Talk:Wiman of Gojoseon

Quote from 史記 朝鮮列傳

聚黨千餘人，魋結蠻夷服而東走出塞，渡浿水，居秦故空地上下鄣...

--Nanshu 01:44, 29 Feb 2004 (UTC)

The existence of King Zhun is suspicious because The Records of the Grand Historian of the same age never referrs to him.

What's wrong with "Chinese direct rule over peninsula?" I don't say "Chinese direct rule over the whole peninsula". --Nanshu 04:39, 11 Mar 2004 (UTC)

I guess you should put 'part of' in front of that.

whatever your speculation of weiman's ethnicity, there is no doubt that he, as the king of a korean kingdom (Wiman Joseon), is a part of korean history. not even chinese nationalist historians claim joseon to be a part of chinese history. this page is linked to from various korean articles, & only one china-related article (and that's only in that article's reference to old Joseon). and "wei man" is not exactly a firmly established english spelling; there is no reason to use the chinese romanization as the title. Appleby 00:04, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

Keep in mind that Wikipedia is NOT an encyclopedia of Korean history. You try to push something more than what is deduced from historical sources. In accordance with our NPOV policy, we made room for modern interpretations, but further POV pushing is not tolerated. --Nanshu 00:18, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

yes please remember that. "wei man" is the chinese romanization; please explain why you believe that the chinese romanization is NPOV, but the korean romanization is POV. please note what articles link to this article. please note that nobody considers Wiman Joseon to be a part of chinese history; it is considered a part of korean history in various english reference works. please do not push your pov without explanation. thanks. Appleby 00:23, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

Stop mixing up two different things:

1. selection of romanization systems, and
2. separation of what is directly deduced from historical sources and the narrative of national history.

You only talked about the former and started an all-or-nothing revert war.

The historical sources of Man are the Shiji (and Hanshu) and the Weile (and Sanguozhi). What is deduced from them has nothing to do with the modern Korean nation. As you know, Koreans narrate it as part of the history of Korea, but such an narrative cannot be put without proper attribution here in Wikipedia, where people with various backgrounds gather to make a new encyclopedia. If you disagree with the relativistic approach, why not create your own Korea-pedia and put your work there?

Various ideas can be included with proper attribution in Wikipedia. We are inclusive in this sense. But we have to select one default romanization system because adding multiple spellings every time is redundant. Which system is the best? Pinyin, I think, because he was from the Yan and recorded in Chinese sources. --Nanshu 10:20, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

first things first. let's discuss the article naming. the basic rule in wikipedia is to use the common english usage. because wiman is discussed, if at all, by western scholars generally in the context of korea's old joseon, wiman is the more common english spelling. even links to this page within wikipedia are virtually all from korean history articles. it's not a matter of personal opinion, but the reality that wiman is discussed in korean history contexts and spelled from the korean pronunciation. other names in early korean history are found mostly or even exclusively in chinese records (Jin (Korean history), Samhan, not to mention japanese history), but that's no reason to use pinyin, the korean romanization is established in english. Appleby 17:18, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

let's keep personal opinions out of this & stick to verifiable npov citations. not to say we should rely on google hits for content, but they show the use the "wiman" spelling by western publications in english, and refer to the topic in korean history context:

• A refugee named Wiman founded ... Wiman Choseon. Not only did he keep the Choseon name, he also adopted Choseon customs and culture, in a sense reviving the fallen kingdom. Wiman Choseon exerted a fair amount of power in Asia, but fell in 108 BCE to China. [1]
• Chosn declined, and refugee populations migrated eastward. Out of this milieu, emerged Wiman, a man who assumed the kingship of Chosn sometime between 194 and 180 B.C. The Kingdom of Wiman Chosn melded Chinese influence, and under the Old Chosn federated structure [2]
• Wiman Chosôn (the successor state to Old Chosôn) [3]
• the first Korean ruler recorded in contemporaneous records is Wiman [4]
• 194 BC Northwest Korea united under warlord, Wiman [5]
• Wiman established the state of Chosn (or Wiman Chosn) which was highly Sinified but not a Chinese colony. [6]

also given Wiman Joseon and Gojoseon, the consistent article name of korean monarchs per convention would be "Wiman of Gojoseon." but i'd like to hear more about this larger consistency issue with the personal/temple/posthumous names. Appleby 17:33, 21 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

So you gave up contending for the second point? If so, I'm glad.

