Wikipedia:WikiProject Three Kingdoms

As noted above, the project generally considers any article related to Three Kingdoms events, individuals and information to be within its scope. Factual (historical) and fictional (dramatised) information will both be described, albeit clearly defined and separated within relevant sections and articles. It is the primary goal of this project to ensure information be as historically accurate and reliable as possible and to ensure that this achievement is stringently monitored and maintained once reached.

Our primary work is concentrated in a number of broad areas:

• Battles and events, both historical and dramatised are clearly and carefully defined.
• Three Kingdoms people, from strategists to warriors to other notable individuals, both historical and fictional of the era, are described.
• Note that knowledge of Three Kingdoms history or drama would be welcomed, but not compulsory. If an editor finds recent popular culture additions to be noteworthy, this is welcome within the specified subsection.
• Equipment and technology, weapons, armour and vehicles used within the period will be notable within certain articles (Wooden ox for example). These additions will also be welcomed within articles regarding the inventors or prominent users of such equipment (Zhuge Liang for example).
• Military historiography, publications, and historians.
• Types and periods of warfare, the military histories of particular states and groups, and general military science and doctrine.
• Depictions of the Three Kingdoms period in cultural art forms, such as painting, sculpture, music, film, television, video games, comics, poetry, and prose.

• To provide guidelines and recommendations for articles that describe all aspects of the Three Kingdoms period.
• To improve Wikipedia's coverage of the Three Kingdoms period by creating, expanding, and maintaining such articles.
• To serve as the central point of discussion for issues related to the Three Kingdoms period on Wikipedia.
• To ensure clear definition between factual and fictional information on the Three Kingdoms period.

The guidelines presented in this section are intended to be guidelines only; while they are well-suited for the vast majority of the Three Kingdoms period articles, there exist a number of peculiar cases where, for lack of a better solution, alternate approaches have been taken. These exceptions are often the result of protracted negotiation; if something seems unusual or out of place, it may be worthwhile to ask before attempting to change it, as there might be reasons for the oddity that are not immediately obvious!

• Follow Wikipedia:Manual of Style (China-related articles)

Outside of infoboxes (for biographical entries) and/or the introductory sentence of an article, articles should avoid using tone marks for proper nouns, because the casual English reader would not know how to pronounce them, and no contemporary academic source uses tone marks for Chinese names. An exception made for "ü", since ü is not a tone; it is to distinguish between the pinyin letters u and ü, which carry different sounds and are not the same vowel. For example, "Lu Bu" instead of "Lü Bu" would not only render incorrect pronunciation but would be incorrect.

Thus:

• Lǚ Bù - not preferable
• Lu Bu - incorrect
• Lü Bu - preferable

• Follow Wikipedia:Disambiguation

An article should generally be placed at the most common name (in terms of academic study, not video games) used to refer to the event, following the hanyu pinyin rules.

If disambiguation is needed for battle articles, the year may be added in parentheses. Multiple battles at the same location in the same year should be called "First", "Second", and so forth. Alternatively, they can be merged into one article, but this is not recommended if much information is available for each battle.

Examples:

• Battle of Guandu, not Battle of Guan Du - No spaces within a Chinese word, according to pinyin rules
• Battle of Hefei (233) and Battle of Hefei (253)
• First Rebellion in Shouchun, Second Rebellion in Shouchun and Third Rebellion in Shouchun

For people, due to the limited transliteration of Chinese characters, it is likely that a Three Kingdoms person would have the same article name as another Chinese person, sometimes in the same time period, or even serving the same lord. There are several ways to disambiguate them, if the Three Kingdoms person needs to be renamed:

• If a Three Kingdoms person has a name that coincides with another person in another time period:

Rename the article by appending "(Three Kingdoms)" or "(Han dynasty)" after the name, depending on time of activity. For example, Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms) and Tao Qian (Han dynasty). See "Terminology" section below for further clarification.

• In the unfortunate case that there is another Han dynasty person with the same transliteration, further disambiguate by specifying Eastern Han or Western Han; and failing that, by year of birth and death.

• Otherwise, depending on the information available, either:

Rename both articles to show their respective states if they served different states. For example Ma Zhong; or

Rename both articles to show their courtesy names.

