This is a list of all present sovereign states in Asia and their predecessors. The boundaries of Asia are culturally determined, as there is no clear geographical separation between it and Europe, which together form one continuous landmass called Eurasia. The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural River, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Mountains (or the Kuma–Manych Depression) and the Caspian and Black Seas.[1][2]
| Sovereign state | Predecessors |
|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Bactria (2200–549 BC) Part of Median Kingdom/Empire (678–549 BC) Part of  Achaemenid Empire (549–330 BC)Kingdom of Kapisa (5th century BC – 7th century) Part of Macedonian Empire (549–256 BC) Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256–150 BC) Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians (150 BC – 30 AD) Kushan Empire (30–320)  Kidarite Kingdom (320–500) Alchon Huns Monarchy (380–560)Kingdom of Rob  Hephtalite Monarchy (410–557) Nezak Hun Kingdom (484–711)Part of  Sasanian Empire (500–661)Part of  Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of  Abbasid Caliphate (750–821)Farighunids (9th century–1010) Part of Tahirid Emirate (821–873) Saffarid Emirate (873–1003) Ghurid Sultanate (c. 879 – 1215) Ghaznavid Sultanate (1003–1163) Nasrid dynasty of Sistan (1029–1225) Part of the Khwarazmian Empire (1163–1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231–1369) Kart dynasty (1244–1381)  Timurid Empire (1369–1506)Part of the  Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1709) Hotak Emirate (1709–1738)Part of the  Afsharid Empire (1738–1796) Durrani Empire (1747–1826) (also called the Sadozai Kingdom and the Afghan Empire) Emirate of Afghanistan (1823–1926) Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926–1973)Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)  Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (1978–1992) (renamed as "Republic of Afghanistan" in 1987)[3] Islamic State of Afghanistan (1992–2002) and  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001) (Taliban-ruled state)[4] Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004) (provisional government) Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (2021–present)
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| Armenia | Hayasa-Azzi Confederation (1500–1290 BC) Kingdom of Arme-Shupria (1300–1190 BC) Nairi Confederation (1114–860 BC) Kingdom of Ararat (860–590 BC) Part of the Median Empire (553–549) Satrapy of Armenia, part of the Achaemenid Empire (549–330 BC)Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC – 114 AD) Armenia, province of the Roman Empire (114–118) Kingdom of Armenia (118–428) Divided between the  Eastern Roman Empire on the west, and the east by the Sasanian Empire (428–654)Emirate of Arminiya (also known as Ostikanate of Arminiya), Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates (654–884)Kaysite dynasty (860–964) Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia (883–1045) Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget (979–1118) Kingdom of Vaspurakan (908–1021) Kingdom of Syunik (987–1170) Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (1045–1071)Part of the Great Seljuk Sultanate (1071–1194) Zakarid Principality of Armenia (1201–1360) Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory (1243–1256) Part of the  Ilkhanate (1256–1336)Part of the Chobanid Kingdom (1336–1357) Part of the Kara Koyunlu (1357–1468) Part of the  Safavid Empire (1501–1578)Part of the Ottoman Empire (1578–1603) Part of the Safavid Empire (1603–1724)Divided between the Ottoman Empire and the  Russian Empire (1724–1730)Part of the Safavid Empire (1730–1736)Part of the  Afsharid Empire (1736–1747)Khanates of the Caucasus (1747–1827) Part of the Russian Empire (1828–1917)Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)  First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Armenia (1990–present) (federated state of the Soviet Union to 1991)