For the first point, my question is: How can we secure fairness in the most-common-name policy? I think we can arbitrarily change the result by changing the scope of survey. In this case, you only referred to "history of Korea" things even though I stressed, "Wikipedia is NOT an encyclopedia of Korean history." If we compare the overall history of China and the overall history of Korea, the weight of Wei Man would be different because China was too large to discuss the situation of a "borderland" in detail. But if you focus on specific issues, say, the history of Yan and that of Pyongyang, we will get a different result. And checking "What links here" doesn't make too much sense because Wikipedia is incomplete. Whether an article exists or not depends on whether it interests active Wikipedians, not on its significance.

So what should we do? I think Man has similar nature to Lelang, Daifang, Gongsun Du, Kang and Yuan, the Chinese stuffs that had to do with the Korean peninsula.

For Gojoseon, you Koreans set up a grand fantasy, but the understanding outside Korea is completely different. I have no time for detailed discussion. In short, we assume the pre-Man situation as depicted in the Shiji:

自始全燕時、嘗略屬真番、朝鮮，為置吏，築鄣塞．秦滅燕，屬遼東外徼．漢興，為其遠難守，復修遼東故塞，至浿水為界，屬燕．

--Nanshu 00:57, 22 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

• WP:UE: "If you are talking about a person, country, town, movie or book, use the most commonly used English version of the name for the article, as you would find it in other encyclopedias and reference works."
• WP:V: "English-language sources should be given whenever possible, and should always be used in preference to foreign-language sources, so that readers can easily verify that the source material has been used correctly."
• See English citations above. Appleby 01:15, 22 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

As Yuje said, Bohai and Man stuffs parallel each other. I guess you are unable to rebut. --Nanshu 11:10, 22 February 2006 (UTC)Reply

Even though Wei Man came from China, Wiman Joseon is Korean history.--Hairwizard91 09:15, 10 October 2006 (UTC)Reply

State of Yan never was Chinese state, and we don't even have his real enthicity. --Korsentry 22:36, 2 February 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by KoreanSentry (talk • contribs)

I removed edits by User:Hairwizard91 because they are hopelessly erroneous. Correcting all his errors requires much more human resource than rewritting the article from scratch. So I just point out his first several errors:

• Only North Koreans and some South Koreans support that his kingdom was located in Liaoning.
• He did not established a kingdom in 195 BC. What happened in 195 BC was an attack by Gaozu to Lu Wan. It's not clear when he came to the crown.
• Translating 蠻夷 as Eastern Babarian is not accurate.
• The Shiji never uses the term Gojoseon. Nor we can assume that what Hairwizard91 means by Gojoseon is put in parallel with Zhenfan.
• The Shiji never refers to Qi Zhun. And what's Beonjoseon?
• The Shiji never claims that Wangxian corresponds to Xiandu Prefecture. It appears in a commentary on the Shiji.

--Nanshu 02:14, 17 February 2007 (UTC)Reply

In some previous revisions, I wrote without much care, "Wei Man was a Chinese general..." Now Ksyrie restored this sentence, but are there any sources explicitly stating that he was a general? --Nanshu 00:09, 15 August 2007 (UTC)Reply

Please stop the edit warring and discuss the content. It's disconcerting to see the editors spend their energy on edit warring over wording and Romanization rather than improving/expanding this article, as this article plainly deserves improvement in content.

For what it is worth, it is my view, with regard to the content under dispute:

1. Both the Korean and the Chinese romanizations should be used.
2. Such language as "barbarian" should not be used.
3. Regardless of the resolution of the above two issues, it is clear that Wei Man is part of Chinese history (as opposed to a question of whether his state was Chinese in nature, which is much more questionable) and therefore the Chinese history category is appropriate; however, he should perhaps be placed into the subcategory Category:Qin Dynasty. The fact that a person may belong to a Chinese history category does not make a person Chinese or vice versa.

Again, please discuss rather than edit warring without comment. --Nlu (talk) 19:51, 10 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

Unless wikipedia supports drastic deviation from the concensus, remove the Chinese History category and everything that relates to it. We use references, not "interpret" them.

Instead of stating "it is clear Wei Man is part of Chinese history," elaborate why you think so. It is not clear. Wiman even being considered being part of China's history is new to everyone, 'cept for this new wave of overseas-living chinese internet heroes who are writting Korean history to whatever supports their ongoing masturbation about Korea being one of their ilk. I still don't know the source of their obsession. Kuebie 20:26, 10 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

The reason that it is a part of Chinese history is that the kingdom he founded warred with China's Han Dynasty and was conquered by it. That makes it a part of Chinese history, just as, for example, the fact that Zhenzhu Khan's Xueyantuo state battled with Tang Dynasty made it a part of Chinese history.

Another reason why he's a part of Chinese history is because, well, he was discussed at length in Chinese historical accounts (which, as you must realize, Korean historians have to rely on as well).

