嚴

See also: 严 and 厳

嚴	U+56B4, 嚴 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-56B4

← 嚳
[U+56B3]

CJK Unified Ideographs

嚵 →
[U+56B5]

Translingual

Traditional	嚴
Shinjitai	厳
Simplified	严

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 214, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
Unihan data for U+56B4

Chinese

trad.		嚴
simp.		严
alternative forms		⿱吅厂

Wikipedia has articles on:

嚴姓 (Written Standard Chinese^?)
嚴氏 (Cantonese)
Giâm (khió-pêng) (Southern Min)

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 嚴
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (敢) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
撖	kʰɯːm, kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
澉	l̥ʰaːms, klaːmʔ
噉	*l'aːmʔ
敢	*klaːmʔ
橄	*klaːmʔ
瞰	*kʰlaːms
闞	kʰlaːms, qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
憨	qʰaːm, qʰlaːms
譀	qʰlaːms, qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
巖	*ŋraːm
礹	ŋraːm, ŋamʔ
豃	*qʰraːmʔ
讝	*kjam
玁	*hŋramʔ
嚴	*ŋam
儼	*ŋamʔ
曮	*ŋamʔ
釅	*ŋams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋam) : semantic 喦 (“talkative”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ, “daring”) – the original script of 譀 (OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”).

The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.

Etymology

Schuessler (2007) considers 嚴 (OC *ŋam) to be cognate with the following:

巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)
儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)
險 (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)
業 (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).

They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, “splendor; majesty”) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, “height; splendor”). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, “scaffold”) may also be a cognate.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yán (yan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngan² / nyian²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yán

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yén
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim⁴

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): jin⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam³

(Yangjiang, Jyutping++): jim⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): nyien⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngiàm

(Hailu, HRS): ngiam

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngiam²
Jin (Wiktionary): ie¹
Northern Min (KCR): ngǐng
Eastern Min (BUC): ngièng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): gân / giâm / gêm

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngiam⁵ / ngiang⁵

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): niam⁵
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): jim⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gni / ²gnie / ²gni / ²gnien
- (Jinhua): ²gnie; ²gnian
Xiang
(Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn²

(Loudi, Wiktionary): ninn²

(Hengyang, Wiktionary): ngien²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yán
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yán
  - Wade–Giles: yen²
  - Yale: yán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: ngan² / nyian²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngan / nian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋan²¹/, /nʲiɛn²¹/

Note:

nyian2 - literary;
ngan2 - vernacular.

(Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: yán
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /iã²⁴/
(Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: yén
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): yen²
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /iẽ²⁴/

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jim⁴
  - Yale: yìhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm²¹/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: jin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zin²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngiam³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡiam²²/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
  - Jyutping++: jim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jim⁴²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyien⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiam^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngiam²
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋiam¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngièng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋieŋ⁵³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gân
  - Tâi-lô: gân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gaan
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Klang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giâm
  - Tâi-lô: giâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: giaam
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Changtai, Taipei, Klang): /ɡiam²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiam¹³/
  - IPA (Longyan): /ɡiam¹¹/
  - IPA (Zhangpu): /ɡiam²¹³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡiam²³/
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêm
  - Tâi-lô: gêm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: geem
  - IPA (Hui'an): /ɡem²⁴/

Note:

gân - vernacular;
giâm - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiam⁵ / ngiang⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiâm / ngiâng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiam⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

ngiam5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
ngiang5 - Chenghai.

