Zheng Keshuang, Prince of Yanping (Chinese: 鄭克塽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tēⁿ Khek-sióng; 13 August 1670 – 22 September 1707), courtesy name Shihong, art name Huitang, was the third and last ruler of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan in the 17th century. He was the second son of Zheng Jing and a grandson of Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong). After surrendering to the Qing dynasty in 1683, he was ennobled as Duke of Hanjun (漢軍公),[1] and lived the rest of his life in Beijing.
| Zheng Keshuang | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duke of Hanjun | |||||||||||||
 | |||||||||||||
| Prince of Yanping | |||||||||||||
| Reign | 20 March 1681 – 8 October 1683 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Zheng Kezang (as regent) | ||||||||||||
| Successor | None | ||||||||||||
| Born | 13 August 1670 Chengtian Prefecture, Kingdom of Tungning | ||||||||||||
| Died | 22 September 1707 (aged 37) Beijing, Zhili Province, Qing dynasty | ||||||||||||
| Spouse | Lady Feng | ||||||||||||
| Issue |
| ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| House | Koxinga | ||||||||||||
| Father | Zheng Jing | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Lady Huang | ||||||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 鄭克塽 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 郑克塽 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Shihong (courtesy name) | |||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 實弘 | ||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 实弘 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Huitang (art name) | |||||||||||||
| Chinese | 晦堂 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Biography
editZheng Keshuang was born in Chengtian Prefecture of the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan; the administrative centre of Chengtian Prefecture was at Fort Provintia. His father was Zheng Jing, the king of Tungning and the eldest son of Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong), the founder of Tungning. His biological mother was Lady Huang (黃氏), Zheng Jing's concubine.
When Zheng Jing was leading a campaign against the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China in the late 1670s, he designated his elder son, Zheng Kezang, as his heir apparent and put him in charge of Tungning's internal affairs. At the same time, he also arranged marriages between his two sons and the daughters of two of his most trusted officials: Zheng Kezang married the daughter of Chen Yonghua, while Zheng Keshuang married the daughter of Feng Xifan.
Zheng Jing returned to Tungning in 1680 from a failed campaign against the Qing Empire. In the same year, Chen Yonghua died after he was ousted from the political arena by his rivals, Feng Xifan and Liu Guoxuan (劉國軒). Zheng Jing died a year later in Chengtian Prefecture. After Zheng Jing's death, Feng Xifan allied with Liu Guoxuan, Zheng Cong (鄭聰) and others to slander Zheng Kezang in front of Queen Dowager Dong, Zheng Jing's mother. They claimed that Zheng Kezang was not Zheng Jing's biological son, and launched a coup to kill Zheng Kezang and seize power. Following the coup, a 12-year-old Zheng Keshuang was installed on the throne as the ruler of Tungning under the title "Prince of Yanping" (延平王). After his accession to the throne, Zheng Keshuang rewarded the officials who supported him in the coup by granting them nobility titles. He also gave posthumous honorary titles to his ancestors.
In 1683, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty ordered Shi Lang to lead a naval fleet to attack and conquer Tungning. Shi Lang and his fleet defeated the Tungning forces, led by Liu Guoxuan, at the Battle of Penghu. After the battle, the Tungning royal court split into two factions, with one advocating war and the other advocating surrender. The "war" faction was led by Zheng Dexiao (鄭得瀟), Huang Liangji (黃良驥), Xiao Wu (蕭武) and Hong Gongzhu (洪拱柱), while the "surrender" faction was led by Feng Xifan and Liu Guoxuan. Zheng Keshuang heeded Feng and Liu's advice.[2] On 5 July 1683, Feng Xifan ordered Zheng Dexiao to write a surrender document to the Qing Empire. About ten days later, Feng sent Zheng Keshuang to meet Shi Lang. On 13 August, Shi Lang entered Taiwan and received the official surrender, the Ming Dynasty Zheng family perished.
Noble titles were given to the dynasts and officers of the formerly reigning House of Koxinga.[3] Zheng Keshuang and his family were taken to the Qing imperial capital, Beijing, to meet the Kangxi Emperor.[4] The emperor made Zheng Keshuang a member of the Plain Yellow Banner and awarded him the hereditary title Duke of Hanjun (漢軍公;[1] lit. "the duke of Han Eight Banners").[5][6] Some former Tungning military units, such as the rattan shield troops, were inducted into the Qing military and deployed in the battle against Russian Cossacks at Albazin.