In any case, the fact that there is a dispute is an indication that there is no consensus, so I don't understand the part of "drastic deviation from the con[s]ensus." (See also above the determination that there was no consensus to move the article to Wiman.) In any case, I am distressed by your lack of civility. It does not add to the force of your arguments. --Nlu (talk) 21:26, 10 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

That may apply to deceased former countries but I hope you know Korea is, however divided, still present in northeast Asia. China incorporates extinct societies near it and call them fiefdoms because the said people are all dead. Ridiculous. Why don't we place Kyushu into Korean History? That's right, their successors are Japan.

Marco Polo wrote a book about China, I don't see the Italians rushing to claim Mongolian heritage.

The only thing being challenged by many contemporary scholars is the view that Wiman's kingdom was ruled by the Yen refugees, thus developing into a powerful state and having ties with the hsiung-nu, gave much trouble to its neighbor in the South. Bringing iron culture to a foreign society doesn't mean you hold dominion over them, especially when there is more proof of Wiman being ethnically a man of Joseon. Of course, we'll then have examine how "Chinese" the people of Yen were before their subjugation. Kuebie 22:16, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

the state of yan was a feudal domain of the zhou dynsaty and his king swore alliegeance to the chinese king, well have to examine "how korean" they were then...Alitla Gruppels (talk) 21:43, 6 January 2009 (UTC)Reply

I fail to see how this refutes any of my points. Just because something is Korean history doesn't mean that it's not also Chinese history (or vice versa). Note this has nothing to do with the categorization of Wei's ethnicity (and it should be noted that what is Chinese or Korean in modern times is not necessarily relevant to ethnic identification back then). Further, Marco Polo was not Chinese; that doesn't mean that he's not part of Chinese history. But I'd like to hear what other people think. I will be filing a RFC. --Nlu (talk) 23:41, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

You can't share history when a newly arisen nation is declared to be successor of a deceased state. I refuse to believe both Korea and china are 'brother countries' that together sprung out of Joseon. Culture and tradition is examined to differenciate people. Seeing how Wiman Joseon shared nothing, not even the government structure with the proto-chinese (whatever hell that means since the majority are all Han) states, including Wiman in chinese history is foreign. Korea is the only country that has legimate claims of lineage of Wiman and Wiman Joseon, therefore should exclusively belong in Korean history. Kuebie 02:23, 12 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

"Korea" is a country that was established in 1897 (or 1948). There wasn't "Korea" back in the 2nd century BC. And contrary to the perception of many Koreans, not all of the ancient kingdoms that existed on the Korean peninsula in the past were ruled by the same ethnic as the present Koreans. These kingdoms are mentioned in "Korean history" today only because they existed in places that are within the present territory of Korea, much like Native American history is incorporated into U.S. history. --Saintjust 23:49, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

Kyushu has never been a part of Korea. The Korean peninsula, on the other hand, had been a part of Japan between 1910 and 1945. This period and the colonial ruler during then are as much a part of Japanese history as of Korean history. --Saintjust 23:55, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

All right, since there appears to be no further discussion at this point, I am going to unprotect the article. Please, however, watch your behaviors. I do think that the appropriate thing to do here is to include both romanizations, but I'm not going to impose that on the article. Please also be aware that anybody who violates 3RR or the spirit thereof will be blocked. --Nlu (talk) 16:08, 15 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

Whether the page should use Chinese or Korean romanization or both; whether such wording as "barbarian" should be disavowed; and whether this article should be placed in Category:History of China or one of its subcategories or not. --Nlu (talk) 23:51, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

The title of the article, cities, places and people using chinese romanization should be displaced with Korean ones and be kept that way. I don't how they interpreted "Joseon" as "barbarian." Exclusively Korean history as the people who view Wiman as chinese are an obscure minority. Kuebie 02:50, 12 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

How does this address whether he is a part of Chinese history? (And I should note that this user has a history of making derogatory remarks toward the Chinese -- including self-evidence repeated intentional decapitalizations above; I think that pretty much discredits his/her arguments.) --Nlu (talk) 03:14, 12 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

Hi --- saw the request at WT:KOREA. This guy came from an area corresponding to modern-day China, but became notable in an area corresponding to modern-day Korea, and so I feel it would make more sense to put the Korean name as the title. Hulbert makes a very similar argument at p21 of History of Korea (from Routledge) for example [7]. However, I still think the Chinese romanisation should remain in place, if nothing else for the reason that he came from a Chinese-speaking area and it provides additional information for the reader.