(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: niam⁵
- Sinological IPA: /niam²²/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: jim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jim²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan)
  - Wugniu: ²gnie
  - MiniDict: nye^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /n̠ʲɪ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦn̠ʲie²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /n̠ʲɪ²²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /n̠ʲɪ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /n̠ʲie³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /n̠ʲiɛ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Haining): /n̠ʲie¹¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /n̠ʲiɛ³¹/
- (Northern: Songjiang, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ²gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^平
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /n̠ʲi³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /n̠ʲi³¹³/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ²gnien
  - MiniDict: nyen^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /n̠ʲiẽ̞²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /n̠ʲiẽ²³¹/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²gnie; ²gnian
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /n̠ʲie³¹³/, /n̠ʲiã³¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nyienn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary: ninn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nĩ¹³/
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary: ngien²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi̯ɛn¹¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 嚴
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iã²⁴/
	Xining	/iã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/iɛn²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ȵian³¹/
	Guiyang	/nian²¹/ /ian²¹/ 新
	Kunming	/iɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ien²⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ȵiẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ne⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋiam¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ŋiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²¹/
	Nanning	/jim²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jim²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/giam³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋieŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋiam⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋiam³¹/

Middle Chinese: ngjaem

Rime
Character	嚴
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	嚴 (145)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	語𩏩切
Baxter	ngjaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨɐm/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋiɐm/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɐm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨam/
Li Rong	/ŋiɐm/
Wang Li	/ŋĭɐm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯ɐm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)am/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋam/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	嚴
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjæm ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋ(r)am/
English	stern, majestic
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	嚴
Reading #	1/1
No.	3692
Phonetic component	敢
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	嚴
Old Chinese	/*ŋam/

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “Dungan”

Definitions

嚴

strict; rigorous; rigid
嚴格／严格 ― yángé ― strict; stringent

嚴謹／严谨 ― yánjǐn ― rigorous; strict

對自己要求很嚴／对自己要求很严 ― duì zìjǐ yàoqiú hěn yán ― to be strict with oneself
- 君明而嚴，則群臣忠；君懦而闇，則群臣詐。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  君明而严，则群臣忠；君懦而暗，则群臣诈。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Lü Buwei, Master Lü's Spring and Autumn Annals, 239 BCE
  Jūn míng ér yán, zé qúnchén zhōng; jūn nuò ér ān, zé qúnchén zhà. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
solemn; majestic; stately; grave
莊嚴／庄严 ― zhuāngyán ― solemn

尊嚴／尊严 ― zūnyán ― dignity
urgent; pressing
嚴重／严重 ― yánzhòng ― severe; critical
severe; intense
嚴冬／严冬 ― yándōng ― severe winter; harsh winter

嚴刑峻法／严刑峻法 ― yánxíngjùnfǎ ― draconian law
(of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight
嚴密／严密 ― yánmì ― tight; difficult to penetrate
(literary) to respect
- 凡學之道，嚴師為難。師嚴然後道尊，道尊然後民知敬學。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  凡学之道，严师为难。师严然后道尊，道尊然后民知敬学。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Fán xué zhī dào, yán shī wéi nán. Shī yán ránhòu dào zūn, dào zūn ránhòu mín zhī jìng xué. [Pinyin]
  In pursuing the course of learning, the difficulty is in securing the proper reverence for the master. When that is done, the course (which he inculcates) is regarded with honour. When that is done, the people know how to respect learning.
- 於是趙王乃齋戒五日，使臣奉璧，拜送書於庭。何者？嚴大國之威以修敬也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  于是赵王乃斋戒五日，使臣奉璧，拜送书于庭。何者？严大国之威以修敬也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
  Yúshì Zhào wáng nǎi zhāijiè wǔ rì, shǐ chén fèng bì, bài sòng shū yú tíng. Hé zhě? Yán dàguó zhī wēi yǐ xiūjìng yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
(literary) to fear
- 視刺萬乘之君，若刺褐夫。無嚴諸侯，惡聲至，必反之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  视刺万乘之君，若刺褐夫。无严诸侯，恶声至，必反之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Shì cì wànshèng zhī jūn, ruò cì hèfū. Wú yán zhūhóu, èshēng zhì, bì fǎn zhī. [Pinyin]
  He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned.
(honorific) father
家嚴／家严 ― jiāyán ― my father
a surname
嚴復／严复 ― Yán Fù ― Yan Fu (scholar and translator)

