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Tusha Hiti

27°40′21.8″N 85°19′30.4″E / 27.672722°N 85.325111°E / 27.672722; 85.325111

Tusha Hiti
Tusha Hiti in 2016
Map
Alternative namesRoyal Bath
General information
LocationSundari Chowk, Patan Durbar Square,
Town or cityLalitpur
CountryNepal

The Tusha Hiti, also known as Royal Bath, is a sunken bath used by the Malla royal family in Nepal. It is at the courtyard of Sundari Chowk, Patan Durbar Square, Lalitpur.[1][2] King Siddhinarasimha Malla is credited with building the bath in the 17th century. The wall features idols of Ashta Matrikas, eight Bhariavs and Nagas, and the gilt copper spout features idols of Vishnu and Laxmi residing on Garuda. The Tusha Hiti is shaped like a yoni and can be accessed via its main entrance from the western façade.

History

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Sundari Chowk courtyard with Tusha Hiti and nearby stone slab

Malla Dynasty, the ruling dynasty of Kathmandu Valley, built various hitis for themselves that resembled their palaces enhanced with many decorations.[1] Scholars are not certain about when the Tusha Hiti was built; some cite the years 1627,[3] 1626,[4] and 1647 AD.[1][5] Siddhinarasimha Malla, who was mostly devoted to Hinduism, is credited with building the bath.[1]

The bath was mostly used by the kings for personal bathing.[6] It might have had other purposes; one historian stated that it is impossible to use a bath without splashing the images of gods with the polluted water from the human body.[1][6] Malla was an ascetic king who could not have used the bath to offend the gods with an "impure act".[1] Other historians say that it was not made to be used as a bath but for "aqua-oblations" to gods.[1][6]

According to the legend, the king used to wake up early in the morning and take a shower in the Tusha Hiti, then meditated for hours on the stone slab near the bath.[1] After the shower, his attendants would provide him with towels and wraps, while the queen and others watched from the carved wooden windows.[7] Apparently, then the king would lie on a stone bed and be massaged with oils.[7]

After the 1934 Nepal–India earthquake, the Tusha Hiti was abandoned. It was restored in 1960.[3][8]

Architecture

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The spout

The Tusha Hiti can be accessed via its main entrance from the western façade; the entrance features idols of Panchamukhi Ganesh and Narasingh.[1] The stairs are paved with stone slabs, and the bath is 150 cm (59 in) below the courtyard.[1] The spout is made of gilt copper[1] and decorated with the idols of the Hindu god and goddess Bishnu and Laxmi residing over Garuda. The entire bath is shaped like yoni, a representation of female sexuality, and is surrounded by serpents.[9][10] A small replica of the Krishna Mandir is featured in its main axis.[5] The walls are decorated with idols of Ashta Matrikas, eight Bhariavs and Nagas.[11] According to Desmond Doig, the water that came from the spout was "hot and perfumed suitable for a monarch's pleasure".[7]

 
Tusha Hiti

Name and legacy

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Historian Dhanavajra Vajracharya said that it was named Tusha Hiti because the water that came from the spout tasted like sugarcane juice; in the Newar language, tu means sugarcane and sha means taste.[1] Another historian argues that the hiti's water source might have been from a well; in Newari, tun is a well and tunsala is the water brought from a well. In the course of time it became known as Tusha Hiti.[1]

Professor Deepak Shimkhada has alternatively proposed tantric symbolism of regeneration as the purpose of the ritual bath.[12]

Many ancient hitis in Nepal have disappeared, and some are buried underground.[1] Lalitpur has many hitis that are connected to underground water sources.[1]

It was reported in 2000 that bath was being guarded by the police.[7] A 2015 report conducted by the Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust noted that the bath was providing clean water in 2009, but after the April 2015 Nepal earthquake, the water became polluted.[13]

One author found it to be "the most beautiful and elaborate hiti (bathing fountain) in Nepal".[14] Nepali Times cited the well as the "most exquisite" legacy of the Malla Dynasty.[15]

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A scene of the 1974 film Arabian Nights was shot in the courtyard of Sundari Chowk and the bath.[16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Shrestha, Sukra Sagar (June 1996). "Tusa Hiti" (PDF). Ancient Nepal. 139: 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020 – via Digital Himalaya.
  2. ^ Bajracharya, Mudita (25 March 2007). "Sundari Chowk to be renovated". The Himalayan Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  3. ^ a b Shrestha, Sahina (September 2017). "The Beautiful Square". Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  4. ^ South Asian Archaeology, 1995: Proceedings of the 13th Conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, Cambridge, 5–9 July, 1995. Ancient India and Iran Trust. 1997. ISBN 978-1-57808-015-1. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  5. ^ a b Pradhan, Robin (January 2011). "The Mystery of the 'Royal Bath'". ECS Nepal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  6. ^ a b c Lonely Planet Nepal. Lonely Planet. 1 July 2018. ISBN 978-1-78701-925-6. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d Doig, Desmond (September 2000). "No water in the royal bath- Nepali Times". Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  8. ^ Storrs, Adrian (1986). People and Places in and Around the Kathmandu Valley. Sahayogi Press. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  9. ^ Reed, David (2002). The Rough Guide to Nepal. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-85828-899-4. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  10. ^ Guides, Rough (1 February 2018). The Rough Guide to Nepal (Travel Guide eBook). Apa Publications (UK) Limited. ISBN 978-1-78671-997-3. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  11. ^ Guides, Insight (1 December 2017). Insight Guides Nepal. Rough Guides UK. ISBN 978-1-78671-853-2. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  12. ^ Shimkhada, Deepak (22 March 2022). "Tusha Hiti: The Origin and Significance of the Name". Monsoon: South Asian Studies Association Journal. 1 (1).
  13. ^ "The Restoration of the Bhandarkhal Garden & Water Architecture" (PDF). Kathmandu Valley Preservation Trust. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  14. ^ Samson, Karl; Aukshunas, Jane (15 September 1999). Frommer's Nepal. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-02-862628-4. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
  15. ^ Dixit, Kunda (17 August 2010). "Good job". Nepali Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Filming Locations for Pier Paolo Pasolini's Arabian Nights (1974), in Yemen, Iran and Nepal". The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations. Archived from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2020.
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