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| Azerbaijan | Part of Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC) Part of Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)Caucasian Albania (c.100s BC – 730 AD) Part of the Khazar Khaganate (730–861)  Kingdom of Shirvan(861–1538)Ruled by the Sajid dynasty (889–929) Part of the Sallarid Kingdom (919–1062) Shaddadids (951–1199) Part of the Rawadid Emirate (955–1071) Hasanwayhid dynasty (959–1015) Part of the Great Seljuk Sultanate Part of the  Kingdom of Georgia (1130–1238)Atabegs of Azerbaijan (1091–1225) Ahmadilis (1122–1225) Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom/Sultanate (1225–1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231–1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1256–1336)Part of the Chobanid Kingdom (1336–1357) Part of the Kara Koyunlu (1357–1468) Part of the Aq Qoyunlu (1468–1501) Part of the Safavid Empire (1501–1578)Part of the Ottoman Empire (1578–1603) Elisu Sultanate (1604–1844) Part of the Safavid Empire (1578–1723)Divided between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire (1724–1730)Part of the Safavid Empire (1730–1736)Part of the Afsharid Empire (1736–1747)Khanates of the Caucasus (1747–1801) Part of the  Qajar Empire (1796–1813)Part of the Russian Empire (1805–1917)Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918)  Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1920–1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic[5] (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present) Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (1923–1991) Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (1991–2017) Republic of Artsakh (2017–2023)
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| Bahrain | Dilmun civilization (4th millennium BC – 6th century BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (6th century BC – 3rd century BC)Part of the Parthian Empire (130 BC – 3rd century BC) Part of the  Sassanid Empire (3rd century AD – 899)Part of the Qarmatian Republic (899–976) Part of the  Abbasid Caliphate (976–1076)Part of the Uyunid Emirate (1076–1235) Kingdom of Ormus (1200s – 1622) Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty (1253 – mid-1400s) Ruled by the Jarwanid dynasty (1300s–1400s) Part of the  Jabrid Emirate (mid-1400s – 1521)Part of the   Portuguese Empire (1521–1602)Part of the Safavid Empire (1602–1717)Part of the  Omani Empire (1717–1783)In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation (1783–1861)  Sheikhdom of Bahrain and its Dependencies (1783–1971; since 1820 part of the Trucial States under British protection, being part of the British Empire) State of Bahrain (1971–2002) Kingdom of Bahrain (2002–present)
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| Bangladesh | Pundravardhana (1280–345 BC) Vanga Kingdom (1100–340 BC) Part of the Kingdom of Magadha (340–319 BC) Part of the Maurya Empire (319–185 BC) Part of Kingdom of Samatata (232 BC – 800 AD) Part of the Shunga Kingdom (185–73 BC) Part of the Kanva Kingdom (73–26 BC) Bengal was divided between various kingdoms. (26 BC – 358 AD) Part of the Gupta Empire (358–590) Part of Kingdom of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty (350–655) Jaintia Kingdom (500–1835) Gauda Kingdom (590–626) Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty) (c. 650 – c. 750) Mallabhum kingdom (695–1946) Pala Kingdom (c. 750 – c. 1070) Sena Kingdom (c. 1070 – 1204) Kingdom of Taraf (1200–1610) Deva Kingdom (1204–1297) Part of the  Delhi Sultanate (1235–1352) Bengal Sultanate (1352–1576)Bengal Subah (or Province of Bengal), part of the Mughal Empire (1576–1757) Ruled by the Nawabs (Viceroys), (1717–1880) (nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 [The Nawabs lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757])  Bengal Presidency, part of the  Company rule in India (1757–1858) (part of the British Empire) Bengal Presidency, part of the  Indian Empire (1858–1947) (Part of the British Empire)East Bengal, federated state of the  Dominion of Pakistan (1947–1956), a monarchical state in personal union with the United KingdomFederated state of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (1956–1971) (as East Pakistan)[6] People's Republic of Bangladesh (1971–present)
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| Bhutan | Kingdom of Bumthang (7th century – 1616) Kingdom of Bhutan (1616–present)