Synonyms

(strict):

edit

不苟 (bùgǒu) (formal)
仔細／仔细 (zǐxì)
嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
嚴謹／严谨 (yánjǐn)
墘角 (gièng-gáe̤k) (Eastern Min)
密切 (mìqiè)
審慎／审慎 (shěnshèn) (formal)
小心 (xiǎoxīn)
慎密 (shènmì)
慎重 (shènzhòng)
慘淡／惨淡 (cǎndàn)
板正 (bǎnzhèng)
正經／正经
當心／当心 (dāngxīn)
精心 (jīngxīn)
精細／精细 (jīngxì)
細心／细心 (xìxīn)
細膩／细腻 (xìnì) (Min)
認真／认真 (rènzhēn)
謹嚴／谨严 (jǐnyán)
謹慎／谨慎 (jǐnshèn)
較真／较真 (jiàozhēn) (colloquial)
過細／过细 (guòxì)
鞠躬 (jūgōng) (literary)

(solemn):

edit

厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
嚴厲／严厉 (yánlì)
嚴峻／严峻 (yánjùn)
嚴正／严正 (yánzhèng)
嚴肅／严肃 (yánsù)
嚴酷／严酷 (yánkù)
尊重 (zūnzhòng)
整肅／整肃 (zhěngsù)
正經／正经
淩厲／凌厉 (línglì) (literary)
狠狠 (hěnhěn)
矜持 (jīnchí)
莊／庄 (zhuāng)
莊重／庄重 (zhuāngzhòng)
鄭重／郑重 (zhèngzhòng)

(severe):

edit

劇烈／剧烈 (jùliè)
厲害／厉害 (lìhài)
尖銳／尖锐 (jiānruì)
強烈／强烈 (qiángliè)
急劇／急剧 (jíjù)
急驟／急骤 (jízhòu)
激
激烈 (jīliè)
火熱／火热 (huǒrè)
熾烈／炽烈 (chìliè) (figurative)
狂 (kuáng) (literary, or in compounds)
猛烈 (měngliè)

(father):