Zheng Keshuang died of illness in 1707 in Beijing at the age of 37.[7] His younger brother, Zheng Kexue (鄭克壆), was ordered by the Qing government to bury the remains of Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing in Quanzhou, Fujian – the ancestral home of the House of Koxinga. Zheng Keshuang's mother, Lady Huang, tried to seek assistance from the Qing government to return their family property in Fujian to them, which was annexed by local officials, but she failed. Later, during the reign of Yongzheng Emperor, the remaining family of Zheng's was reassigned to Plain Red Banner.[8]
Descendants
edit| Adoption | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Zhilong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Prince of Yanping | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Chenggong (KOXINGA) | Tagawa Shichizaemon | Zheng Du | Zheng En | Zheng Yin | Zheng Xi | Zheng Mo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Jing | Zheng Cong | Zheng Ming | Zheng Rui | Zheng Zhi | Zheng Kuan | Zheng Yu | Zheng Wen | Zheng Rou | Zheng Fa | Zheng Gang | Zheng Shou | Zheng Wei | Zheng Fu | Zheng Yan | Zheng Zuanwu | Zheng Zuanwei | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Niru | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Kezang | Zheng Keshuang | Zheng Kexue | Zheng Kejun | Zheng Keba | Zheng Kemu | Zheng Keqi | Zheng Keqiao | Zheng Ketan | Zheng Kezhang | Zheng Kepei | Zheng Kechong | Zheng Kezhuang | Zheng Bingmo | Zheng Kegui | Zheng Bingcheng | Zheng Bingxun | Zheng Kexi | Zheng Wen | Zheng Bao | Zheng Yu | Zheng Kun | Zheng Ji | Zheng Zhong | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Anfu | Zheng Anlu | Zheng Ankang | Zheng Anji | Zheng Andian | Zheng Ande | Zheng Yan | Zheng Yi | Zheng Qi | Zheng Anxi | Zheng Anqing | Zheng Anxiang | Zheng Anguo | Zheng Anrong | Zheng Anhua | Xialing | Bailing | Shunling | Yongling | Changling | Qingling | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Shijun | Zheng Xianji | Zheng Xiansheng | Zheng Fu | Zheng Beng | Zheng Ai | Zheng Xian | Zheng Pin | Zheng Weng | Zheng Ming | Zheng Rui | Zheng Xing | Zheng Sheng | Zheng Jia | Zheng Guan | Zheng Pin | Zheng Qi | Zheng Tu | Zheng Dian | Zheng Lin | Zheng Qi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Bin | Zheng Min | Zheng Chang | Zheng Jin | Zheng Gui | Zheng Song | Zheng Bo | Zheng Ji | Zheng Bangxun | Zheng Bangrui | Zheng Bangning | Zheng Wenkui | Zheng Wenbi | Zheng Wen'ying | Zheng Wenfang | Zheng Wenguang | Zheng Wenzhong | Zheng Wenquan | Zheng Wen'wu | Zheng Wenlian | Zheng Wenmin | Zheng Wenhan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Jizong | Zheng Chengzong | Zheng Cheng'en | Zheng Cheng'yao | Zheng Chenggang | Zheng Chengxu | Liubu | Qinglu | Qingfu | Qing'yu | Qingxiang | Shuangding | Qingpu | Qingmao | Yingpu | Shanpu | Qingxi | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ruishan | Tushan | Deshan | Rongshan | Deyin | Deyu | Songhai | Deshou | Chang'en | Shi'en | Fu'en | Songtai | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Yufang | Yuhai | Yuchen | Enrong | Enfu | Enlu | Enhou | Enbao | Enlian | Xingsheng | Yulin | Yucheng | Yushan | Yufu | Yuhai | Yusheng | Yuliang | Runquan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Yi | Zheng Ze | Chongxu | Erkang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Zheng Jichang | Shuzeng | Shuyue | Shuwang | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Zheng Keshuang was survived by three sons: Zheng Anfu (鄭安福), Zheng Anlu (鄭安祿), and Zheng Ankang (鄭安康). However, all his sons died without issue; and so, Zheng Xianji (鄭咸吉), a first cousin once removed of them, was appointed as heir to Zheng Anfu. Zheng Xianji was the elder son of Zheng Ande (鄭安德) and a grandson of Zheng Keqiao (鄭克塙), and the latter was the youngest brother of Zheng Keshuang.[9][8]
Zheng's descendants served as Bannermen in Beijing until 1911 when the Xinhai Revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty's fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day.[10]
A poet Zheng Chouyu (鄭愁予; born 1933), claimed to be one of Zheng's descendants, was born in Shandong province in China.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Zheng Xiaoxuan (鄭曉嵐), father of Zheng Chouyu, fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War. Zheng Chouyu was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese. He moved to Taiwan in 1949 and focuses his work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China.[34] Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China, he identified as Chinese and he felt alienated after he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949 which was previously under Japanese rule and felt strange and foreign to him.[35]
In fiction
editZheng Keshuang appears as one of the antagonists in the novel The Deer and the Cauldron by Louis Cha.[36]
See also
editNotes
editCitations
edit- ^ a b 豪 2018.
- ^ Hung, "Taiwan Under the Cheng Family, 1662 – 1683"
- ^ Spence 1991, pp. 56–.
- ^ Clements 2011.
- ^ Davidson (1903), p. 62.
- ^ Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
- ^ Manthorpe 2008, p. 108.
- ^ a b 盧正恆 2016, pp. 115–151.
- ^ 鄭喜夫 1990, pp. 243–245.
- ^ Hang 2016, pp. 239–.
- ^ Ying 2010a, pp. 277–.
- ^ Ying 2009a, pp. 277–.
- ^ Thornber 2012a, pp. 642–.
- ^ Braga et al. 2004, p. 356.
- ^ Lupke 2007a, pp. 3–.
- ^ Mostow, Denton & Fulton 2003, pp. 566–.
- ^ Alber 2004, pp. 215–.
- ^ Research Centre for Translation 1989, p. 20.
- ^ Chi & Wang 2000a, pp. 19–.
- ^ Wang & Chiu 1997, p. 324.
- ^ Idema & Haft 1997, pp. 374–.
- ^ Wang, Wang & Rojas 2007, pp. 392–.
- ^ Kruger 2003.
- ^ Zheng 1979.
- ^ Lupke 2007b, pp. 28–.
- ^ Lau & Goldblatt 2007, pp. 43–.
- ^ Ying 2010b, pp. 397–.
- ^ Ying 2009b, pp. 397–.
- ^ Thornber 2012b, pp. 642–.
- ^ Chi & Wang 2000b, pp. 19–.
- ^ Shih 2012, pp. 426–.
- ^ Au 2008a, pp. 61–.
- ^ Chung-kuo Hsien Tai Wen Hsüeh 1993, p. 56.
- ^ 中國新聞網 2015.
- ^ Au 2008b, pp. 154–.
- ^ Cha & Jin 2003, p. 128.
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Zheng Chouyu koxinga.
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