Sia (Chinese: 舍; pinyin: Shè; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Sià; Javanese: Sio[1]) was a hereditary, noble title of Chinese origin, used mostly in colonial Indonesia.[2][3][4] It was borne by the descendants of Chinese officers, who were high-ranking, Chinese civil bureaucrats in the Dutch colonial government, bearing the ranks of Majoor, Kapitein or Luitenant der Chinezen (see: Kapitan Cina).
History
editAs with other Chinese honorifics, the title 'Sia' came at the end of the title holder's name: for example, as in Oey Tamba Sia (1827–1856).[5] The title was used not with its holder's surname, but with his given name, so Tamba Sia instead of Oey Sia.[5] In everyday speech, use of the title was often combined with other honorifics, such as Ako Sia ('elder brother Sia') or Baba Sia ('sir Sia').[5][4]
Originally, the honorific was used in Imperial China to address certain senior mandarins, the relatives of a mandarin or descendants of the House of Koxinga, formerly the ruling dynasty of the Kingdom of Tungning.[4] In colonial Indonesia, the honorific came to be used as a hereditary title for the descendants of Chinese officers, who were seen as the colonial Indonesian equivalent of the Chinese mandarinate and scholar-gentry.[2]
These title holders and their families constituted the so-called Cabang Atas, the traditional Chinese establishment or gentry of colonial Indonesia.[6][7] As a class, they dominated the administrative posts of Majoor, Kapitein and Luitenant der Chinezen, or the Chinese officership on a near-hereditary basis.[2][7] To a significant extent, they also monopolised the colonial government's lucrative revenue farms, which formed the economic backbone of their political influence.[8][7] To preserve and consolidate their power, families of the Cabang Atas contracted extensive, strategic intermarriages within their social group.[9]
In the later colonial period, it became fashionable among western-educated title holders to refrain from using the title 'Sia', which was seen as an old-fashioned anachronism.[10] This mirrored the decline in the importance of the Chinese officership as a government institution in the early twentieth century, which presaged its eventual abolition in most of the Dutch East Indies with the exception of the colonial capital, Batavia.[8][10] Indeed, as pointed out by Monique Erkelens, the prestige of the traditional elite declined in the early twentieth century due to changing political and ideological circumstances in late colonial Indonesia and early twentieth-century Asia.[10]
Title holders
editAs part of the Cabang Atas, Sias played an important role in the history of Indonesia, particularly in relation to the country's ethnic Chinese community.
Prominent Sias include:
- Han Chan Piet, Majoor der Chinezen (1759–1827): government official and landlord
- Han Kik Ko, Majoor der Chinezen, Regent of Probolinggo (1766–1813): government official and landlord
- Lim Ke Tjang, Kapitein der Chinezen of Tegal (1781–1826): official, shipping and sugar magnate[11]
- Tan Eng Goan, 1st Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia (1802–1872)
- Oey Tamba Sia (1827–1856): notorious Batavia playboy
- Lie Tjoe Hong, 3rd Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia (1846–1896)
- Phoa Keng Hek Sia (1857–1937): social reformer and philanthropist
- O. G. Khouw (1874–1927): philanthropist
- Khouw Kim An, last Majoor der Chinezen of Batavia (1875–1945): government bureaucrat
- H. H. Kan (1881–1951): politician, parliamentarian
- Loa Sek Hie (1898–1965): politician, parliamentarian, social worker
- Kwee Thiam Tjing (1900–1974): writer, journalist and left-wing political activist
- Phoa Liong Gie (1904–1983): newspaper publisher, politician, parliamentarian
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ Berdoeri, Tjamboek; Anderson, Benedict Richard O'Gorman (2004). Indonesia dalem api dan bara (in Indonesian). Elkasa. ISBN 978-979-98367-1-7. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
- ^ a b c Blussâe, Lâeonard; Chen, Menghong; Myra Sidharta (2003). The Archives of the Kong Koan of Batavia. Amsterdam: BRILL. ISBN 9004131574. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ Benedanto, Pax; A. S., Marcus (2002). Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia bekerjasama dengan Yayasan Adikarya IKAPI dan the Ford Foundation. ISBN 9789799023360. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ a b c "Min Hakka Language Archives". Min Hakka Language Archives. Academic Sinica. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ a b c Phoa, Kian Sioe (1956). Sedjarahnja Souw Beng Kong: (tangan-kanannja G.G. Jan Pieterszoon Coen), Phoa Beng Gan (achli pengairan dalam tahun 1648), Oey Tamba Sia (hartawan mati ditiang penggantungan) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Reporter. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ^ Liem, Thian Joe (2004). Riwayat Semarang (in Indonesian). Hasta Wahana. ISBN 9789799695215. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ^ a b c Rush, James R. (2007). Opium to Java: Revenue Farming and Chinese Enterprise in Colonial Indonesia, 1860–1910. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780498. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ^ a b Lohanda, Mona (1996). The Kapitan Cina of Batavia, 1837–1942: A History of Chinese Establishment in Colonial Society. Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN 9789794282571. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ Haryono, Steve (2017). Perkawinan Strategis: Hubungan Keluarga Antara Opsir-opsir Tionghoa Dan 'Cabang Atas' Di Jawa Pada Abad Ke-19 Dan 20. Rotterdam: Steve Haryono. ISBN 9789090302492. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
- ^ a b c Erkelens, Monique (2013). The decline of the Chinese Council of Batavia: the loss of prestige and authority of the traditional elite amongst the Chinese community from the end of the nineteenth century until 1942. Leiden: Leiden University. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ Broeze, F. J. A. (1979). "The Merchant Fleet of Java (1820–1850). A Preliminary Survey". Archipel. 18 (1): 251–269. doi:10.3406/arch.1979.1514. Retrieved 27 March 2019.