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| Brunei | Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya (c. 1000 – 1276) Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari (1276–1294) Part of the  Majapahit Kingdom (1294–1368) Sultanate of Brunei (1368–1888) Protectorate of Brunei (1888–1942) (British protectorate, part of the British Empire)Occupied by the  Empire of Japan (1942–1945) Protectorate of Brunei (1945–1984) (British protectorate, part of the British Empire) Brunei Darussalam (official English full name; full name in Malay Negara Brunei Darussalam, which means "Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace") (1984–present)
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| Cambodia | Kingdom of Funan (c.50/68 AD – 550 AD) Kingdom of Chenla (550–802)  Angkor Empire (802–1431)Kingdom of Cambodia (1431–1863) and  Kingdom of Siam (1782–1867) French Protectorate of Cambodia (1863–1953) (member of French Indochina, a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire 1887–1953) French Indochina (1887–1946) (federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire)Occupied by the Empire of Japan (1945) Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) Khmer Republic (1970–1975) Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1982) People's Republic of Kampuchea (1979–1989) Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (1982–1990, de jure government of Cambodia) State of Cambodia (1989–1993) and  United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993) National Government of Cambodia (1990–1993) Kingdom of Cambodia (1993–present)
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| Greater China | Mainland China
Xia Kingdom (semi-mythological; c. 2070–c. 1600 BC) (first royal dynasty) Shang Kingdom (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BC) Zhou Kingdom (c. 1046 – c. 221 BC) Spring and Autumn period (771–473 BC) (During this period, the power was decentralized and the power of the king of Zhou was just nominal. This period was marked by battles and annexations between some 170 small feudal states) Divided in Warring States (475–221 BC) (As in the Spring and Autumn Period, the king of Zhou continued to play only a symbolic role. In fact, some feudal leaders had proclaimed themselves kings and proclaimed themselves independent of the king of Zhou.) Qin Empire (221–206 BC) (first imperial dynasty) (Ying Zheng, king of Qin, after achieving the unification of the Chinese states, proclaimed himself the First Emperor of Qin, Qin Shihuang). Han Empire (206 BC – 220 AD) Kingdom of Minyue (334–111 BC) (conquered by Han) Kingdom of Nanyue (204–111 BC) (conquered by Han) Dian Kingdom (279–109 BC) (conquered by Han) Dong'ou (191–138 BC) Cheng dynasty (25–36) Divided in Three Kingdoms (220–280) (The term "Three Kingdoms" is something of a misnomer, since each state was headed not by a king, but by an emperor who claimed suzerainty over all China) Jin Empire (266–420) Divided in North and South dynasties (386–590) Sui Empire (581–618) Tang Empire (618–907) Yan dynasty (756–763) Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960) (Five imperial dynasties in the north and ten kingdoms in the south. Some of the kings in the south claimed the title of emperor, such as the ones of Former Shu and Later Shu). Divided in Great Liao Empire (907–1125), Song Empire (960–1279) and Great Jin Empire (1115–1234)[7] Part of the Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Eastern Liao (1213–1269) Eastern Xia (1215–1233) Four Great Native Chiefdoms of Guizhou: Luoshi Kingdom, Mu'ege, Chiefdom of Bozhou, Chiefdom of Shuidong and Chiefdom of Sizhou Great Yuan Empire (ruled by a dynasty of descendants of Genghis Khan)[8] (1271–1368) Western Xia Empire (1038–1227) (conquered by the Mongol Empire and inherited by the Yuan dynasty) Dali Kingdom (937–1253) and Dachanghe (902–928) (the successor state of Nanzhao) (937–1253) (conquered by the Mongol Empire and inherited by the Yuan dynasty)  Great Ming Empire (1368–1644)Shun dynasty (1644–1646) Southern Ming (1644–1662)  Great Qing Empire, known internationally as Chinese Empire or China (short name)[9][10] (1636–1912) (The dynasty originated in Manchuria and already conquered Inner Mongolia in 1636 before the conquest of the territories under the Ming dynasty in 1644) Dzungar Khanate (1634–1755)(conquered by the Qing, that in the process annexed Tibet in 1720, Qinghai in 1723 and Xinjiang in 1755 to China during the conquest) Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace   Republic of China (Beiyang government 1912–1928) (Nationalist government 1925–1948) (Retreated to Taiwan since 1949, still holds partial control of Fujian) (In 1946 the Republic of China recognized the independence of Mongolia, that was de facto independent since the collapse of the Qing dynasty. Tibet, that was in a similar situation than Mongolia, was never recognized as an independent country) Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1937) People's Republic of China (1949–present, state with limited recognition until 1971)(In 1997 the United Kingdom returned Hong Kong to the Chinese sovereignty, in 1999 Portugal also returned Macau to the Chinese sovereignty)Xinjiang Uyghur Khaganate (744–840)  Tibet
