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Timeline of women's suffrage

Women's suffrage – the right of women to vote – has been achieved at various times in countries throughout the world. In many nations, women's suffrage was granted before universal suffrage, in which cases women and men from certain socioeconomic classes or races were still unable to vote. Some countries granted suffrage to both sexes at the same time. This timeline lists years when women's suffrage was enacted. Some countries are listed more than once, as the right was extended to more women according to age, land ownership, etc. In many cases, the first voting took place in a subsequent year.

Women's suffrage in the world in 1908
Suffrage parade, New York City, May 6, 1912

Some women in the Isle of Man (geographically part of the British Isles but not part of the United Kingdom) gained the right to vote in 1881.[1]

New Zealand was the first self-governing country in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections; from 1893.[2] However women could not stand for election to parliament until 1919, when three women stood (unsuccessfully); see 1919 in New Zealand.

The colony of South Australia allowed women to both vote and stand for election in 1895.[3] In Sweden, conditional women's suffrage was granted during the Age of Liberty between 1718 and 1772.[4] But it was not until the year 1919 that equality was achieved, where women's votes were valued the same as men's.

The Australian Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 enabled female British subjects resident in Australia to vote at federal elections and also permitted them to stand for election to the Australian Parliament, making the newly-federated country of Australia the first in the modern world to do so. However, the act excluded "natives of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Islands (other than New Zealand)". Two states either effectively or explicitly excluded indigenous Australians.

In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the Republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to give all women and all men both the right to vote and the right to run for office. Finland was also the first country in Europe to give women the right to vote.[5][6] The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year.

In Europe, the last jurisdiction to grant women the right to vote was the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden (AI), in 1991. Appenzell Innerrhoden is the smallest Swiss canton with around 14,100 inhabitants in 1990.[7] Women in Switzerland obtained the right to vote at federal level in 1971,[8] and at local cantonal level between 1959 and 1972, except for Appenzell in 1989/1990,[9] see Women's suffrage in Switzerland.

In Saudi Arabia, women were first allowed to vote in December 2015 in the municipal elections.[10]

For other women's rights, see timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting).

17th century

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1689

18th century

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1718

  •   Sweden: Female taxpaying members of city guilds are allowed to vote in local city elections (rescinded in 1758) and national elections (rescinded in 1772).[4]

1734

  •   Sweden: Female taxpaying property owners of legal majority are allowed to vote in local countryside elections (never rescinded).[4]

1755

1776

  •   New Jersey (US state) allowed unmarried and widowed women meeting property requirements to vote; later rescinded in 1807

19th century

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Portrait of an unknown New Zealand suffragette by Charles Hemus Studio Auckland, c. 1880—the sitter wears a white camellia and has cut off her hair, both symbolic of support for advancing women's rights

1830s

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1832

1838

1840s

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1840

1848

1850s

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1853

1856

1860s

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1861

1862

  •   Sweden: limited to local elections with votes graded after taxation; universal franchise achieved in 1919,[20] which went into effect at the 1921 elections.
  •   Argentina: limited to local elections, only for literate women in San Juan Province.

1863

  • The Grand Duchy of Finland (An autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire) limited to taxpaying women in the countryside for municipal elections; and in 1872, extended to the cities.[20]

1864

  •   Victoria – Australian colony of Victoria: women were unintentionally enfranchised by the Electoral Act (1863), and proceeded to vote in the following year's elections. The act was amended in 1865 to correct the error.[21]
  •   Kingdom of Bohemia (now Czechia) – Austrian Empire: limited to taxpaying women and women in "learned professions" who were allowed to vote by proxy and made eligible for election to the legislative body in 1864.[20]

1869

 
Statue of Esther Hobart Morris in front of the Wyoming State Capitol

1870s

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1870

  • United States – Utah Territory passed a law granting women's suffrage. Utah women citizens voted in municipal elections that spring and a general election on August 1, beating Wyoming women to the polls.[27] The women's suffrage law was later repealed as part of the Edmunds–Tucker Act in 1887.
  • May 10, 1872, New York City: Equal Rights Party nominates Victoria C. Woodhull as their candidate for US President.

