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Scotland Act 1998

The Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which legislated for the establishment of the devolved Scottish Parliament with tax varying powers and the Scottish Government (then Scottish Executive). It was one of the most significant constitutional pieces of legislation to be passed by the UK Parliament between the passing of the European Communities Act in 1972 and the European Union (Withdrawal) Act in 2018 and is the most significant piece of legislation to affect Scotland since the Acts of Union in 1707 which ratified the Treaty of Union and led to the disbandment of the Parliament of Scotland.

Scotland Act 1998
Act of Parliament
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Long titleAn Act to provide for the establishment of a Scottish Parliament and Administration and other changes in the government of Scotland; to provide for changes in the constitution and functions of certain public authorities; to provide for the variation of the basic rate of income tax in relation to income of Scottish taxpayers in accordance with a resolution of the Scottish Parliament; to amend the law about parliamentary constituencies in Scotland; and for connected purposes.
Citation1998 c. 46
Introduced byDonald Dewar, Secretary of State for Scotland
Territorial extent United Kingdom
except section 25 (witnesses and documents:offences) which extends only to Scotland
Dates
Royal assent19 November 1998
CommencementVarious dates from 19 November 1998 to 1 April 2000.[1][2]
Other legislation
AmendsAct of Settlement 1701, United Nations Act 1946
Amended by
Relates toReferendums (Scotland & Wales) Act 1997
Status: Amended
Text of statute as originally enacted
Revised text of statute as amended

Content and history

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The Act was introduced by the Labour government in 1998 to give effect to the Scottish devolution referendum in 1997 which showed that Scotland was in favour of both of the set questions, firstly for the creation of a parliament for Scotland and secondly, that this parliament should have tax varying powers.[3] The Act creates the Scottish Parliament, sets out how Members of the Scottish Parliament are to be elected,[4] makes some provision about the internal operation of the Parliament[5] (although many issues are left for the Parliament itself to regulate) and sets out the process for the Parliament to consider and pass Bills which become Acts of the Scottish Parliament once they receive royal assent.[6] The Act specifically declares the continued power of the UK Parliament to legislate in respect of Scotland;[7] thereby upholding the concept of Westminster's absolute parliamentary sovereignty.

The Act also provides for the creation of a 'Scottish Executive'[8] though one of the early actions of the SNP administration that won power in the 2007 elections was to rebrand the Scottish Executive, as the group of Ministers and their civil servants had been known, as the Scottish Government. Despite the re-branding, the 'Scottish Executive' still uses the original description for a number of purposes (s.44 of the Scotland Act defines the nature of the body but does not use the words "shall be known as" with regard to a name as is the case with various other bodies whose names are thus fixed by statute). It consists of a First Minister and other Ministers appointed by the Monarch with the approval of the Parliament, including the Lord Advocate and the Solicitor General for Scotland.

The Act sets out the legislative competence of the Scottish Parliament. Rather than listing the matters over which the Scottish Parliament does control (devolved powers), it specifies the matters over which it does not (reserved matters).[9] It further designates a list of statutes which are not amenable to amendment or repeal by the Parliament[10] which includes the Human Rights Act 1998 and many provisions of the Scotland Act itself. Even when acting within its legislative competence, the Act further constrains the powers of the Parliament by inhibiting it from acting in a manner incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights or European Community law.[11] The same constraints apply to acts of the Scottish Executive.[12]

The Act grants the Secretary of State for Scotland power to direct the Scottish Government not to take any action which he has reasonable grounds to believe "would be incompatible with any international obligations" or to act where he believes such action "is required for the purpose of giving effect to any such obligations".[13]

The Act also sets up mechanisms to resolve disputes over questions about legislative competence of the Parliament and powers of the Executive. The ultimate appeal in such matters lies to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council).[14] The Westminster government can unilaterally prohibit an Act of the Scottish Parliament — even if legislatively competent — from receiving royal assent if it believes the law would affect matters of reserved law; this provision has been only used once, to veto the Gender Recognition Reform (Scotland) Bill in 2023.[15]

The Act also allows the powers of the Scottish Parliament and the Scottish Executive to be adjusted over time by agreement between both parliaments by means of an Order in Council.[16]

The Act was passed on 17 November 1998,[17] and received royal assent two days later on 19 November.[18] The first elections were held in May 1999 and the Scottish Parliament and Executive assumed their full powers on 1 July 1999.

Amendments to the Act

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The Act was amended by the Scottish Parliament (Constituencies) Act 2004 to end the link between the number of MPs at Westminster and the number of constituency MSPs. It was amended again in 2016 as a reaction to the 2014 Scottish Independence vote.

The Wales Act 2014 made amendments to Part 4A of the Scotland Act around the definition of a Scottish taxpayer, to ensure that an individual could not be a taxpayer in both Scotland and Wales in the same year.[19]

The Act has been amended by:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Section 130.
  2. ^ Scotland Act 1998 (Commencement) Order 1998
  3. ^ Ritchie, Murray; Dinwoodie, Robbie (19 December 1997). "There shall be a Scottish Parliament Consensus". The Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  4. ^ Sections 1 to 18.
  5. ^ Sections 19 to 27, 39 to 43.
  6. ^ Sections 28 to 36.
  7. ^ Section 28(7).
  8. ^ Section 44.
  9. ^ Schedule 5.
  10. ^ Schedule 4
  11. ^ Section 29(2)(d).
  12. ^ Section 57(2).
  13. ^ Section 58 [1].
  14. ^ Sections 32, 33, 103, and Schedule 6; and Constitutional Reform Act 2005, section 40 and Schedule 9
  15. ^ "Scotland gender recognition bill: what is a section 35 order?". the Guardian. 17 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  16. ^ Sections 30 and 63.
  17. ^ Final debate in House of Lords
  18. ^ Royal Assent signified
  19. ^ "Devolution of income tax in Wales". Chartered Institute of Payroll Professionals. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.

Further reading

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  • Walker, Graham. "Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Devolution, 1945–1979," Journal of British Studies Jan. 2010, Vol. 49, No. 1: 117–142.
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