The Tabun Cave is an excavated site located at Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve, Israel and is one of the Human Evolution sites at Mount Carmel, which were proclaimed as having universal value by UNESCO in 2012.
 Tabun Cave | |
  location in Israel  Tabun Cave (Israel) | |
| Location | Mount Carmel, Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve |
|---|---|
| Region | Israel |
| Coordinates | 32°40′13.80″N 34°57′55.80″E / 32.6705000°N 34.9655000°E |
| History | |
| Periods | Lower Paleolithic and Middle Paleolithic |
| Cultures | Mousterian |
| Associated with | Neanderthal |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | 1929, 1967 |
| Archaeologists | Arthur Jelinek |
History
editTogether with the nearby sites of El Wad cave, Jamal cave, and Skhul cave, Tabun is part of the Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve,[1] a national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]
The cave was occupied intermittently during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic (500,000 to around 40,000 years ago). In the course of this period, deposits of sand, silt and clay of up to 25 m (82 ft) accumulated in the cave. Excavations suggest that it features one of the longest sequences of human occupation in the Levant. Dorothy Garrod led excavations in 1929 over 22 months that established the sequence of occupation of this and other sites in the area. It was during these excavations that a woman, Yusra, recruited from a local village, was credited with the discovery of the Tabun 1 Neanderthal skull.[3]
Deposits
editThe earliest and lowest deposits in the cave contain large amounts of sea sand. This, and pollen traces found, suggests a relatively warm climate at the time. The melting glaciers which covered large parts of the globe caused the sea level to rise and the Mediterranean coastline to recede. The Coastal Plain was then narrower than it is today, and was covered with savannah vegetation. The cave dwellers of that time used handaxes of flint or limestone for killing animals (gazelle, hippopotamus, rhinoceros and wild cattle which roamed the Coastal Plain) and for digging out plant roots. As tools improved slowly over time, the hand axes became smaller and better shaped, and scrapers made of thick flakes chipped off flint cores were probably used for scraping meat off bones and for processing animal skins.[4]
The upper levels in the Tabun cave consist mainly of clay and silt, indicating that a colder, more humid climate prevailed as glaciers formed once more; this change yielded a wider coastal strip, covered by dense forests and swamps. The material remains from the upper strata of the cave are of the Mousterian culture (about 200,000 - 45,000 years ago). Small flint tools made of thin flakes predominate these levels, many produced using the Levallois technique. Tools typical of the Mousterian culture feature elongated points, and include flakes of various shapes used as scrapers, end scrapers and other denticulate tools used for cutting and sawing.
Arthur Jelinek's 1967 to 1972 excavations of the cave yielded over 1,900 complete and partial bifaces. The bulk of the biface assemblage can be attributed to the Late Acheulian and Yabrudian industries.[5]
The large number of fallow deer bones found in the upper layers of the Tabun cave may be due to the chimney-like opening in the back of the cave which functioned as a natural trap. The animals may have been herded towards it, and fell into the cave where they were butchered.[citation needed]
Several fossils were discovered at Tabun cave, including a nearly complete female skeleton (Tabun C1) and a mandible (Tabun C2). The taxonomic attributions of the two fossils are still[when?] discussed.[6][7][8][9]
Archaeologists also discovered 350,000-year-old cobble at the Tabun cave, which was used by hominids for abrading surfaces.[10]
Gallery
edit-
Replica of Tabun 1, National Museum of Natural History
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Five hand axes, excavated 1929-1934, British Museum
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Production of points & spearheads from a flint stone core, Levallois technique, Mousterian culture, Tabun cave, 250,000–50,000 BP
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Nahal Me'arot Nature Reserve". National Parks and Nature Reserves. Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ "Sites of Human Evolution at Mount Carmel: The Nahal Me'arot / Wadi el-Mughara Caves". World Heritage List. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ^ Smith, Pamela Jane (2009). A "Splendid Idiosyncrasy": Prehistory at Cambridge 1915–1950. BAR British Series 485. Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 85. ISBN 9781407304304.
According to Jacquetta Hawkes, Yusra acted as foreman in charge of picking out items before the excavated soil was sieved; over the years, she became expert in recognising bone, fauna, hominid and lithic remains and had spotted a tooth which led to the crushed skull. Hawkes remembered talking to Yusra about coming up to Cambridge. "She had a dream. She was very able indeed. Yusra would obviously have been a Newnham Fellow." The villages of Jeba and Ljsim were destroyed in 1948 and most members of the Palestinian team could not be traced.
- ^ Wills, Christopher (28 March 2013). Green Equilibrium: The Vital Balance of Humans and Nature - Christopher Wills. OUP Oxford. p. 147. ISBN 9780199645701. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
herding at Tabun cave.
- ^ Jelinek, Arthur Julius; Farrand, William R.; Haas, Georg; Horowitz, Aharon; Goldberg, Paul (1973). "New excavations at the Tabun cave, Mount Carmel, Israel, 1967-1972 : A preliminary report - Persée". Paléorient. 1 (2). Persee.fr: 151–183. doi:10.3406/paleo.1973.4163. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
- ^ Tillier, A.-M.; Arensburg, B. (October 2017). "Le Levant méditerranéen et les nomades moustériens : un territoire de confluence". Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. 29 (3–4): 195–201. doi:10.1007/s13219-017-0182-4. S2CID 43229427.
- ^ Coutinho Nogueira, Dany (2019). Paléoimagerie appliquée aux Homo sapiens de Qafzeh (Paléolithique moyen, Levant sud). Variabilité normale et pathologique (phdthesis) (in French). Université Paris sciences et lettres. p. 201.
- ^ TILLIER, ANNE-MARIE (2005). "The Tabun C1 Skeleton: A Levantine Neanderthal?". Mitekufat Haeven: Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society / מתקופת האבן. ל"ה: 439–450. ISSN 0334-3839. JSTOR 23383575.
- ^ Harvati, Katerina; Lopez, Elisabeth Nicholson (2017). "A 3-D Look at the Tabun C2 Jaw". Human Paleontology and Prehistory. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. pp. 203–213. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46646-0_15. ISBN 978-3-319-46644-6.
- ^ "Stone found in Israel is oldest known tool in world used for 'delicate' abrading". The Times of Israel. 27 December 2020.