1880s

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1881

  •   Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia: Female taxpayers allowed to vote in local elections (rescinded in 1895).[28]
  •   Isle of Man (self-governing British Crown dependency, with its own parliament and legal system) (limited at first to women "freeholders" and then, a few years later, extended to include women "householders").[29] Universal suffrage / the franchise for all resident men and women was introduced in 1919. All men and women (with a very few exceptions such as clergy) could also stand for election from 1919.[1]

1884

1887

1888

  •   United States: Proposed Constitutional Amendment to extend suffrage and the right to hold office to women (limited to spinsters and widows who owned property).[32]

1889

  • The municipality of   Franceville in the New Hebrides (universal suffrage within its short existence.[33] Loses self-rule within months)

1890s

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1893

 
Kate Sheppard National Memorial, Christchurch, New Zealand
  •   New Zealand: first self-governing colony in the world in which all women are given the right to vote in parliamentary elections. However, women were barred from standing for election until 1919.[2][34]
  •   Cook Islands (British protectorate) universal suffrage.[35]
  •   Colorado (US state): first state in the union to enfranchise women by popular vote.[36]

1895

1896

1898

1899

  •   Western Australia: West Australian women gained the vote but there was a property qualification for "Aboriginal natives of Australia, Asia or Africa" and people of mixed descent.[41] The property qualification (ownership of land that was valued at least £100) excluded virtually all such persons from the franchise.[42]

20th century[43]

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1900s

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1901

1902

1903

1905

1906

 
The first female MPs in the world were elected in Finland in 1907.
 
The argument over women's rights in Victoria was lampooned in this Melbourne Punch cartoon of 1887.

1908

1910s

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1910

1911

  •   California (US state)
  •   Argentina: Julieta Lanteri, doctor and leading feminist activist, votes in the election for the Buenos Aires City Legislature. She had realized that the government did not make specifications regarding gender, and appealed to justice successfully, becoming the first South American woman to vote.
  •   Portugal: Carolina Beatriz Ângelo becomes the first Portuguese woman to vote due to a legal technicality; the law is shortly thereafter altered to specify only literate male citizens over the age of 21 had the right to vote.

1912

1913

1914

1915

 
This map appeared in the magazine Puck during the Empire State Campaign, a hard-fought referendum on a suffrage amendment to the New York State constitution—the referendum failed in 1915.

1916

1917

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1918

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1919

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See also: 1919 in women's history

1920s

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1920

  •   Albania
  •   Czechoslovakia (the newly adopted constitution guarantees universal suffrage incl. women and the first vote to the National Assembly is held; politically, the women's suffrage is guaranteed already in the Declaration of Independence from 1918, and women vote in local elections in 1919)
  •   Travancore Kingdom, Princely Indian State in the British Empire. It was the first place in India to grant women's suffrage, but did not grant the right to stand in elections.[59]
  •   Jhalawar State 2nd of the princely states in India to grant women enfranchisement.[59]
  •   United States (all remaining states by amendment to federal Constitution). While sex was no longer the basis for disenfranchisement, there were other grounds, most notably race, by which women's ability to vote was restricted. As part of Jim Crow, Black persons in the South — both women and men — were largely disenfranchised by unequal literacy tests and poll taxes until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[60]

1921

  •   Azerbaijan SSR[61] (Soviet Union)
  •   British Raj, Madras Presidency was the first of the provinces in the British Raj to grant women's suffrage, though there were income and property restrictions and women were not allowed to stand for office.[62]
  •   British Raj, Bombay Presidency became the second of the provinces in British India to grant the right for women to vote with income and property restrictions and an inability to stand in elections.[63]
  • Federal Republic of Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) established in the 9 September 1921 federal constitution that married or widowed literate women of 21 or more, or single literate women of 25 or more could vote or hold office as long as they met any property requirements.[64] When the Federation fell apart the following year, women lost the right to vote.[65][66]
  •   Sweden The Riksdag takes the second and confirming decision to amend the Constitution such that equal voting rights are introduced in elections to the Riksdag.

