Proglacial lakes of Minnesota

Glacial Lake Agassiz was an enormous lake, larger in area than all the Great Lakes combined, and the largest body of fresh water ever to have existed in North America.^[2] It extended from its outlet near Browns Valley, Minnesota west into South Dakota and North Dakota and north into Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Ontario.^[2] In Minnesota the lake occupied the Red River Valley in northwestern Minnesota and the western part of the watershed of the Rainy River in the northern part of the state.^[3] Its southern outlet was through the Traverse Gap, a spillway channel cut through the Big Stone Moraine by Glacial River Warren,^[4] an enormous stream which carved the valley of the Minnesota River as well as that of the Upper Mississippi River below the confluence of those successor streams.^[5] Lake Agassiz' present-day remnants include Lake of the Woods and Upper and Lower Red Lake.^[6]

Glacial Lake Upham was formed in the wake of the retreat of the St. Louis Sublobe of the Des Moines Lobe.^[7] It drained through a series of successively lower outlets to Glacial Lake Duluth.^[8] Its former lake bed is now a broad boggy area comprising much of the watershed of the latter stream.

Glacial Lake Aitkin was also a product of the recession of the St. Louis Sublobe, and for significant portions of its history was contiguous with Glacial Lake Upham.^[7] It occupied a broad lowland along the valley of the present-day Mississippi River between Grand Rapids and Aitkin in north central Minnesota. The lake bed is now a sandy and clayey plain.^[9] It is also a source for reed-sedge peat, which is harvested, processed, and packaged for agricultural applications; it enables plants to fix nitrogen and thereby reduces the need for fertilizer. The company harvesting the peat and the University of Minnesota-Duluth are developing processes to use the peat to extract mercury and other heavy metals, and also to remove sulfates from water by a method which enables the peat to be reused.^[10]

Glacial Lake Duluth is the name given to the largest of a series of named lakes or lake stages occupying parts of the western Lake Superior basin. The name derives after a prominent terrace in the city of Duluth, along which Skyline Parkway was built, that was created by coastal erosion in Glacial Lake Duluth. As lower elevation outlets to the east was blocked by the Superior Lobe of the ice sheet, Lake Duluth drained through two outlets which crossed the present Laurentian Divide to the valleys of the Saint Croix River and the Mississippi. One outlet was a route from the western part of the lake through the Nemadji River basin and down the present Moose and Kettle Rivers; the other was via the modern Bois Brule River to the Saint Croix.^[11] Glacial Lake Duluth's highest level was around 1060' in the city of Duluth, but rises as high as 1350' near the border with Ontario. When the glacier retreated the lake was able to drain to the east to the Lake Michigan basin via outlets across the upper Peninsula of Michigan.

Glacial Lake Grantsburg formed when the Grantsburg Sublobe of the Des Moines Lobe blocked southward drainage of the ice-free land to its north. It extended from St. Cloud east-northeast to Grantsburg, Wisconsin, whence its outflow ran south along the east front of the ice sheet down the valley of the Saint Croix River.^[12]

Glacial Lake Minnesota was a complex of lakes formed by or on the Des Moines Lobe generally south of Mankato, Minnesota. Evidence for it is found in lacustrine sediments in that region.^[13] The lakes may have consisted of bodies of water trapped on the surface of the decaying ice sheet,^[14] lakes created as the lobe retreated,^[7] or depressions filled from the overflow of Glacial River Warren.^[15]

• Geology of Minnesota
• Glacial history of Minnesota
• Laurentide Ice Sheet
• Wisconsin glaciation

• "Valley Formation". Fact Sheets. Minnesota River Basin Data Center (MRBDC), Minnesota State University, Mankato. 2004-11-15. Retrieved 2007-07-04.
• Cooper, Terry (2000). "Chapter 5: Soil Forming Factors". Unit 2: Parent Materials for Soil Formation. Department of Soil, Water and Climate, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on November 22, 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
• Huber, N. King (1973). "Glacial and Postglacial Geologic History of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, Section 6". Geological Survey Professional Paper 754-A. U. S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
• Hudak, Curtis M.; Hajic, Edwin R. (2000). "Chapter 12: Landscape Suitability Models for Geologically Buried Precontact Cultural Resources". A Predictive Model of Precontact Archaeological Site Location for The State of Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on 2007-07-24. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
• Ojakangas, Richard W.; Matsch, Charles L (1982). Minnesota's Geology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0953-5.
• Peterson, Carrie (1999). "Ice Movements in Minnesota During the Wisconsinan Glaciation". Glacial Geology. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved 2007-07-03.
• Sansome, Constance Jefferson (1983). Minnesota Underfoot: A Field Guide to the State's Outstanding Geologic Features. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-036-9.
• Waters, Thomas F. (1977). The Streams and Rivers of Minnesota. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-0821-0.