For the name infobox, I'd suggest the use of {{Infobox East Asian}} instead of {{Chinese}}, since the former allows one to sort the order in which the languages appear (using the parameter "sort=korean1", for example) while {{Chinese}} does not. Example at right. Cheers, cab 06:38, 16 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

I think that is a good solution, and I am not wedded to the concept of having "Wei Man" as the title of the article, in any case, but I do think that both romanizations should be there. However, the issue that came out during the edit warring, really, is about the romanization of the rivers, for crying out loud. I think that the solution, again, is to have both romanizations. I do also believe strongly that the article should be categorized in the appropriate subcategory of Category:History of China due to impact on Chinese history, if nothing else -- and in this case, it belongs in Category:Han Dynasty. --Nlu (talk) 08:53, 16 November 2007 (UTC)Reply

You should note that:

• All we can use is a handful of sentences(!) written in Classical Chinese by ancient Chinese officials/scholars.
• History is NOT a product of political compromise.

So,

• Introduce primary sources first. Then explain major interpretations for them.
• Use Chinese romanization for Chinese sources.

As long as we concentrate on analyzing primary sources, we don't have to care about the application of the boundary of "Korean" to history, Korean nationalism or anything related to modern Korea.

Do not avoid using "barbarian". That's what the Shiji says (蠻夷). A reasonable inference is that "barbarian cloth" was non-Chinese cloth.

But Yi Pyeongdo claimed "barbarian cloth" had been Korean cloth and that Wei Man had been of Korean descent. This re-interpretation suited the nationalist view of history (minjok sagwan) and was adopted in national history textbooks of South Korean education. All this stuff belongs to modern history, not ancient history. We should not exclude it because it is against our NPOV policy. But it should be carefully separated.

Note that historians use pinyin as a matter of convenience. If you discuss the linguistic aspect of proper names, use, say, reconstructed Old Chinese. --Nanshu (talk) 11:02, 30 December 2007 (UTC)Reply

Comments moved here from the already closed discussion above Parsecboy (talk) 04:39, 4 January 2009 (UTC) Comment Wait, since when did seniority play a role in deciding whether the article name is appropriate? Anyone care to explain how "Wei Man" is any more appropriate (avoid using arguments such as "this guy was from what is now China 2000 years ago-" you get the picture)? 2006 was two years ago. Wikipedia isn't a textbook; we can change it whenever. This article was written up by a Chinese user. It doesn't get any biased than that. Now I'm not sure if everyone here is familiar with current Chinese revisionism (go ahead check my contributions as to see how many crap I revert from Korean articles), so let me explain: These Chinese extremists like to assert that Wiman was a Han Chinese that had set up a colonial regime in Korea. Where they pulled this from I have no idea. The bare facts we have is that he was a refuge from the state of Yan (very diverse region), wore non-Chinese clothing and hairstyle, kept the name Chosun, and that many of men of Chosun occupied high positions. But you don't have to take my word it. Contemporary scholars such as Ki-baik Lee and Bruce Cummings point out that Wiman is likey to have been a man of Chosun rather than Chinese. Interestingly enough, I have yet to find any dissenting views. Kuebie (talk) 11:47, 29 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

• Support I've been always puzzled by the title. Please refer to my comment above. Kuebie (talk) 11:47, 29 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

source please

• Support We are dealing with Korean monarch here, therefore title should be in Korean. --Korsentry 23:35, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

no proof that he is korean, and please show a source. Koreans did not live in liadong peninsula, it was the Donghu who lived there before state of yan conquered it.

In those days, Many Koreans lived in Liadong peninsula. Donghu peoples lived in the Liaoxi(遼西) plain. --Historiographer (talk) 08:50, 31 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

• Support Though, He lived as Yan, He settle down in Korea(Gojoseon) after all. --Historiographer (talk) 08:50, 31 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

The state of yan was a chinese state, originating from the CHINESE zhou dynasty. end of story. Ki-baik Lee is also a korean. end of story

The so-called progenitor of the Jurchen Jin dynasty was from Goryeo (but I know how much you guys hate that). Like it was said above, such arguments are weak. Thank you, come again. Kuebie (talk) 19:59, 29 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

Thats not what you tried to argue earlier, you removed "chinese" from before state of yan. your trying to claims its a korean state. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.107.78.54 (talk) 20:21, 29 December 2008 (UTC)Reply

--deleted being ignorant and racially motivated comments.

• Note The IP users are socks of ㄏㄨㄤㄉㄧ (talk · contribs) / Julius Ceasarus From Primus (talk · contribs). See Wikipedia:Requests for checkuser/Case/Julius Ceasarus From Primus

In the first paragraph, it says: "Wi Man (...) established a kingdom in northwestern Korea in the 2nd century BC." The fact is Wi Man kicked off the previous king Jun. May I say the word 'took over Gojoseon' should be added in front of the word 'established'? Because the first paragraph of the article mentions 'Wi Man was the first ruler in the history of Korea(...)', this might mislead readers to think Wiman of Gojoseon was the first kingdom of the Korean peninsula, which is false, and moreover, Korean Dynasties started from Chinese runaway soldiers.

• Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.

"The term was used again by a refugee from the Han dynasty named Wiman, who about 200 B.C.E. set up a kingdom in Korea called Wiman Choson."

• Cotterell, Arthur (2011). Asia: A Concise History. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470825044.

"The earliest documented event in Korean history involves China. After an unsuccessful rising against the first Han emperor Gaozu, the defeated rebels sought refuge beyond the imperial frontier and one of them Wiman, took control of Choson, a Korean state in the north of the peninsula."

• Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0253000248.

"For instance, Wiman, a refugee from the Yan dynasty, which then existed around present-day Beijing, led his band of more than 1,000 followers into exile in Old Chosŏn in the early second century bc."

• Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0253000248.

"Wiman Chosŏn In the fourth century bc Old Chosŏn was bordered on the west, far beyond the Liao River, by the northern Chinese dynasty of Yan."

• Kim, Jinwung (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0253000248.

"Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."

• Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). That glorious ancient history of our nation. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 220. ISBN 9780549440369.

"Here, Wiman was described as a "Gu Yanren 故燕人"or a person from former Yan. It is confusing because there were two Yans around this period. The first was the Yan state, which was one of the seven states during the Warring States period, and the second was the vassal state of Yan of the Han dynasty."

• Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.

"One of his ex-subordinates in Yan, named Wiman, together with some 1000 followers, sought refuge elsewhere among the old Qin fortifications in what is now Korea."

• Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907. University of Hawaii Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-8248-2465-5.

"Wiman is probably most accurately understood to have simply been a man from Yan."

• Dyson Walker, Hugh (2012). East Asia A New History. AuthorHouse. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-47726-517-8.

"One of Lu Wan's generals, Wei Man (K, Wiman), defected from Yan, led his forces to Korea where he defeated Ko-Choson, ousted king Chun (who may have fled south), and established his own state with his capital at Wanggom (P'yongyang)."

• Shin, Michael D. (2015). Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9781107098466.

"195 BCE: Wiman flees the state of Yan and arrives in Joseon where he is made responsible for the defense of the Western border."

• Penny, Benjamin (2013). Religion and Biography in China and Tibet. Routledge; Reissue edition. p. 101. ISBN 978-0415861588.

"Wei Man (K. Wi Man), a man from the state of Yan who made himself king of Chaoxian (Choson) when Qin conquered Yan, by leading refugees from Yan and Qi into Northern Korea."

• SHIM, JAE-HOON (2008). Journal of Asian History Vol. 40. O. Harrassowitz. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.

"Choson underwent another period of turmoil the usurpation by Wiman, a refugee from Yan, circa 194 B.C."

• J. Gordon, Melton (2014). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 221. ISBN 978-1-61069-025-6.

"Wiman, a general from the state of Yan, one of the last states to submit to the control of the Han Dynasty in China, left for Korea where he receives a new position assisting King Jun, the ruler of Gojoseon."

• Lee, Peter H. (2013). Sourcebook of Korean Civilization. Columbia University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0231079129.

"Wiman, the king of Choson (Ch'ao-hsien), came originally from the state of Yen."

• Ho-Min, Sohn (2001). The Korean Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780521369435.

"According to Samguk Yusa, the Kica Cosen period was initiated around 1120 BC by Kica, a scion of the fallen Shang Dynasty of China who fled to Ancient Cosen and the Wiman Cosen period was begun around 194 BC by Wiman, a Chinese military leader of Yen who fled to Ancient Cosen and usurped the throne."

• Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins. Harvard University Press. p. 141. ISBN 9780674002449.

"`The Account of Zhao- xian` relates the circumstances of a certain Wiman, a lieutenant of the state of Yan, who later became the king of Choson."

• Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins. Harvard University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780674002449.

"This interpretation of Wiman as the Leader of a Yan refugee group who became a Choson ruler is generally accepted as the starting point of Korean state formation in historical times."

• Miyake, Marc Hideo (2003). Old Japanese: A Phonetic Reconstruction. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-0415305754.

"Weiman (Korean Wiman) of the northeastern Chinese state of Yan took over the northern part of the peninsula circa the third century CE."

• Tudisco, A.J (1967). Asia Emerges. Diablo Press. p. 366. ASIN B0006BT5YK.

"In 193 BC, a rebellion against the Kija Dynasty was led by Wiman, a Manchurian who had deserted the Chinese army and was serving Kija as a border guard."

• Tennant, Roger (1996). History Of Korea. Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 978-0710305329.

