Mercedes Cabello Llosa de Carbonera (Moquegua, February 7, 1845 – Lima, October 12, 1909) was a Peruvian writer. Influenced by positivism and naturalism, she was one of the main the initiators of literary realism in Peruvian novels. She wrote six novels of social content and critical intent, the most successful Blanca Sol (1888), Las consecuencias (1890) and El conspirador (1892). She also wrote numerous articles and essays published in Peruvian newspapers on literary and social topics. She especially advocated the emancipation of women, and was one of the first Peruvian feminists. She was a contemporary of Manuel González Prada, who, like Cabello, was a sui generis positivist; and an attendee of Juana Manuela Gorriti's tertulias, which provided her an opportunity to meet other female writers and discuss literature and feminist ideologies. Her literary works Sacrificio y recompensa, Blanca Sol, Las consequencias and El conspirador contain a repeating theme of women portrayed as " helpless, suffering creatures or as fallen heroines."[1] This is another one of her most prominent themes in her writings. Another common topic is her criticism of the pervivan bourgeoisie, Lima's social elites, between 1860 and 1880.
Associations
editCabello de Carbonera is usually associated with female Peruvian writers like Carolina Freine de Jaimes and Juana Manuela Gorriti.
Cabello's pseudonym was Enriqueta Pradel, which she used to publish her work in the periodicals El Album and El Recreo.
Early/development Years
editMercedes Cabello de Carbonera was born in Moquegua to a wealthy family that provided her with an education. The region(departamento) Moquegua where she lived during her childhood, was one of the areas affected by the Chilean troops, of which would later be present in her novel El Conspirador.[1] During her developmental years Ramón Castilla was the president of Perú and his liberal politics led to the advancement of the subjects women could be taught in school, including French, English geography, and arithmetic.[2] She thus learned French in her early years, which later allowed her to read contemporary European writers fluently, without having to depend on translations. But Cabello de Carbonera's own education was not due to a consistent schooling. Due to the lack of education for women her parents hired private tutors to keep her somewhat educated in subjects approved for young ladies of the bourgeoise, but she mostly taught herself and was very fond of reading.[2] This provided the author with insight into literary works that her fellow Peruvians were not reading. European literary movements such as Romanticism and Naturalism have a great influence over her work. These literary movement are especially important because in literary works of the 19th century like Cabello de Carbonera's it was highly recognized when an author could include romantic and naturalistic elements in their work.[3]
Later years
editAt the age of twenty two, Cabello de Carbonera moved to Lima where she would marry a doctor and develop her career as a writer. Cabello de Carbonera was widowed at a very young age, which may have had something to do with the fact that she had enough liberty to escape from any patriarchal control as well as not having children.[2] She knew that she was in a position many women in her community would never understand, so she wrote in order to get women to fight against patriarchal oppression. And despite her marital status, Cabello de Carbonera became an active member of the literary scene. She was published and read during her lifetime, becoming one of the first best-selling Peruvian writers. Her work was highly controversial in the 19th century due to its critical content on the Peruvian aristocracy.
Religious Beliefs
editIn regard to religion, Cabello de Carbonera was not against Catholicism, but she did criticize when women from the burgeoise used religious holidays to flaunt their high fashion. Her criticism was of how religion was manipulated by high class society, not religion itself. She also didn't believe that religion should have a predominant role in women's education as was typical during that time.[2]
In the literary works of Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera she emphasizes a personal and professional compromise with the problems of the social norms during her lifetime and her goal to present the problems of the bourgeosie was clearly present in the antagonism of many of her novels.[3] One of the problems she wanted to address was the lack of importance given to women's education.[1] Therefore, Cabello de Carbonera used “the language of positivism to court the liberals who were flexible regarding fixing higher standards for women’s education.”[2] We can see a small glimpse of the limited education Peruvian women were exposed to in Cabello de Carbonera's novel Blanca Sol where the protagonist has an inadequate education and no strong female role models to guide them away from antiquated social norms.[2] Each one of Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera's novels all cultivate an analogy of Perú's history.[4]
Partial works
editNovels
edit- Sacrificio y recompensa (Lima, 1886), premiada por el Ateneo de Lima.
- Eleodora (Madrid, 1887), refundida después en Las consecuencias.
- Los amores de Hortensia (1886 and 1887)
- Blanca Sol (novela social) (1888, 1889 and 1894)
- Las consecuencias (1890)
- El conspirador (autobiografía de un hombre público) (1892 and 1898)
Essays
edit- Influencia de las Bellas Letras en el progreso moral y material de los pueblos (1887), premiado con medalla de oro por la Municipalidad de Lima.
- La novela realista
- La novela moderna (1892), premiado con la “Rosa de Oro” en el concurso interamericano de ensayo promovido por la Academia Literaria de Buenos Aires.
- Importancia de la literatura
- Estudio comparativo de la inteligencia y la belleza de la mujer
- Perfeccionamiento de la educación y la condición social de la mujer
- La religión de la humanidad (1893)
- El conde León Tolstoi (1894)
References
edit- ^ a b c Gonzales Ascorra, Martha Irene (1997). La evolución de la conciencia femenina a través de las novelas de Gertrudis Gomez de Avellaneda, Soledad Acosta de Zampar y Mercedes Cabello de Carbonera. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 0820430498.
- ^ a b c d e f LaGreca, Nancy (2009). Rewriting Womanhood: Feminism, Subjectivity, and the Angel of the House in the Latin American Novel, 1887-1903. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271034386.
- ^ a b Jimenez, Luis (1999). La voz de la mujer en la literatura hispanoamericana fin-de-siglo. Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica. ISBN 9977675724.
- ^ Andre, María C. (2005). Entre mujeres. Chile: RIL editores. ISBN 9562844145.
- Basadre, Jorge: Historia de la República del Perú. 1822 - 1933, Octava Edición, corregida y aumentada. Tomo 9, pp. 2192–2194. Editada por el Diario "La República" de Lima y la Universidad "Ricardo Palma". Impreso en Santiago de Chile, 1998. (in Spanish)
- Sánchez, Luis Alberto: La literatura peruana, tomo III. Lima, Ediciones de Ediventas S. A., 1965. (in Spanish)
- Tamayo Vargas, Augusto: Perú en trance de novela, Ediciones Baluarte, Lima, 1940. (in Spanish)
- Tamayo Vargas, Augusto: Manual de Literatura Peruana e Hispano Americana. Librería Studium S. A., Lima, Perú. (in Spanish)
- Tauro del Pino, Alberto: Enciclopedia Ilustrada del Perú. Tercera Edición. Tomo 3. BEL/CAN. Lima, PEISA, 2001. OCLC 253649546 ISBN 978-9972-40-149-7 (in Spanish)
- Varios autores: Grandes Forjadores del Perú. Lima, Lexus Editores, 2000. ISBN 9972-625-50-8 (in Spanish)