Mu (letter)

In Greek, the name of the letter was written μῦ and pronounced [mŷː].

In Modern Greek, the letter is spelled μι and pronounced [mi]. In polytonic orthography, it is written with an acute accent: μί.^[4][5]

The lowercase letter mu (μ) is used as a special symbol in many academic fields. Uppercase mu is not used, because it appears identical to Latin M.

"μ" is used as a unit prefix denoting a factor of 10⁻⁶ (one millionth), in this context, the symbol's name is "micro".

• Metric prefix
• International System of Units prefix, also known as "SI prefix"
• The micrometre with a symbol of "μm" can also be referred to as the non-SI term "micron".

"μ" is conventionally used to denote certain things; however, any Greek letter or other symbol may be used freely as a variable name.

• a measure in measure theory
• minimalization in computability theory and Recursion theory
• the integrating factor in ordinary differential equations
• the degree of membership in a fuzzy set
• the Möbius function in number theory
• the population mean or expected value in probability and statistics
• the Ramanujan–Soldner constant

In classical physics and engineering:

• the coefficient of friction (also used in aviation as braking coefficient (see Braking action))
• reduced mass in the two-body problem
• Standard gravitational parameter in celestial mechanics
• linear density, or mass per unit length, in strings and other one-dimensional objects
• permeability in electromagnetism
• the magnetic dipole moment of a current-carrying coil
• dynamic viscosity in fluid mechanics
• the amplification factor or voltage gain of a triode vacuum tube^[6]
• the electrical mobility of a charged particle
• the rotor advance ratio, the ratio of aircraft airspeed to rotor-tip speed in rotorcraft^[7][8]
• the pore water pressure in saturated soil

In particle physics:

• the elementary particles called the muon and antimuon
• the proton-to-electron mass ratio

In thermodynamics:

• the chemical potential of a system or component of a system

In evolutionary algorithms:

• μ, population size from which in each generation λ offspring will generate (the terms μ and λ originate from evolution strategy notation)

In type theory:

• Used to introduce a recursive data type. For example, ${\displaystyle {\text{list}}(\tau )=\mu {}\alpha {}.1+\tau {}\alpha }$  is the type of lists with elements of type ${\displaystyle \tau }$  (a type variable): a sum of unit, representing nil, with a pair of a ${\displaystyle \tau }$  and another ${\displaystyle {\text{list}}(\tau )}$  (represented by ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ ). In this notation, ${\displaystyle \mu }$  is a binding form, where the variable (${\displaystyle \alpha }$ ) introduced by ${\displaystyle \mu }$  is bound within the following term (${\displaystyle 1+\tau {}\alpha }$ ) to the term itself. Via substitution and arithmetic, the type expands to ${\displaystyle 1+\tau +\tau ^{2}+\tau ^{3}+\cdots }$ , an infinite sum of ever-increasing products of ${\displaystyle \tau }$  (that is, a ${\displaystyle \tau {}{\text{ list}}}$  is any ${\displaystyle k}$ -tuple of values of type ${\displaystyle \tau }$  for any ${\displaystyle k\geq 0}$ ). Another way to express the same type is ${\displaystyle {\text{list}}(\tau )=1+\tau {}{\text{list}}(\tau )}$ .

In chemistry:

• the prefix given in IUPAC nomenclature for a bridging ligand

In biology:

• the mutation rate in population genetics
• A class of Immunoglobulin heavy chain that defines IgM type Antibodies

In pharmacology:

• an important opiate receptor

In orbital mechanics:

• Standard gravitational parameter of a celestial body, the product of the gravitational constant G and the mass M
• planetary discriminant, represents an experimental measure of the actual degree of cleanliness of the orbital zone, a criterion for defining a planet. The value of μ is calculated by dividing the mass of the candidate body by the total mass of the other objects that share its orbital zone.

• Mu chord
• Electronic musician Mike Paradinas runs the label Planet Mu which utilizes the letter as its logo, and releases music under the pseudonym μ-Ziq, pronounced "music"
• Used as the name of the school idol group μ's, pronounced "muse", consisting of nine singing idols in the anime Love Live! School Idol Project
• Official fandom name of Kpop group f(x), appearing as either MeU or 'μ'
• Hip-hop artist Muonboy has taken inspiration from the particle for his stage name and his first EP named Mu uses the letter as its title.

The Olympus Corporation manufactures a series of digital cameras called Olympus μ [mju:]^[9] (known as Olympus Stylus in North America).

In phonology:

• mora

In syntax:

• μP (mu phrase) can be used as the name for a functional projection.^[10]

In Celtic linguistics:

• /μ/ can represent an Old Irish nasalized labial fricative of uncertain articulation, the ancestor of the sound represented by Modern Irish mh.

The lower-case mu (as "micro sign") appeared at 0xB5 in the 8-bit ISO-8859-1 encoding, from which Unicode and many other encodings inherited it. It was also at 0xE6 in the popular CP437 on the IBM PC. Unicode has declared that a "real" mu is different than the micro sign.^[11]

• U+00B5 µ MICRO SIGN (µ)
• U+039C Μ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER MU (Μ)
• U+03BC μ GREEK SMALL LETTER MU (μ)
• U+2C98 Ⲙ COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER MI
• U+2C99 ⲙ COPTIC SMALL LETTER MI

These are only to be used for mathematical text, not for text styling:

• U+1D6B3 𝚳 MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL MU
• U+1D6CD 𝛍 MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL MU
• U+1D6ED 𝛭 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL MU
• U+1D707 𝜇 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL MU
• U+1D727 𝜧 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU
• U+1D741 𝝁 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU
• U+1D761 𝝡 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL MU
• U+1D77B 𝝻 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL MU
• U+1D79B 𝞛 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL MU
• U+1D7B5 𝞵 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL MU

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Look up Μ or μ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
• Fraser alphabet#Consonants