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

  •   British Raj, Punjab Province became the 7th province in British India to grant limited suffrage without the ability for women to stand in elections.[72]
  •   British Raj was empowered by the British Parliament to amend the voting regulations and allow women to stand for office, if the province in which they resided granted women's suffrage.[62]

1927

1928

1929

  •   British Raj Bihar and Orissa Province became the last of the provinces in British India to grant women's limited suffrage with income and property restrictions.[62]
  •   Ecuador (the right of women to vote is written into the Constitution)
  •   Puerto Rico (literate women given the right to vote. Equal suffrage granted in 1935.)
  •   Romania (limited to local elections only, with restrictions)[73]

1930s

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1930

1931

  •   Ceylon (Modern day Sri Lanka) (Universal Suffrage)
  •   Chile (limited to municipal level for female owners of real estate under Legislative Decree No. 320)
  •   Portugal (with unequal restrictions regarding level of education)
  •   Spain (universal suffrage)

1932

 
First women electors of Brazil.


1933

  •   Philippines (Act No. 4112; never implemented[75] – regulation on the registration of women voters was supposed to be determined by the Secretary of the Interior and Labor [76])

1934

  •   Chile (limited to municipal level under Law No. 5,357)
  •   Cuba
  •   Portugal (suffrage is expanded)
  •   Tabasco (Mexican state) (limited to regional and congress elections only)
  •   Turkey (parliamentary elections; full voting rights and rights to be elected for any public office including the National Parliament, which resulted in 18 female members of the parliament to stand for office from 18 different provinces in the 1935 National Parliament elections).[77]
 
Eighteen female MPs joined the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in 1935.

1935

1937

  •   Bulgaria (limited to mothers with legitimate children voting in local elections)[80]
  •   Dutch East Indies (for European women only)
  •   Philippines[34] (ratified Commonwealth Act No. 34 and affirmed suffrage rights provision proposed in the 1935 Constitution through the a plebiscite)

1938

1939

  •   El Salvador (with restrictions requiring literacy and a higher age)[82]
  •   Romania (women are granted suffrage on equal terms with men with restrictions on both men and women; in practice the restrictions affected women more than men)[83][84]
  •   South West Africa (now Namibia, white women)[85]

1940s

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1940

1941

  •   Dutch East Indies (limited to European women only)
  •   Panama (with restrictions. Full suffrage granted in 1946.)

1942

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950s

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1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960s

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1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1970s

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1970

1971

1972

  •   Bangladesh (suffrage enshrined in constitution adopted after independence) (For pre 1971 rights see British Raj 1935 and East/West Pakistan 1947.)

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1980s

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1984

1985

1986

1989

1990s

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1991

1996

1997

1999

21st century

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2000s

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2001

2003

2005

2006

2010s

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2015

2020s

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2021

  •   Afghanistan (restricting previous full right, allowing "temporarily" limited voting rights)[111]

