droch-
187 rotten lofa
188 dirty salach
189 straight díreach
190 round cruinn
191 sharp (as a knife) géar
192 dull (as a knife) maol
193 smooth mín
194 wet fliuch
195 dry tirim
196 correct ceart
197 near gar, dlúth
198 far i bhfad
199 right deis
200 left clé
201 at ag
202 in i
203 with le
204 and agus
205 if má
206 because mar
207 name ainm

References

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  1. ^ Franz Nikolaus Finck, Die araner mundart
  2. ^ E. C. Quiggin, A Dialect of Donegal

Bibliography

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  • Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN

Further reading

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Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
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