The Three Kingdoms

The Three Kingdoms are Cao Wei (220-265), Shu Han (221-263), and Eastern Wu (222-280). Despite the name "Three Kingdoms", the Three Kingdoms were not technically kingdoms since their supreme rulers were not kings, but emperors in the Chinese context. Since these domains do not meet the definition of empires (that honour goes to all of China, also known as the Chinese Empire), we refer to the Three Kingdoms as "states". For example, "the state of Cao Wei", or simply "the state of Wei".

The reason needed for this disambiguation is because there actually was a time when these states were actually kingdoms headed by vassal kings (王), who were nominally subjects of an emperor. They were:

• King of Wei (魏王), Cao Cao, from 216 to 220, nominally under Emperor Xian of Han.
• King of Hanzhong (漢中王), Liu Bei, from 219 to 221, self-declared, not recognised by the Han imperial court which was controlled by Cao Cao.
• King of Wu (吳王), Sun Quan, from 221 to 229, nominally under Cao Pi, who was emperor of the state of Cao Wei. Sun Quan declared independence from Wei in 222, but continued to rule as a king until 229, when he declared himself emperor of Eastern Wu.

With this in mind, the use of "kingdom" as in "Kingdom of Wei" might lead to confusion, so we use "Cao Wei", "Shu Han", and "Eastern Wu" to refer to the three contending states instead. We may also use their short forms: Wei, Shu, Wu.

Do not use "Cao Wei", "Shu Han", and "Eastern Wu" for events before their establishments; use the names of the leading warlords instead. See Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms#Notes for a more detailed explanation.

"Three Kingdoms period"

Although the scope of our WikiProject covers the years 184 to 280 in ancient China according to the popular definition of the "Three Kingdoms period", the academic definition of the Three Kingdoms refers to the period between the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han (220) and the fall of Wu (280). Therefore, it is preferable to avoid referring to events, people, and establishments before 220 as solely "in the Three Kingdoms period" (or "Three Kingdoms era"); instead, use phrases such as "late Eastern Han dynasty" (or late Han dynasty) or "end of the Han dynasty".

Provinces, or "zhou"

The convention for naming ancient Chinese provinces here is to translate "zhou" (州) to "province". This is to disambiguate between the old provinces and the modern cities that took the old provinces' names. For example, the "Jingzhou" (荊州) mentioned in old texts refers to a province called "Jing", not the modern city of Jingzhou in Hubei province; so when talking about the ancient province, we should use "Jing Province" instead of "Jingzhou".

See also:

• Map of the provinces in the Eastern Han dynasty (before 213)
• Map of the provinces in the Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period (after 213)

The guidelines in this section are intended to serve as a starting point for writing a good article; they are not meant to enforce a single structure on all articles, nor to limit the topics an article will discuss.

Relevant style guides:

• Wikipedia:Manual of Style
• Wikipedia:History standards for China-related articles
• Wikipedia:WikiProject Military history/Style guide

• Lead section

Introduction and a general overview. Make sure to include the place (China) and time (late Eastern Han dynasty / Three Kingdoms period) of the subject for context.

• History

Leave out if subject is entirely fictional

• In fiction

Leave out if subject is not covered in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and other works of fiction

• Mythology

Leave out if none exists

• Cultural references

Sourced and significant references only

• Lead section

In addition to place and time, biographical articles should include, if known, the date of birth and death as precise as recorded, the person's occupation, and whose forces he/she belonged to. Alternate names (e.g. courtesy names, art names, pseudonyms), Chinese characters, and pronunciations can be in the first sentence if the article has no infobox.

Please note that the Gregorian calendar did not exist before 1582. Saying the same date "in the Julian and the proleptic Gregorian calendars" is okay only from 1 March 200 to 28 February 300. Otherwise, use the Julian calendar as the historically correct Western calendar at that time when converting Chinese calendar.

• Life

Based entirely on reliable sources on history. Do not include fictional elements except to clarify minor deficiencies from history that are often confused as history. (e.g. "While the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms mentioned [...], in reality [...] happened.") Can consist of several subsections (such subsections would have headings like "Early life", "Career", "Death", etc)

• Family

The family members of the person. Presenting the information in the form of a list is acceptable, but prose is preferred.

• Appointments and titles

The appointments and titles held by the person, presented in the form of a list. This section is optional and may be included in articles which are still in the developing stage. For more developed articles, this section may be omitted since the appointments and titles are already covered in the main text.

• In fiction

Describe major deficiencies from history only. Do not retell the person's story according to Romance of the Three Kingdoms and other works of fiction.