Zhangzhung (500 BC – 625 AD) Island of Taiwan Kingdom of Middag (17th century) (coalition of Taiwanese indigenous tribes; limited historical records) |
| Cyprus | Part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (911–669 BC) Part of the  New Kingdom of Babylonia (626–545 BC)Part of the  Achaemenid Empire (545–321 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (321–305 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom (305–31 BC) Cyprus, province of the Roman Empire (31 BC – 395 AD) Cyprus, province of the Eastern Roman Empire (395–668) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (668–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–965)Theme of Cyprus, part of the Eastern Roman Empire (965–1192) Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489)Part of the  Republic of Venice (1489–1571)Eyalet of Cyprus (1571–1670) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Sanjak (county/district) of the Eyalet of the Archipelago (1670–1703) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Cyprus, fief of the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (1703–1745) Eyalet of Cyprus (1745–1748) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire)  Sanjak (county/district) of the Eyalet of the Archipelago (1748–1867) (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) Sanjak (county/district) of the Vilayet of the Archipelago (1867–1912) (Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) Crown Colony of Cyprus (1914–1960) (part of the British Empire) Republic of Cyprus (1960–present) Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1974) Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration (1974–1975) Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975–1983) Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (1983–present)
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| Egypt | Information related to the Sinai Peninsula:
18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, as the New Kingdom of Egypt (1516–1190 BC) |
| Georgia | Colchis (13th century BC – 131 AD) Kingdom of Iberia (302 BC – 580 AD)Kingdom of Lazica (131–697 AD)  Kingdom of Abkhazia (778–1008) Principality of Iberia (588–888)Emirate of Tbilisi (736–1122) Kingdom of Hereti (893-1020s) Kingdom of the Iberians (888–1008)Kingdom of Kakheti (1014–1104) Kingdom of Georgia, later the Georgian Empire (1008–1490) Kingdom of Imereti (1455–1810) Kingdom of Kakheti (1465–1762) Kingdom of Kartli (1478–1762) Samtskhe Atabegate (1266–1625) Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762–1800) Principality of Abkhazia (1463–1810) Principality of Guria (1460s – 1810) Principality of Mingrelia (1557–1803)Part of the Russian Empire (1800–1917) (Georgian participation from 1800, conquest ended in 1810) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (1918) Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918–1921) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1921–1922) (federated state of the Soviet Union in 1922) Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia (1922–1936) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1990) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Georgia (1990–1995) (federated state of the Soviet Union to 1991)  Georgia (1995–present)Principality of Abkhazia (1463–1810)  Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (1921–1931) Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1931–1991) Republic of Abkhazia (1991–present)Kingdom of Alania South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast (1922–1991) Republic of South Ossetia (1991–present)