Dialectal synonyms of 爸爸 (“dad”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		父, 爺, 嚴 honorific
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		父親
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	爸爸, 爸, 爹, 父親, 老頭兒
	Taiwan	爸爸, 爸
	Chengde	爸爸
	Chifeng	爸爸
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	爸爸
	Heihe	父親, 爸爸
	Qiqihar	爸爸
	Harbin	爸爸, 爸, 爹, 父親
	Jiamusi	父親, 爸爸
	Baicheng	父親, 爸爸, 爹
	Changchun	爸爸, 爸, 爹
	Tonghua	爸爸, 爹
	Shenyang	爸爸, 父親, 爹, 阿瑪 dated, Manchus
	Jinzhou	父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹
	Malaysia	爸爸, 爸, 爹哋
	Singapore	爸爸, 爸, 老爸 <>
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	爸爸, 老爸, 爹
	Tangshan	父親, 爸爸, 爹
	Cangzhou	爸爸, 爹, 伯
	Baoding	爸爸
	Shijiazhuang	爸爸, 爹
	Lijin	爹
	Jinan	爸爸, 爹, 大 Hui, 大大 Hui
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	爸爸
	Dandong	父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹
	Yantai	爹
	Yantai (Muping)	爹, 爸爸
	Qingdao	爸爸, 爹
	Zhucheng	大大, 爺, 爸爸
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	爹, 爸爸
	Lingbao	爹, 大
	Jining	爸爸, 大
	Wanrong	爸, 爹
	Linfen	爸
	Shangqiu	爸爸, 爹, 大
	Yuanyang	父親, 爸爸, 爹
	Zhengzhou	爹, 伯, 達 Hui or suburbs
	Xinyang	爸
	Baihe	父親, 爹, 爸爸
	Xi'an	爸, 爸爸, 達 Hui
	Baoji	父親, 爸, 爹, 伯
	Tianshui	爸爸, 大
	Xining	阿達, 達達, 爹
	Yanqi	爹, 達達 Hui, 阿達 Hui, 老爹 <>
	Xuzhou	答答, 爸爸, 父親
	Fuyang	父親, 爹, 爸爸, 爸, 大大, 大
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	達達, 達, 阿達
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	爹, 爸爸, 父親
	Lanzhou	爹, 爸爸, 老子 <>, 老爹 <>, 父親
	Dunhuang	大大, 爸, 爹爹
	Hami	大大
	Ürümqi	爸爸, 爹, 爹爹, 達, 達達, 阿達 Hui, 先人 <>, 老爹 <>, 達當子 <>
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	爸爸, 爸, 老頭兒 <>, 老把子 <>, 老漢兒 <>
	Nanchong	父親, 爸爸
	Dazhou	爸爸, 爹
	Hanyuan	父親, 爸爸, 爸爸
	Xichang	父親, 爸爸
	Zigong	父親, 大大, 爺, 爸爸, 爹
	Chongqing	老漢兒, 爸爸
	Wuhan	爸爸, 爹 dated, 伯伯 <>, dated, 老子 <>, 老頭 <>, 點頭磕 <>, dated, 父老二 <>, dated, casual, 八叉 <>, dated, slang, 父親
	Xiangyang	父親, 爸爸, 伯伯
	Tianmen	父親, 爸爸, 爹, 大大
	Guiyang	爸爸, 爹 dated, 老爹 <>, 老者 <>, 老者者 <>
	Zunyi	爹, 爸爸
	Bijie	爸爸, 老伯
	Liping	爹
	Zhaotong	爸爸, 爺爺, 大爹
	Dali	阿爹
	Kunming	爸爸, 父親, 爹
	Mengzi	爸爸
	Guilin	爸爸
	Liuzhou	爸, 阿爸, 爹, 老爹 <>, 爹老 <>, 爺老 <>, 老頭子 <>
	Jishou	父親, 爸爸, 爹
	Changde	爹
	Hanzhong	父親, 爸爸
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	阿爸, 阿爹, 爸爸
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	爸, 爹, 爺
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	爹, 爸爸, 伯伯, 爹爹
	Yangzhou	爸爸, 爹爹, 老子 <>, 父親
	Lianyungang	父親, 爸爸, 大大
	Lianshui	父親, 爺
	Nantong	父, 父啊, 爸, 爸爸, 爺 <>
	Anqing	父親, 爸爸, 伯伯, 大大
	Wuhu	爸爸, 大大
	Hefei	伯伯, 爺
	Huanggang	伯
	Hong'an	父親, 父, 爸爸, 伯伯, 伯
Cantonese	Guangzhou	阿爸, 爸爸, 爹哋, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <>
	Hong Kong	阿爸, 爸爸, 爸, 爹哋, 爸B, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <>