"Retaliation by the Han then brought in refugees from Yan, the most notable of whom was a war lord, Weiman ('Wiman'in Korean), who somewhere about 200 BC led his followers into the territory held by Choson."

• Seth, Michael J. (2016). A Concise History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-1442235175.

"In 195 BCE, the Yan king revolted and went over to the Xiongnu, a steppe nomad people.One of his lieutenants, Wiman (Chinese: Weiman), is recorded in the Shiji as having fled with 1,000 followers to Chosŏn, where the ruler Chun appointed him a frontier commander."

• Taylor, Insup (2014). Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 186. ISBN 978-9027218100.

"In 194 BC Old Chosön became Wiman Chosön when it was overthrown by the leader of a group of Chinese refugees, Wiman."

• Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Praeger. p. 11. ISBN 978-0275958237.

"In 108 B.c., the Han emperor Wu Ti destroyed Wiman and established four Han provinces."

• Bowman, John Stewart (2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0231110044.

"After a period of decline, Old Choson falls to Wiman, an exile from the Yan state in northern China. Wiman proves to be a strong ruler, but his ambitious program of expansion eventually brings him into conflict with the Han dynasty of China. The Han defeats Wiman Choson and establishes a protectorate over northern Korea in 108 b.c. Resistance to Chinese hegemony, however, is strong, and China reduces the territory under its active control to Nang-nang colony with an administrative center near modern Pyongyang."

• Buckley, Patricia (2008). Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800. Cengage Learning. p. 100. ISBN 978-0547005393.

"Sima Qian's Historical Records, written around 100 B.C.E., records that in 195 B.C.E., when the king of the Han Dynasty state of Yan (in the region of modern Beijing) rebelled, one of his lieutenants named Weiman (Wiman in Korean) fled east to Choson (Chaoxian in Chinese) with a thousand followers."

• Kim, Djun Kil (2005). The History of Korea. Greenwood. p. 19. ISBN 978-0313332968.

"The Han Chinese triumph was possible because the political solidarity of Wiman Joseon, which was nothing more than a loose tribal confederation, was not centralized enough to hold back external invasion. In this region, Wudi established four prefectures: Lelang, Zhenfan, Lintun, and Xientu."

• Savada, Andrea Matles (1993). EARLY KOREA[Excerpted from North Korea: A Country Study. Washington, DC: Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress].

"As the Yen gave way in China to the Qin (221-207 B.C.) and the Han dynasties (206 B.C.-A.D. 220), Chosn declined, and refugee populations migrated eastward. Out of this milieu, emerged Wiman, a man who assumed the kingship of Chosn sometime between 194 and 180 B.C. The Kingdom of Wiman Chosn melded Chinese influence, and under the Old Chosn federated structure--apparently reinvigorated under Wiman--the state again expanded over hundreds of kilometers of territory. Its ambitions ran up against a Han invasion, however, and Wiman Chosn fell in 108 B.C."

• Silberman, Neil Asher (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780199735785.

"According to the Shijing (Book of Odes), after Yan was defeated by the Jin state in 221 BC, Weiman, a former Yan officer, invaded KoChosun and founded a principality with its capital near P'yongyang around 194 BC."

• Mark E Byington, Project Director of the Early Korea Project (2009). Early Korea 2: The Samhan Period in Korean History. Korea Institute, Harvard University. p. 98. ISBN 978-0979580031.

"In fact, of the entire contents of the Han Account, only three portions are believed to contain information of a historical nature. The first portion states that in the early-second century B.C. (between 194 and 180 B.C.), King Chun of Chosön was attacked by Wei Man, an exile from Yan China, and fled to the Han territory, accompanied only by a few court officials, where he called himself the King of Han."

• KBS, Radio Korea International (RKI) (1995). History of Korea. Jung Moon, Seoul. p. 18. ISBN 978-8986625004.

"Wiman: A government official of the Chinese Yan Empire, Wiman fled to Kojoson with a band of his followers."

• Sohn, Ho-Min (2005). Korean Language in Culture And Society. University of Hawaii Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0824826949.

"The only deduction we can make is that practical knowledge of Chinese and the Chinese script in Korea dates back to 194 B.C., when Wiman, from Yen in China, founded a primitive Korean state in the northwestern part of the peninsula."

"Subsequently, the establishment by China's Han dynasty of their four commanderies on the soil of Wiman' s Ancient Choson in 108 B.C. must have familiarized the resident Koreans with Chinese and the Chinese script."

• Hiltebeitel, Alf (1998). Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures. State University of New York Press. p. 113. ISBN 978-0791437421.

"The Chaoxian (Korea) chapter of this Chinese history describes the origin of the first recorded Korean state, called in Korean "Wiman Choson." Wiman, the founder of the new state, had lived in the northeastern Chinese state of Yan but fled to Korea due to shifting political alliances."