• Legacy / Worship / Mythology

Describe lasting legacies and/or myths that the person is remembered/worshipped for. Describe major places of worship and the person's place in religion. (See Guan Yu for example) Depending on the subject, it may be desirable to have more than one section for this information.

• Cultural references

Depictions in Chinese opera or popular culture. Be brief and keep in mind WP:TRIVIA.

• Lead section

The lead section should state the entities involved (eg. "The Battle of Guandu was fought between the forces of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao"). Include the Chinese name (in Chinese characters) after the article name. Briefly gloss over the cause and effects of the event. Include relevant infoboxes (eg. {{Infobox Military Conflict}} for military conflicts.)

• Background

Explain the lead up to the event. Give a general picture of the forces and the motivations involved.

• The course of events

Divided into sections as needed, with suitable heading names (e.g. "Battle", "Prelude", "Suppressing the rebellion", etc.)

• Aftermath

The immediate aftermath. May be merged with the legacy and analysis section.

• Legacy

Long-lasting effects, why and for what the event is remembered. May be merged with the aftermath and analysis section.

• Analysis

Scholarly analysis of the event: what went wrong, etc. Use scholarly sources, no original research. May be merged with the above two sections.

• In fiction / Cultural references

Briefly describe how the event is portrayed in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, correct popular misconceptions about the historical event if any. Describe references in folklore, poetry, opera, popular culture. Be brief about popular culture and keep in mind WP:TRIVIA.

Policy requires that articles reference only reliable sources; however, this is a minimal condition, rather than a final goal. Articles on the Three Kingdoms period should aim to be based primarily on published secondary works by reputable historians. The use of high quality primary sources is also appropriate, but care should be taken to use them correctly, without straying into original research. Editors are encouraged to extensively survey the available literature — and, in particular, any available historiographical commentary — regarding an article's topic in order to identify every source considered to be authoritative or significant; these sources should, if possible, be directly consulted when writing the article.

IMPORTANT: DO NOT use the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms and its derivatives, video games such as Dynasty Warriors, and any other work of fiction, as sources for history! They can only be used when you are writing about the novel's events (i.e. under sections titled "In fiction", "Cultural legacy", or variations thereof), which may differ widely from actual history.

"In popular culture" sections should be avoided unless the subject has had a well-cited and notable impact on popular culture. If present, the section should be a prose discussion of the subject's cultural significance, cited from reliable sources. In particular, the following should be avoided:

• Compendiums of every trivial appearance of the subject in popular culture (trivia)
• Unsupported speculation about cultural significance or fictional likenesses (original research)

This tends to be a problem in Three Kingdoms articles featuring battles and individuals commonly featured in film and television and video games (i.e. the Dynasty Warriors series); for example, Zhuge Liang and the Battle of Wuzhang Plains may appear in many of Koei's Three Kingdoms-based strategy and action games, but their many appearances do not warrant an exhaustive list of each and every variation and title.

• Follow Wikipedia:Categorization

The category tree for all topics related to people involved in the Three Kingdoms derives from the top-level Category:People of the Three Kingdoms:

Category:People of the Three Kingdoms

This category should only contain people who cannot be sorted into the sub-categories. For example, barbarian leaders who fought in the Three Kingdoms period in China but did not submit to the Chinese (Tadun, Kebineng, etc.)

Category:People during the end of the Han dynasty

Category:Fictional people of the Three Kingdoms

The category for fictional characters, note that articles under this category should not be categorised in any of the above categories.

In addition, all historical people (not fictional) should be categorised by their years of births and deaths, or Category:Year of birth unknown and Category:Year of death unknown.

Examples:

• Guo Jia served Yuan Shao and Cao Cao as an advisor but died before the establishment of the state of Cao Wei. He should be categorised in Category:People during the end of the Han dynasty, but not Category:People of Cao Wei.
• Zhou Tai served Sun Ce and Sun Quan as a general, and lived through the establishment of Eastern Wu, so he should be categorised in Category:People during the end of the Han dynasty and Category:Eastern Wu generals. He should not be categorised in Category:People of Eastern Wu since Category:Eastern Wu generals is a sub-category of the former.
• Zhou Cang is a fictional character in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he should be categorised in Category:Fictional people of the Three Kingdoms, but not in Category:Shu Han generals and Category:219 deaths.