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	爹, 阿爸 <>, 爸 <>
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	爸爸
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	阿爸
	Macau	阿爸, 爹哋, 老豆 <>
	Guangzhou (Xinjiao, Haizhu)	爸爸, 阿爸
	Guangzhou (Longxi, Liwan)	阿叔, 阿爸, 阿大
	Guangzhou (Huangpu)	阿叔, 阿爸
	Guangzhou (Xinshi, Baiyun)	阿叔, 阿爸, 阿大, 阿伯
	Guangzhou (Shijing, Baiyun)	阿叔, 阿爸, 阿哥
	Guangzhou (Jiangcun, Baiyun)	阿叔, 阿爸
	Guangzhou (Longgui, Baiyun)	阿叔, 阿爸
	Guangzhou (Renhe, Baiyun)	阿叔
	Guangzhou (Zhuliao, Baiyun)	阿叔, 阿爸
	Guangzhou (Zhongluotan, Baiyun)	阿叔
	Guangzhou (Jiufo, Huangpu)	阿叔, 阿哥
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <>
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	爸爸, 阿叔 dated, 老豆 <>
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	阿叔, 阿伯, 老豆 <>
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	阿爸, 爸爸, 阿哥, 阿叔, 奶公, 阿爺, 老豆 <>
	Foshan	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	阿叔, 老豆 <>
	Foshan (Shunde)	阿爹, 老豆 <>
	Foshan (Sanshui)	阿爸, 阿爹, 老豆 <>, 伯爺 <>, dated
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	阿爸, 老子 <>, 老豆 <>
	Zhongshan (Huancheng)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Nanlang)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Xiaolan)	阿爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Dongsheng, Xiaolan)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Tanbei, Xiaolan)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Henglan)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Dongfeng)	阿爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Nantou)	阿爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Fusha)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Shalang)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Gangkou)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Huangpu)	阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Sanjiao)	阿大, 爸爸
	Zhongshan (Langwang, Minzhong)	阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Minzhong)	阿爸, 爸爸, 阿爹
	Zhongshan (Guzhen)	阿爹
	Zhongshan (Banfu)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Tanzhou)	阿爸
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	阿爸, 阿爹, 老豆 <>
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Taishan	阿爸, 阿爹, 阿爺, 老豆 <>
	Kaiping (Chikan)	阿爹, 老豆 <>
	Enping (Niujiang)	阿爹, 老豆 <>
	Heshan (Yayao)	阿爸, 老豆 <>
	Dongguan	阿爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <>, 爸爸 childish, 爹哋 childish, 爸B childish, 阿大 rare, 老子 <>
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <>
	Shaoguan	老豆, 阿爸
	Yunfu	老豆, 阿爸
	Yangjiang	阿爸, 阿爹 <>, 老豆 <>
	Xinyi	老豆, 阿爸
	Lianjiang	阿爸, 老豆, 爸爸
	Lianjiang (Cheban)	阿爸
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	阿爸