"These tombs are associated with the Lelang commandery, which was established by the Han dynasty of China, successor to the Qin. Han generals conquered the armies of Wiman's grandson Ugo and established control over the northern part of the Korean peninsula."

• Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization. iUniverse. p. 19. ISBN 978-1462055593. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)

"At this time a large number of people migrated to the Chosŏn fleeing from the Liaoning region on account of the chaos and confusion in China that was produced by the fall of the Chinese Qin Dynasty and the rise of the Han Dynasty. Among these migrants was a man named Wiman who was ordered by King Chun to guard Chosŏn's borders."

• Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). The New History of Korean Civilization. iUniverse. p. 21. ISBN 978-1462055593. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)

"The Han established 'four commanderies' (Chin. sijun, Kor. sagun) in the conquered territories of Wiman Chosŏn, The commanderies were named Lelang (Kor. Nangnang), Zhenfan (Kor. Chinbon), Lintun (Kor. Imdun), and Xuantu (Kor. Hyéna'o)."

• The Review of Korean Studies Vol.10. 2007. p. 222.

"This was the beginning of Wiman Joseon. Some view Wiman Joseon as a colonial dynasty of China because of the origin of Wiman, but it is accepted theory to include Wiman Joseon as part of Gojoseon."

• Kang, Jae-eun (2006). The Land of Scholars: Two Thousand Years of Korean Confucianism. Homa & Seka Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-1931907309.

"Wiman (衛滿), a leader of Yan, chased King Jun (準王) of Gojoseon out of the throne in 194 BC. This is the so-called Wissi Joseon (衛氏朝鮮), the first state of ancient Korea historically verifiable."

• Pratt, Keith (2006). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 10. ISBN 978-1861892737.

"108 BC: Han armies invade Wiman Choson; Chinese commanderies are set up across the north of the peninsula"

• Pratt, Keith (2006). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 18. ISBN 978-1861892737.

"In the process they re-examined Chinese and Korean historical records and came up with two better authenticated alternatives to Tan'gun as founders of their kingdom, the aforesaid Kija, and Wiman (Ch. Wei Man). Both were apparently of Chinese origin and had founded Chinese-style statelets to set the peninsula on its historical path."

• Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780521407830.

"According to the Wei Ji, groups of ethnic Chinese were already living in Korea when Wiman, a general from a nearby Chinese state, "adopt the mallet shaped hairdo and dress of the eastern barbarians", and fled into the peninsula with about a thousand followers."

• Kim, Choong Soon (2011). Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Korea. AltaMira Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0759120358.

"The elevation of Tan'gun to historical status is a direct challenge to Kija, a Shang aristocrat enfeoffed in Choson at the time of the fall of the Shang dynasty. Kija was later followed by Wiman, a general from the state of Yan who arrived around 195—194 BC to set up Wiman Choson and whose descendants later contested Han emperor Wu's invasion in 108 BC. Thus, the traditionally accepted dynastic state sequence of the Sam Choson of Kochoson, Kija Choson, and Wiman Choson has been overturned in the revised Korean ancestral state lineage."

• Sino-Japanese Studies, Vol.14～Vol.15. Sino-Japanese Studies Group. 2002. p. 49.

"One of Lu Guan's generals, Wiman, escaped with one thousand of his followers to northeastern Korea and became a ruler there in about 194 B.C.E. Wiman's Choson was eventually overthrown by the Han empire in 108 B.C.E."

• Ch'oe, Yŏng-ho (1980), "An Outline History of Korean Historiography", Korean Studies, 4: 2, doi:10.1353/ks.1980.0003, S2CID 162859304

"The Shih chi, mentioned earlier, and the Han shu [History of Han], written in the first century A. D., limit the treatment of Korea in their respective biography sections to descriptions of the establishment of Wiman (Weiman in Chinese) Choson and the military campaigns waged by Emperor Wu ti of Han to subdue this ancient Korean dynasty."

• Wells, Kenneth M (2015). Korea: Outline of a Civilisation. Brill. p. 13. ISBN 978-9004299719.

"Historical knowledge becomes firmer from the second century BC, when the dominant political force in the region was of Chinese origin. This brings us to Wiman Chosŏn."

• Wells, Kenneth M (2015). Korea: Outline of a Civilisation. Brill. p. 14. ISBN 978-9004299719.

"Among these refugees was one called Wiman, or Wei-man in Chinese, a general of the state of Yan, who managed to flee with around 1000 of his soldiers."

• Wells, Kenneth M (2015). Korea: Outline of a Civilisation. Brill. p. 15. ISBN 978-9004299719.

