Tindouf (Arabic: تندوف, romanized: Tindūf) is the main town, and a commune in Tindouf Province, Algeria, close to the Mauritanian, Western Saharan and Moroccan borders. The commune has a population of around 160,000, but the census and population estimates do not count the Sahrawi refugees, making the population as of the 2008 census 45,966,[2] up from 25,266 in 1998,[3] giving the town an annual population growth rate of 6.3%.[2]
Tindouf
تندوف | |
|---|---|
Commune and town | |
 Tindouf in the 1970s | |
 Location of Tindouf commune within Tindouf Province | |
  Tindouf Location of Tindouf within Algeria | |
| Coordinates: 27°40′31″N 8°07′43″W / 27.67528°N 8.12861°W | |
| Country |  Algeria |
| Province | Tindouf (seat) |
| District | Tindouf (coextensive) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 70,009 km2 (27,031 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 400 m (1,300 ft) |
| Population (2008)[1] | |
| • Total | 150,000 (of which 45,966 are not people living in the Sahrawi refugee camps) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| Postal code | 37000 |
| Climate | BWh |
The region is considered of strategic significance as it houses Algerian military bases and an airport with regular flights to Algiers, as well as flights to other domestic destinations.[4] The settlement of Garet Djebilet lies within the municipal territory of Tindouf near the border with Mauritania; the settlement has an iron mine and a defunct airport, and is approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Âouinet Bel Egrâ. Since 1975, it also contains several Sahrawi refugee camps operated by the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement seeking the self-determination of Western Sahara.
History
editThe town of Tindouf was built near an isolated Saharan oasis in 1852 by members of the Tajakant tribe,[5][6] but in 1895 it was sacked and destroyed by the Reguibat, another Sahrawi tribe.[7] The Tajakant tribe were expelled from the region. It remained deserted until French troops arrived in the area in 1934 and attached the region to French Algerian territory.[8] Since Algerian independence in 1962, the town has been deliberately built up, partly because of its importance as a last outpost before the Moroccan, Sahrawi and Mauritanian borders.[citation needed]
In 1963, the area was the scene of fighting between Algerian and Moroccan forces laying claim to western Algeria, during the Sand War. The region has since been heavily militarized, increasing its relevance. Since the mid-70s, the Tindouf region has served as the base for the Polisario Front, a Sahrawi nationalist organization fighting for Western Sahara's independence. The Polisario Front is headquartered in self-administered refugee camps south of the city,[citation needed] which filled up as Moroccan and Mauritanian forces conquered Western Sahara in 1975. During the war years of 1975–1990, Polisario forces struck in Western Sahara, Mauritania (until 1979) and southern Morocco (including the region of Tata), using the Tindouf region as their rear base area with Algerian protection and support.[citation needed] Since 1990 the area has been quiet, although the refugee community remains in Algeria, pending a UN-sponsored peace process and a referendum on independence. (See Minurso.)
Demographics
editTindouf has a population of 47,965 (2010 estimates),[9] though this figure is of questionable authenticity, given the fact that the exact number is a sensitive issue due to the Sahrawi refugees, who are excluded from the estimate.
| Year | Population (excluding Sahrawi refugee camps) |
|---|---|
| 1977 (Census) | 6,044 |
| 1987 (Census) | 13,084 |
| 1998 (Census) | 32,004 |
| 2008 (Census)[1] | 45,966 |
| 2010 (Estimate) | 47,965–59,898 |
Climate
editTindouf has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with extremely hot summers and very warm winters. There is very little rain for most of the year, generally concentrated in February and —associated with the West African Monsoon— by September–October. The region can be hit by rare events of heavy rain, such as in February 2006[10] or October 2015.[11] Summer daytime temperatures commonly approach 45 °C (113 °F) with blazing sunshine, while winter nighttime temperatures can sometimes drop to 5 °C (41 °F) or less. On 31 July 2023, a maximum temperature of 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) was registered in Tindouf.[12]
| Climate data for Tindouf (1981-2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
34.2 (93.6) |
39.1 (102.4) |
43.8 (110.8) |
42.3 (108.1) |
37.8 (100.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
31.8 (89.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) |
16.2 (61.2) |
20.1 (68.2) |
22.4 (72.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
29.3 (84.7) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.3 (93.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.2 (75.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.4 (57.9) |
23.6 (74.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
26.4 (79.5) |
26.0 (78.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
17.7 (63.9) |
11.8 (53.2) |
8.0 (46.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.6 (0.10) |
12.4 (0.49) |
4.0 (0.16) |
0.6 (0.02) |
2.8 (0.11) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.8 (0.03) |
2.3 (0.09) |
12.0 (0.47) |
9.9 (0.39) |
1.2 (0.05) |
6.5 (0.26) |
55.9 (2.2) |
| Source: Meteo-Climat [13] | |||||||||||||
Transportation
editCommandant Ferradj Airport is located to the north of Tindouf. The N50 national highway connects Tindouf to the airport as well as other Algerian settlements to the north.
Education
edit6.1% of the population has a tertiary education, and another 18.8% has completed secondary education.[14] The overall literacy rate is 75.0%, and is 79.7% among males and 70.1% among females.[15]
Localities
editThe commune is composed of five localities:[16]
- Tindouf-ville
- Garet Djebilet
- Aouinet Bélagraa
- Chenachène
- Oum El Achar
References
edit- ^ a b Wilaya de Tindouf : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion (2008 Census, ONS).
- ^ a b "Population: Béchar Wilaya" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ "Algeria Communes". Statoids. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- ^ "Tindouf Airport". OurAirports. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ Dunn, Ross E. (1977). Resistance in the Desert: Moroccan Responses to French Imperialism 1881-1912. Croom Helm. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-299-07360-2. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ Institut des hautes-études marocaines (1930). Hespéris: archives berbères et bulletin de l'Institut des hautes-études marocaines. Emile Larose. p. 46. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. p. 155. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ Trout, Frank E. (1969). Morocco's Saharan Frontiers. Librairie Droz. p. 318. ISBN 978-2-600-04495-0. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- ^ Tindouf in the World Gazetteer
- ^ "WFP assists Sahrawi refugees hit by torrential rains". World Food Programme. 2006-02-16.
- ^ UNHCR - Devastating flooding affects 25,000 Sahrawi refugees in Tindouf camps
- ^ "60656: Tindouf (Algeria)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 31 July 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ "moyennes 1981/2010". Meteo-Climate-Bz. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
- ^ "Structure relative de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs âgée de 6 ans et plus selon le niveau d'instruction et la commune de résidence" (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ "Taux d'analphabétisme et taux d'alphabétisation de la population âgée de 15 ans et plus, selon le sexe et la commune de résidence " (PDF) (in French). Office National des Statistiques Algérie. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
- ^ "Décret n° 84-365, fixant la composition, la consistance et les limites territoriale des communes. Wilaya d'El Oued" (PDF) (in French). Journal officiel de la République Algérienne. 19 December 1984. p. 1562. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.