Wuchuan (Meilu)	老豆
Nanning	阿爸, 爸, 老豆, 老嘢 <>
Hepu (Lianzhou)	爸爸, 阿叔, 叔公, 阿哥, 俺老子 <>, 老豆 <>
Hepu (Shatian)	爸爸, 阿公, 俺公 <>
Beihai	爸爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <>
Beihai (Nankang)	爸爸, 阿叔, 老豆 <>
Beihai (Yingpan)	阿爸, 阿叔, 阿哥, 老豆 <>
Danzhou	爺
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	老豆, 阿爸, 爹哋, 老頭子 <>
Singapore (Guangfu)	阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <>
Gan	Nanchang	爸爸, 爺, 老子 <>, 爺老子 <>
	Lichuan	爺, 伯伯, 家父 <>
	Pingxiang	爺爺, 爹爹, 爸爸, 爺老子 <>
Hakka	Meixian	阿爸, 爺仔 <>
	Xingning	阿爸
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	阿爸, 爸爸, 老豆 <>
	Huiyang	阿爸
	Huidong (Daling)	阿爸
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	阿爸, 爸爸
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	阿爸, 爸爸
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	阿爸, 爺子 <>
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	阿爸
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	阿爸
	Wuhua (Changbu)	阿爺, 阿爸
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	阿爸
	Wuhua (Meilin)	阿爸
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	阿爸
	Wengyuan	阿爸
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	阿爸
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	阿爸
	Liannan	爸
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	阿爸, 父親 <>
	Jiexi	爺
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	阿爸
	Changting	爹爹, 哥哥, 爹哩
	Wuping	阿哥, 伯
	Wuping (Yanqian)	爺哩
	Wuping (Pingyu)	爸
	Liancheng	伯
	Ninghua	哥哥, 爹
	Yudu	爸爸, 爺老 <>
	Ningdu	爹
	Ruijin	爹爹, 爹子
	Shicheng	爹, 爸爸
	Shangyou (Shexi)	爸爸
	Tonggu (Sandu)	爸爸
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	爸爸
	Dayu	爸爸, 爺爺
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	阿爸, 爺仔 <>
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	阿爸, 爺仔 <>
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	阿爸, 爺仔 <>
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	阿爸
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	阿爸, 爺仔 <>
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	阿怙, 阿爺 <>
	Hong Kong	阿爸
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	老子
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	阿爸
	Xinyi (Sihe)	阿爸, 老子
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	阿爸, 老豆
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	阿爸
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	阿叔, 阿爹, 阿哥, 阿爸
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	老子
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	阿爸
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	阿爸
	Mengshan (Xihe)	爸, 哥
	Luchuan	阿爸
	Sabah (Longchuan)	阿爸
	Senai (Huiyang)	阿爸
	Singkawang	阿爸
Huizhou	Jixi	伯伯, 爹, 老子 <>
	Shexian	伯, 爺, 相, 爸爸, 大