"The Chinese emplaced three commanderies in Wiman Chosŏn territory, the chief of which was called Lo-lang (Nangnang in Korean)."

• Meyer, Milton W. (1997). Asia: A Concise History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 118. ISBN 978-0847680634.

"Around 190 B.C., a man called Wiman (Wei Man in Chinese), who was either of Chinese background or a Korean in Chinese employ, usurped the throne of Choson."

• Hulbert, H. B. (2000). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 21. ISBN 978-0700707003.

"On the other hand, the “refugee” who came to Choson shortly after 200 b.c. is called by his Korean name, Wiman, rather than the Chinese form, Wei-man, because he became a part of the Korean community."

• Yi, Hun-gu (1929). A History of Land Systems and Policies in Korea. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 1.

"His descendants governed the people until Kija, a wise Chinese philosopher came to the country. Later in 193 B.C. King Kijun was overthrown by his subject Wiman, a refugee from China, and fled to the southern part of the Korean peninsula."

• Grayson, James H. (2002). Korea - A Religious History. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 978-0700716050.

"One of these refugees, Wiman, led a revolt in 190 BC, usurping the throne and establishing a state called Wiman Choson."

• Linduff, Katheryn M. (2008). Are All Warriors Male?: Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppe. AltaMira Press. p. 123. ISBN 978-0759110748.

"Chinese accounts relate that the state of Chosun, whose ruler was named King Chun, was overthrown by a renegade Chinese from Liaodong named Wiman."

"Horse and chariot burials from the 2nd century BCE which are earlier than the Chinese commandery of Lelang (called Nangnang in Korean), which was established in 108 BCE, have also been found in the vicinity of Pyongyang and thus would date from the time of Wiman Chosun.""

• Kim, Sun Joo (2015). Marginality and Subversion in Korea. University of Washington Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0295996042.

"Historical records reveal a more detailed and clearer picture of the history of the northwest region after Wiman (Ch.: Wei Man), a refugee from the Chinese state of Yan (?–222 B.C.E.), usurped the throne from King Chun of the old Choson kingdom sometime between 194 and 180 B.C.E."

"Wiman Choson fell in 108 B.C.E. to the Chinese Han dynasty (194 B.C.E.– 220 C.E.), which subsequently set up commanderies, including lelang commandery (Kor.: Nangnang, 108 B.C.E.–313 C.E.) in the former Choson territory."

• Eckert, Carter J. (1991). Korea Old and New: A History. Ilchokak Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 978-0962771309.

"During this turbulent period refugee populations migrated eastward, and among them a leader by the name of Wiman emerged, who succeeded in driving King Chun of Old Choson from his throne (sometime between 194 and 180 B.C.)"

• Vreeland, Nena (1976). Area handbook for North Korea. American University. p. 11. ASIN B001IPXYN6.

"In 194 B.C. Wiman, a tribal chieftain of Chinese origin, overthrew the Han family and established the kingdom known as Wiman Choson."

• Grayson, James H. (2000). Myths and Legends from Korea. Routledge. p. 40. ISBN 978-0700712410.

"We know that this state, at whatever period it actually originated, was conquered in 195 BC by a figure called Wiman who established a new dynasty while continuing the use of the name of the state."

• Grayson, James H. (2000). Myths and Legends from Korea. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0700712410.

"Ancient Korean history is comprised of the following states, Former Choson, Later Choson, Wiman Choson, the Four Commanderies, the Three Han states, Silla, Koguryo, Later Koguryo, Paekche, Later Paekche, and Parhae."

he cane from an independent state leaving asthe New Chinese Empire asserted control. To try to put this in a modern emigration category seems a bit much.John Pack Lambert (talk) 21:54, 18 June 2023 (UTC)Reply

Yan state is Chinese Empire as the Qin state what attackted into it. 2001:14BB:CC:79E2:4511:23ED:84AD:860A (talk) 22:54, 21 June 2024 (UTC)Reply

When there are record of him being from state Yan as chinese according Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han, which says 史记·卷一百一十五·朝鲜列传第五十五》：朝鲜王满者,故燕人也.自始全燕时尝略属真番,朝鲜,为置吏,筑鄣塞。秦灭燕,属辽东外徼. 汉书·卷九十五·西南夷两粤朝鲜传第六十五》：朝鲜王满，燕人。自始燕时，尝略属真番,朝鲜，为置吏筑障。秦灭燕，属辽东外徼. 燕人 which meaning him as Yan state. Is it better to translate it to the Chinese version at first , and then the Korean version. Or doe it matter in anyway 2001:14BB:CC:79E2:4511:23ED:84AD:860A (talk) 21:58, 21 June 2024 (UTC)Reply