The Vaishnava Upanishads are minor Upanishads of Hinduism, related to Vishnu theology (Vaishnavism). There are 14 Vaishnava Upanishads in the Muktika anthology of 108 Upanishads.[1] They, along with other minor Upanishads, are generally classified separate from the thirteen major Principal Upanishads considered to be more ancient and from the Vedic tradition.[2]
The Vaishnava Upanishads also contrast from other groups of minor Upanishads, such as the Samanya Upanishads, which are of a generic nature, the Sannyasa Upanishads, which focus on the Hindu renunciation and monastic practice, the Yoga Upanishads related to Yoga, the Shaiva Upanishads, which highlight aspects of Shaivism, and the Shakta Upanishads, which highlight Shaktism.[3][4]
These Upanishads propound Vishnu, Narayana, Rama, or one of his avatars as the supreme metaphysical reality called Brahman in Hinduism. They discuss a diverse range of topics, from ethics, to the methods of worship.[5]
Some of the Vaishnava Upanishads exist in more than one version, each version attached to a different Veda depending on the region their manuscript has been discovered.[6][7] Furthermore, scholars disagree on which minor Upanishads are Vaishnava; for example, Deussen classifies Maha Upanishad as a Vaishnava Upanishad,[8] but Tinoco lists it as a Samanya Upanishad.[7]
Date
editThe composition date of each Vaishnava Upanishad is unclear, and estimates on when they were composed vary with scholar. According to Mahony, the minor Upanishads are approximately dated to be from about 100 BCE to 1100 CE.[9]
According to Ramdas Lamb, associate professor of religion at the University of Hawaii, the sectarian Upanishads which are the post-Vedic scriptures are not easily datable due to their very nature of the "multiple layers of material". Of these Upanishads the Purva Nrisimha Tapaniya and Uttara Tapaniya Upanishads, which are part of the Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishadas, are the earliest dated to before the seventh century CE.[10]
Patrick Olivelle states that sectarian Upanishads attached to Atharvaveda – which include some Vaishnava Upanishads – were likely composed in the second millennium, until about the 16th century.[11]
List
editThe fourteen Vaishnava Upanishads are:
| Title | Muktika serial # | Attached Veda | Period of creation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Narayana Upanishad | 18 | Krishna Yajurveda | 1st Century AD |
| Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad | 27 | Atharvaveda | Unknown |
| Mahanarayana Upanishad | 52 | Atharvaveda | 300-100 BCE |
| Rama Rahasya Upanishad | 54 | Atharvaveda | 1st Century AD |
| Rama Tapaniya Upanishad | 55 | Atharvaveda | 7th Century AD |
| Vasudeva Upanishad | 56 | Sama Veda | Unknown |
| Avyakta Upanishad | 68 | Sama Veda | 7th Century AD |
| Tarasara Upanishad | 91 | Shukla Yajurveda | 12th Century AD |
| Gopala Tapani Upanishad | 95 | Atharvaveda | 8th Century BCE |
| Krishna Upanishad | 96 | Atharvaveda | Unknown |
| Hayagriva Upanishad | 100 | Atharvaveda | Unknown |
| Dattatreya Upanishad | 101 | Atharvaveda | Unknown |
| Garuda Upanishad | 102 | Atharvaveda | Unknown |
| Sri Upanishad | 103 | Krishna Yajurveda | 1st Century AD [12] |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Deussen 1997, p. 556.
- ^ Mahony 1998, p. 271.
- ^ William K. Mahony (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. p. 271. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.
- ^ Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). A History of Indian Literature. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 217–224 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3.
- ^ Sen 1937, p. 26.
- ^ Deussen 1997, pp. 566–567.
- ^ a b Tinoco 1996, pp. 87–89.
- ^ Paul Deussen (1980). Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 799 with footnote 1. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
- ^ Mahony 1998, p. 290.
- ^ Lamb 2002, p. 191.
- ^ Olivelle 2008, p. xxxiii.
- ^ Edwin Francis Bryant; Maria Ekstrand (2013). The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant. Columbia University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-231-50843-8.
Bibliography
edit- Deussen, Paul (1997). Sixty Upanishads of the Veda. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1467-7.
- Lamb, Ramdas (2002). Rapt in the Name: The Ramnamis, Ramnam, and Untouchable Religion in Central India. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-5386-5.
- Mahony, William K. (1998). The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-3579-3.
- Olivelle, Patrick (2008). Upanisads. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954025-9.
- Sen, S.C. (1937). The Mystical Philosophy Of The Upanishads. Cosmo Publications. ISBN 978-81-307-0660-3.
- Tinoco, Carlos Alberto (1996). Upanishads. IBRASA. ISBN 978-85-348-0040-2.