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	爹, 爺, 爸
	Xiuning	爺, 阿爺
	Yixian	爹爹, 爸爸, 官人
	Qimen	爺兒, 伯兒
	Wuyuan	爸爸, 爺
Jin	Taiyuan	爸爸, 大大, 大, 爹, 老子 <>
	Pingyao	爹
	Yangyuan	父親, 爹, 爸爸, 爸
	Datong	父親, 爸爸, 爹
	Xinzhou	大大, 大
	Lüliang (Lishi)	父親, 爸爸, 爹, 老子
	Changzhi	爸爸, 爹
	Linhe	父親, 爸爸, 大, 老子
	Jining	爸爸, 大
	Hohhot	父親, 爸爸, 大, 老子
	Erenhot	父親, 爸爸, 大
	Pingshan	爹
	Zhangjiakou	父親, 爸爸, 爸, 爹, 大
	Handan	父親, 爹
	Linzhou	爹
	Suide	爸爸, 老子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	爸爸, 爺爺 dated, 爹 <>
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	依爹, 依爸, 依爺 dated, 郎爸 <>
	Fuqing	爸, 爸爸, 官, 阿伯, 阿哥, 阿叔
	Matsu	依爹
	Singapore (Fuqing)	爸爸
Southern Min	Xiamen	阿爸, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <>, 娘爸 <>, dated
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	老爸 <>, 俺爸
	Quanzhou	阿爸, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <>
	Zhangzhou	阿爸, 阿官, 阿叔 euphemistic, 老爸 <>, 老的 <>, 娘爸 <>, dated
	Pinghe	娘爸 <>
	Zhao'an	爸, 老大 <>, 老爸 <>
	Taipei	爸爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	老歲仔, 老的, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	Kaohsiung	爸爸, 阿丈, 阿爸, 阿將, 老爸 <>
	Yilan	阿丈, 阿叔, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	Changhua (Lukang)	阿府, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	Taichung	爸爸, 老爸 <>
	Tainan	多桑, 爸爸, 阿叔, 阿爸, 俺二仔, 俺爹, 俺爸, 老爸 <>
	Hsinchu	阿爹, 爸爸, 老爸 <>
	Kinmen	俺爹, 俺爸
	Penghu (Magong)	阿爸, 爹, 二仔, 爸爸, 老爸 <>
	Penang (Hokkien)	阿爸, 爸, 爸爸, 老爸 <>, 爹 <>, 老的 <>
	Singapore (Hokkien)	爸, 爸爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	Manila (Hokkien)	爸爸, 爸, 阿爸, 老爸 <>
	Chaozhou	阿爸, 阿爹, 阿父 <>, 父 <>
	Shantou	阿爸, 阿父 <>, 父 <>, 大人 <>, honorific
	Shantou (Chenghai)	阿爸, 父 <>, 大人 <>, honorific
	Jieyang	阿爸, 阿父, 阿爹
	Haifeng	爸, 爸爸, 阿爸, 父, 爹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	阿爸, 爸爸, 阿父 <>, 爸 <>
	Singapore (Teochew)	阿父, 父 <>
	Batam (Teochew)	阿父
	Leizhou	爸, 兄 dated, 阿 dated, 尼父 <>, 父 <>, 尼阿 <>, dated
	Haikou	阿爹, 阿兄, 阿官, 阿爸, 爸 <>
Puxian Min	Putian	阿爸, 郎爸 <>
Puxian Min	Xianyou	郎爸 <>
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	爸爸, 爹, 老子 <>
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	爸, 數字, 數老, 阿叔 dated, 老子 <>
Wu	Shanghai	爸爸, 老爸, 爹爹 dated, 阿伯 dated
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爹爹, 阿爹 uncommon, 爺, 爺爺
	Suzhou	爹爹
	Danyang	爹爹, 爹, 爸爸
	Hangzhou	爹, 阿伯, 爸爸, 老子 <>
	Ningbo	阿伯, 爸爸, 爹 <>, 阿爹 <>, 老頭子
	Wenzhou	阿爸, 阿伯, 阿大
	Jinhua	伯伯, 爹爹, 爸爸
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	伯
Xiang	Changsha	爹爹, 爺爺, 爺, 爺老倌 <>, 爺老子 <>
	Loudi	爹爹, 爺老倌 <>, 爺老子 <>, 爺 <>, 老人家 <>
	Shuangfeng	爹爹, 爺
	Hengyang	爸爸 new-style, 爹爹 old style, 爺老子 <>, 爺 <>, 爺老倌子 <>, 老子 <>
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	大, 爹爹, 爸爸, 爺子 <>, 大子 <>
Note	<> - non-face-to-face