Note: In some countries, both men and women have limited suffrage. For example, in Brunei, which is a sultanate, there are no national elections, and voting exists only on local issues.[112] In the United Arab Emirates the rulers of the seven emirates each select a proportion of voters for the Federal National Council (FNC) that together account for about 12% of Emirati citizens.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Tynwald - Parliament of the Isle of Man - Home". www.tynwald.org.im. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  2. ^ a b "New Zealand women and the vote - Women and the vote | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  3. ^ a b "Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA)". Documenting a Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 26 August 2024. Note: The South Australian Parliament passed the legislation in December 1894 but the Act did not gain royal assent and become law until February 1895.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  4. ^ a b c Karlsson Sjögren, Åsa, Männen, kvinnorna och rösträtten: medborgarskap och representation 1723–1866 [Men, women and suffrage: citizenship and representation 1723–1866], Carlsson, Stockholm, 2006 (in Swedish)
  5. ^ a b Brief history of the Finnish Parliament
  6. ^ a b Centenary of women's full political rights in Finland
  7. ^ "Bilanz der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung nach Kanton, 1991–2016" (XLS) (official site). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office, FSO. 30 August 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  8. ^ Smith, Bonnie G., ed. (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford University Press. pp. 171 vol 1. ISBN 9780195148909.
  9. ^ "Women dominate new Swiss cabinet". BBC News. 22 September 2010.
  10. ^ Gorney, Cynthia (12 December 2015). "In a Historic Election, Saudi Women Cast First-Ever Ballots". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
  11. ^ Wierdsma Schik, P. (1857). "Akademisch proefschrift over de staatsregtelijke geschiedenis der Staten van Friesland van 1581 tot 1795". Google Books (in Dutch). W. Eekhoff. p. 18. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  12. ^ Lucien Felli, "La renaissance du Paolisme". M. Bartoli, Pasquale Paoli, père de la patrie corse, Albatros, 1974, p. 29. "Il est un point où le caractère précurseur des institutions paolines est particulièrement accusé, c'est celui du suffrage en ce qu'il était entendu de manière très large. Il prévoyait en effet le vote des femmes qui, à l'époque, ne votaient pas en France."
  13. ^ "The Reform Act 1832". UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 July 2020. Another change brought by the 1832 Reform Act was the formal exclusion of women from voting in Parliamentary elections, as a voter was defined in the Act as a male person.
  14. ^ "Women and the vote: Page 5 – World suffrage timeline". Nzhistory.net.nz. New Zealand History. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  15. ^ "A Visit to Pitcairn's Island". The Anglo American. Vol. 9. E.L. Garvin & Company. 4 September 1847. They elect a magistrate every twelve months, upon which occasion every man and woman above eighteen is entitled to a vote; and, if married before that age, they are allowed a vote in consequence.
  16. ^ Sai, David Keanu (12 March 1998). "Memorandum—Re: Suffrage of Female Subjects". HawaiianKingdom.org. Honolulu, Hawaii: Acting Council of Regency. Archived from the original on 21 October 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  17. ^ Kauanui, J. Kēhaulani (2018). Paradoxes of Hawaiian Sovereignty: Land, Sex, and the Colonial Politics of State Nationalism. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-822-37049-9.
  18. ^ "La Toscana festeggia 70 anni di voto alle donne con Irma, 108 anni - Intoscana.it". www.intoscana.it (in Italian). 25 May 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  19. ^ M C Mirrow, Latin American Constitutionalism: The Constitution of Cadiz and its legacy
  20. ^ a b c P. Orman Ray: Woman Suffrage in Foreign Countries. The American Political Science Review. Vol. 12, No. 3 (August 1918), pp. 469–474
  21. ^ "Women in Parliament – Parliament of Victoria". Parliament.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  22. ^ a b "Female Suffrage before 1918", The History of the Parliamentary Franchise, House of Commons Library, 1 March 2013, pp. 37–9, retrieved 16 March 2016, by 1900 the number of women registered for the local government franchise in England was over 1 million
  23. ^ a b Heater, Derek (2006). Citizenship in Britain: A History. Edinburgh University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780748626724.
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  30. ^ "Canada-WomensVote-WomenSuffrage". Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 27 January 1916. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  31. ^ Society, Kansas State Historical (1912). Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society.
  32. ^ United States House of Representatives (30 April 1888). House Joint Resolution (H.J. Res.) 159, Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution to Extend the Right to Vote to Widows and Spinsters who are Property Holders. File Unit: Bills and Resolutions Originating in the House of Representatives during the 50th Congress, 1885 - 1887. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 29 July 2016. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  33. ^ "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government," Hawaiian Gazette, Nov 1, 1895, p 1
  34. ^ a b c Women's Suffrage
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  39. ^ South Australia celebrated the centenary of the female franchise in 1994; that is, 100 years from the date the legislation was passed by parliament rather that from the date it gained royal assent.[38]
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  41. ^ Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.). The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-1070-1153-3.
  42. ^ Evans, Julie; Grimshaw, Patricia; Philips, David; Swain, Shurlee (2003). Equal subjects, unequal rights: Indigenous peoples in British settler colonies, 1830–1910 (PDF). Manchester University Press. doi:10.7228/manchester/9780719060038.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-71906-003-8. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
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  44. ^ Indigenous Suffrage Timeline, Government of Queensland
  45. ^ Documenting a Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy, retrieved 13 October 2011
  46. ^ Bourdiol, Julien (1908), Condition internationale des Nouvelles-Hebrides, p 106
  47. ^ Pipes, Richard (1997). The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923. Harvard University Press. p. 81. ISBN 9780674309517.
  48. ^ Crimean Tatar National Party (Milli Firka)
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  71. ^ Only theoretically, due to the subsequent abolition of these elections due to the establishment of the fascist dictatorship
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