The Santoni or Santones (Ancient Greek: Σαντόνων, Σάντονες) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the later region of Saintonge during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
Name
editThese people are noted as Santonum, Santonos and Santonis by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC),[2] Santónōn (Σαντόνων) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),[3] Santoni by Pliny (1st c. AD),[4] Santonis by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD) and Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD),[5] as Sántones (Σάντονες, var. Σάντωνες) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[6][7]
The city of Saintes, attested in the 1st c. AD as Mediolanum Santonum (a Sanctone in the 10th c., Xainctes 11th c.) and the region of Saintonge, attested in the 4th c. AD as Santonica tellus (Xanctonia in 1242, Zantonge ca. 1370), are named after the Gallic tribe.[8]
Geography
editThe Santoni lived in the north of the Garonne estuary, in the modern Saintonge region.[9][10]
During the Roman period, their chief town was Mediolanum Santonum (modern Saintes).[10]
History
editTheir territory was the destination of the failed migration of the Helvetii circa 58 BC.,[9] which they opposed along with the Pictones. Initially, they cooperated with Julius Caesar's navy and traded goods.[11] Later, Caesar's plans for conquest of the Gallic tribes divided them. They provided 12,000 men to the Gallic coalition against Rome at the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC.[9][10]
References
edit- ^ Boardman, John (1993). The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 308. ISBN 0691036802.
- ^ Caesar. Commentarii de Bello Gallico, 1:10:1, 1:11:6, 7:75:3.
- ^ Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:2:1.
- ^ Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 4:108.
- ^ Pomponius Mela. De situ orbis, 3:2:23; Tacitus. Annales, 6:7.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:7:6.
- ^ Falileyev 2010, s.v. Santones.
- ^ Nègre 1990, p. 157.
- ^ a b c Kruta 2000, p. 809.
- ^ a b c Lafond 2006.
- ^ 'A history of ancient geography among the Greeks and Romans', Sir Edward Herbert Bunbury, p.117, Oxford Press, 1879
Bibliography
edit- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Kruta, Venceslas (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. ISBN 2-221-05690-6.
- Lafond, Yves (2006). "Santoni". Brill's New Pauly. doi:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1100880.
- Nègre, Ernest (1990). Toponymie générale de la France. Librairie Droz. ISBN 978-2-600-02883-7.
External links
edit- Laurence Tranoy, « Mediolanum Santonum, Saintes : de la fondation à l’époque julio-claudienne », Roma. La época de la expansión exterior de Roma. Cartago. Alicante : Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 2007, p 226.