Dialectal synonyms of 爸爸 (“father (non-face-to-face)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		父, 爺, 嚴 honorific
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		父親
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	爸爸, 爸, 爹
	Taiwan	爸爸, 爸
	Harbin	爸爸, 爸, 爹
	Shenyang	爸爸
	Singapore	爸爸, 老爸
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	爸爸
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	爸爸, 爹, 大 Hui, 大大 Hui
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	爹, 爸爸
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	爹, 爸爸
	Wanrong	爸, 爹
	Xi'an	爸, 達 Hui
	Xining	阿達, 達達, 爹
	Yanqi	老爹
	Xuzhou	答答, 爸爸, 老頭兒, 老頭子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	爹, 爸爸
	Lanzhou	爹, 爸爸, 老子, 老爹
	Ürümqi	爸爸, 先人, 老爹, 達, 達當子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	爸爸, 爸, 老頭兒, 老把子, 老漢兒
	Wuhan	爸爸, 老子, 老頭, 爹 dated, 伯伯 dated, 點頭磕 dated, 父老二 dated, casual, 八叉 dated, slang
	Guiyang	爸爸, 老爹, 老者, 老者者
	Kunming	爸爸
	Liuzhou	老爹, 爹老, 爺老, 老頭子
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	阿爸, 阿爹, 爸爸
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	爸, 爹, 爺
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	爹, 爸爸, 伯伯, 吾爹
	Yangzhou	爸爸, 爹爹, 老子
	Nantong	爺
	Hefei	伯伯
Cantonese	Guangzhou	老豆, 爸爸, 阿爸, 伯爺
	Hong Kong	老豆, 爸爸, 阿爸, 爹哋, 伯爺, 花打
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	阿爸, 爸
	Macau	老豆
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	老豆
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	老豆
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	老豆
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	老豆
	Foshan	老豆
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	老豆
	Foshan (Shunde)	老豆
	Foshan (Sanshui)	老豆, 伯爺 dated
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	老豆
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	老子, 老豆
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	老豆
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	老豆
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	老豆
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	老豆
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	老豆
	Taishan	老豆
	Kaiping (Chikan)	老豆
	Enping (Niujiang)	老豆
	Heshan (Yayao)	老豆
	Dongguan	老豆, 阿爸, 老子, 爸爸 childish, 爹哋 childish, 爸B childish
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	老豆
	Yangjiang	阿爹
	Nanning	爸, 老豆, 老嘢
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	俺老子, 老豆
	Hepu (Shatian)	俺公
	Beihai	老豆
	Beihai (Nankang)	老豆
	Beihai (Yingpan)	老豆, 阿爸
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	老豆
	Singapore (Guangfu)	老豆, 阿爸
Gan	Nanchang	爸爸, 老子, 爺老子
	Lichuan	爺, 家父
	Pingxiang	爺老子
Hakka	Meixian	阿爸, 爺仔
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	老豆
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	阿爸
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	阿爸
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	爺子
	Wuhua (Meilin)	阿爸
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	父親
	Yudu	爺老
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	阿爸, 爺仔
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	阿爸, 爺仔
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	阿爸, 爺仔
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	阿爸
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	阿爸, 爺仔
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	阿怙, 阿爺
Huizhou	Jixi	老子
Jin	Taiyuan	老子, 大大, 大, 爹
Northern Min	Jian'ou	爹
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	郎爸
Southern Min	Xiamen	老爸, 娘爸 dated
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	老爸
	Quanzhou	老爸
	Jinjiang	老爸
	Zhangzhou	老爸, 娘爸 dated
	Pinghe	娘爸
	Zhao'an	老爸
	Taipei	老爸
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	老爸, 阿爸
	Kaohsiung	老爸
	Yilan	老爸
	Changhua (Lukang)	老爸
	Taichung	老爸, 爸爸
	Tainan	老爸, 俺爸
	Hsinchu	老爸, 阿爹, 爸爸
	Kinmen	俺爹
	Penghu (Magong)	老爸
	Penang (Hokkien)	老爸, 阿爸, 爸, 爸爸, 爹, 老的
	Singapore (Hokkien)	老爸
	Manila (Hokkien)	老爸
	Chaozhou	阿父, 父
	Shantou	阿父, 父, 大人 honorific
	Shantou (Chenghai)	父, 大人 honorific
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	阿父, 爸
	Singapore (Teochew)	父, 阿父
	Leizhou	尼父, 父, 尼阿 dated
	Haikou	爸
Puxian Min	Putian	郎爸
Puxian Min	Xianyou	郎爸
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	爸, 老子, 數字, 數老, 阿叔 dated
Southern Pinghua	Binyang	父親, 叔
Wu	Shanghai	爸爸, 老爸, 爹爹 dated, 阿伯 dated
	Shanghai (Chongming)	爺, 爺爺
	Suzhou	爺
	Danyang	爹爹, 爹, 爸爸
	Hangzhou	爹, 阿伯, 爸爸, 老子
	Ningbo	爹, 阿爹, 阿伯, 爸爸, 老頭子
	Wenzhou	阿爸, 阿伯
	Jinhua	爺
Xiang	Changsha	爺老倌, 爺老子, 爹爹, 爺爺, 爺
	Loudi	爹爹, 爺老倌, 爺老子, 爺, 老人家
	Shuangfeng	爹爹
	Hengyang	爺, 爺老子, 爺老倌子, 老子

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (嚴):

→ Japanese: 厳(ごん) (gon); 厳(げん) (gen)
→ Korean: 엄(嚴) (eom)
→ Vietnamese: nghiêm (嚴)

References

“Entry #12982”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

Shinjitai	厳
Kyūjitai	嚴

Kanji

嚴

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 厳)

Kyūjitai form of 厳 (strictness, severity, rigidity)

Readings

Go-on: ごん (gon)^{←ごん (gon, historical)}^{←ごむ (gomu, ancient)}
Kan-on: げん (gen)^{←げん (gen, historical)}^{←げむ (gemu, ancient)}
Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 嚴しい)、おごそか (ogosoka, 嚴か)

Korean

Hanja

嚴 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm)

strict, rigorous, rigid
stern

Vietnamese

Han character

嚴: Hán Nôm readings: nghiêm, ngàm

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嚴

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

References

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character