The Stele of Zakkur (or Zakir) is a royal stele of King Zakkur of Hamath and Luhuti (or Lu'aš) in the province Nuhašše of Syria, who ruled around 785 BC.
| Stele of Zakkur | |
|---|---|
 The surviving part of the Stele of Zakkur with the inscription | |
| Material | Basalt |
| Height | 62 centimetres (24 in) |
| Width | 13 centimetres (5.1 in) |
| Writing | Aramaic inscription |
| Created | c. 805 BC – c. 775 BC |
| Period/culture | Aramaean |
| Discovered | 1903 |
| Place | Tell Afis, Syria |
| Present location | Musée du Louvre, Paris |
| Identification | AO 8185 |
Description
editThe inscription was on the lower part of the original stele. The upper part is now missing; it probably had the statue of king Zakkur sitting on a chair. Only some small parts of the upper part are still preserved such as the feet.[1]
Discovery
editThe Stele was discovered in 1903 at Tell Afis (mentioned in the Stele as Hazrach),[2] 45 km southeast of Aleppo, in the territory of the ancient kingdom of Hamath.[3] It was published in 1907.[4] The long inscription is known as KAI 202; it reads, in part:
- I am Zakkur, king of Hamath and Luash . . . Bar-Hadad, son of Hazael, king of Aram, united against me seventeen kings . . .all these kings laid siege to Hazrach . . . Baalshamayn said to me, "Do not be afraid! . . .I will save you from all [these kings who] have besieged you"[5]
'Bar-Hadad' mentioned in the inscription may have been Bar-Hadad III, son of Hazael.[2]
Deities
editTwo gods are mentioned in the inscription, Baalshamin and Iluwer. Iluwer was the personal god of king Zakkur, while Baalshamin was the god of the city. It is believed that Iluwer represents the earlier god Mer or Wer going back to 3rd millennium BC.
This inscription represents the earliest Aramaean evidence of the god Baalshamin/Ba'alsamayin.[6]
Phoenician Yehimilk inscription, also mentioning Baalshamin is even earlier. It dates to the 10th century BCE.[7]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Herbert Niehr 2014, The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. BRILL, p.168
- ^ a b Scott B. Noegel, The Zakkur Inscription. In: Mark W. Chavalas, ed. The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. London: Blackwell (2006), 307–311.
- ^ Yildiz, Efrem "The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies [1]
- ^ Gibson J.C.L., Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions II, Oxford 1975, num. 5.
- ^ Ivor Poobalan, “The Period of Jeroboam II with Special Reference to Amos,” JCTS 3 [Journal of the Colombo Theological Seminary] (2005): 43‒74 (47) // archive.org
- ^ Herbert Niehr (ed), The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East. BRILL, 2014 ISBN 978-90-04-22943-3
- ^ van der Toorn, K.; Becking, B.; van der Horst, P.W. (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-8028-2491-2. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
Bibliography
edit- Pognon, H., Inscriptions sémitiques de la Syrie, de la Mésopotamie, et de la région de Mossoul. Paris: Imprimerie nationale/Gabalda, 1907, 156–178.
- Driver, Samuel R., "An Aramaic Inscription from Syria." Expositor 7/5 (1908): 481–90.
- Ronzevalle, S., "An Aramaic inscription of Zakir, ruler of Hamath and Laˁš." Al-Mashriq 11 (1908): 302–10.
- Halévy, J., "Inscription de Zakir, roi de Hamat, découverte par M. H. Pognon." RevSém 16 (1908): 243–46.
- Nöldeke, Theodor, "Aramäische Inschriften." ZA 21 (1908): 375–88.
- Montgomery, James A., "Some Gleanings from Pognon's ZKR Inscription." JBL 28 (1909): 57–70.
- Barstad, Hans M., "The Prophet Oded and the Zakkur Inscription: A Case of Obscuriore Obscurum?" in: Exum, J. Cheryl, Williamson, Hugh G. M. (eds.), "Reading from Right to Left. Essays on the Hebrew Bible in Honour of David J.A. Clines," JSOT.S vol. 373. Sheffield 2003, 25–37.
- Sader, H., "Prophecy in Syria: Zakkur of Hamath and Luʿash," in: Rollston, Christopher A. (ed.), "Enemies and Friends of the State: Ancient Prophecy in Context," University Park/PA 2018, 115–134.
External links
edit- The Aramaic Inscription of Zakar, King of Hamath Archived 2014-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
- A picture Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine of the stele online.