Three Kingdoms articles by quality and importance
Quality	Importance
	Top	High	Mid	Low	NA	???	Total
FA		1					1
GA		1		1			2
B	1	43	85	65		1	195
C	7	25	39	38	1	5	115
Start	1	33	107	189		11	341
Stub			43	84		6	133
List	1		1	7			9
Disambig					6		6
Redirect				15	274		289
NA					39		39
Assessed	10	103	275	399	320	23	1,130
Total	10	103	275	399	320	23	1,130
WikiWork factors (?)		ω = 3,552			Ω = 4.51

The following is a listing of articles (and other types of content) within the scope of the project that have been noted for their outstanding quality. Project members are encouraged to peruse these at their leisure, as they serve as excellent examples of different writing and organisational styles that one may wish to emulate.

Note that the project does not necessarily claim any authorship or credit for creating these. While many were written by members — sometimes with extensive input from the project as a whole — others were created by uninvolved editors, or predate the existence of the project itself, and are listed here merely because they fall within our scope.

 

Featured articles are considered to be Wikipedia's very best work; they must pass through a review process as featured article candidates before being selected.

•   Battle of Red Cliffs

 

A-Class articles, while not as rigorously reviewed as featured articles, are nevertheless considered to provide a well-written and complete treatment of the topic. Good Articles related to military history are encouraged to be brought to WikiProject Military history for A-class review, where they will provide advices for further improvement.

• None

 

Good Articles.

•   History of the Han dynasty

Navboxes

• {{Campaignbox Three Kingdoms}} — campaigns and battles of the Three Kingdoms
• {{Campaignbox Zhuge Northern Expeditions}} — battles in Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions
• {{Campaignbox Red Cliffs campaign}} — battles linked to the Battle of Red Cliffs
• {{Campaignbox Guandu campaign}} — battles linked to the Battle of Guandu
• {{Campaignbox Hanzhong Campaign}} — battles in the Hanzhong Campaign
• {{Campaignbox Cao Cao's northwest campaigns}} — Cao Cao's campaigns in northwestern China, linked to the Battle of Tong Pass
• {{Campaignbox Battles at Hefei}} — the five battles at Hefei
• {{Campaignbox Three Rebellions in Shouchun}} — the Three Rebellions in Shouchun
• {{Campaignbox Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu}} – battles during Cao Pi's invasions of Eastern Wu

Stub

• {{ThreeKingdoms-stub}} — Template for stubs related to the Three Kingdoms.

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The {{WP3K}} project banner template should be added (not subst:ed) to the talk page of every article within the scope of the project. The class and importance parameters should be filled (check the documentation and instructions).

Address requests for particular images directly to the Graphic Lab, the Illustration WikiProject, or the Maps WikiProject. To ensure that requests can be considered, it is helpful to provide material such as external images, images from Wikimedia Commons, or clear text descriptions.

If an image is available online, but cannot be uploaded to Wikipedia, it may be appropriate to use Template:External media (links, talk) to provide a direct link to the image and a (referenced) description of what the image depicts.

Wikimedia Commons

• Category:Three Kingdoms

Maps

Please address requests for the creation of new maps or the evaluation of existing ones to the Maps WikiProject.

• Wikimedia Commons Atlas

• Online publications of works by Rafe de Crespigny
• (in Chinese) Book of the Later Han by Fan Ye et al
• (in Chinese) Records of the Three Kingdoms by Chen Shou, with annotations by Pei Songzhi
• (in Chinese) Book of Jin by Fang Xuanling et al
• (in Chinese) Zizhi Tongjian by Sima Guang
• (in Chinese) Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong

The following are some useful pages created by members of the project and other Wikipedia users.

• Translation of Han dynasty titles (created by User:Snuge purveyor), a list of English translations of official titles in the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period.
• Translation of titles (created by User:Underbar dk), another list of official titles, based on Rafe de Crespigny's translations.
• Three Kingdoms era names (created by User:Lds), era names adopted by the Three Kingdoms rulers.
• Available translations of the Records of the Three Kingdoms (created by User:Underbar dk), a list of English translations of Sanguozhi that can be cited on Wikipedia.

Requests for translation assistance should be made at the talk page of this project, or at Wikipedia:Translation. Only use online translation tools as a last resort.

Main tool page: toolserver.org

• Reflinks - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
• Checklinks - Edit and repair external links
• Dab solver - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
• Peer reviewer - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.