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| India | Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300 BC – c. 1300 BC) Inhabited by the Cemetery H culture (c. 1700 BC – c. 1500 BC) Indian Subcontinent was divided in Janapadas (c. 1500 BC – c. 600 BC) Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 states called Mahajanapadas (14 kingdoms and 2 oligarchic republics) (c.600 BC-345 BC) Nanda Kingdom (5th or 4th century–322 BC) (it emerged when the Nanda dynasty dethroned the Shaishunaga dynasty in the Magadha Kingdom, one of the 16 Mahajanapadas, who then sought to conquer and unify today's northern India) Maurya Empire (322–185 BC)(The empire was founded when Chandragupta Maurya dethroned the last king of the Nanda dynasty, putting the Maurya dynasty in the power and continuing the military conquests in the Indian subcontinent. Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya) Ancient Tamil Kingdoms: Pandya dynasty (4th or 3rd century BC – 1618) Chola dynasty (300s BC – 1280)  Chera dynasty (300 BC – 1528)Ay kingdom (1st–10th century) Pallava Empire (275–897) Kalabhra dynasty (3rd–6th century) Mushika dynasty After the collapse of the Maurya Empire, India was divided between various middle kingdoms (230 BC–1206 AD): Yaudheya (5th century BC – 4th century AD) Shunga Empire (185 to 78 BC) Satavahana dynasty (Late 2nd century BC – early 3rd century AD) Kuninda Kingdom (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD) Arjunayanas (2nd century BC – 6th century AD) Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd or 1st century BC – 4th century AD) Chutu dynasty (125–345) Mitra dynasty (150–50 BC) Alupa dynasty (200–1444) Abhira dynasty (203–315/370) Andhra Ikshvaku (3rd–4th century) Nagas of Padmavati (early 3rd–mid 4th century) Vakataka Empire (250–500) Gupta Empire (280–550) Davaka kingdom (4th–6th century) Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur (300s–1952), Kadamba dynasty (345–540) Western Ganga dynasty (350–1000) Kamarupa (350–1140) Traikutaka dynasty (388–456) Sharabhapuriya dynasty (5th–6th century) Vishnukundina dynasty (420–624) Maitraka dynasty (475–776) Eastern Ganga Empire (493–1947) Kannauj Kingdom (510–606) Nala dynasty (6th century) Shailodbhava dynasty (6th–8th century) Pushyabhuti dynasty (500–647) Chalukya dynasty (543–753) Kalachuri dynasty (550–625) Panduvamshis (7th–8th century) Kalachuris of Tripuri (7th century – 1212) Jethwa dynasty (620–1948) Eastern Chalukyas (624–1189) Karkota dynasty (625–855) Mana dynasty (650–850) Varman dynasty of Kannauj (mid 7th century – 770) Bhauma-Kara dynasty (8th–10th century), Shilahara kingdom (8th–13th century) Chavda dynasty (690–942) Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (730–1036) Saindhava (735–920) Pala Empire (750–1161) Rashtrakuta dynasty (753–982) Somavamshi dynasty (9th–12th century) Kalachuris of Sarayupara (800–1080) Kingdom of Chanda (807–1751) Utpala dynasty (855–1003) Western Chalukya Empire (973–1189) Lohara dynasty (1003–1320)  Chindaka Naga (1023–1324)Hoysala Empire (1026–1343) Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya (11th–13th century) Kalachuris of Ratnapura (11th–13th century) Kakatiya dynasty (1163–1323) Kalachuris of Kalyani (1164–1181) Yadava dynasty (1187–1317) Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526), ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinentSeveral sultanates declared independence from Delhi: Madurai Sultanate (1335–1378) Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527) Khandesh Sultanate (1382–1601) Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562) Jaunpur Sultanate (1394–1479)  Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573)Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1490–1636) Berar Sultanate (1490–1572) Sultanate of Bijapur (1490–1686) Bidar Sultanate (1492–1619) Golconda Sultanate (1518–1687) There were other regional powers present, such as the Chero Kingdom, Reddi Kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Chutia Kingdom, Sambuvarayar, Nayakas of Keladi, Kampili kingdom, Madurai Nayak dynasty, Nayakas of Chitradurga, Oiniwar dynasty, Musunuri Nayakas, Venad (kingdom), Zamorin, Thanjavur Nayak kingdom, Chudasama dynasty, Chowta dynasty, Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom, Dimasa Kingdom, Mushika dynasty, Yajvapala dynasty, Kamata Kingdom, Karnat dynasty, Ahom Kingdom, Twipra Kingdom, Bhoi dynasty, Kolathunadu Garha Kingdom, and the Kingdom of Manipur (1200s–1300s) Raj Darbhanga Pratapgarh Kingdom Nagpur kingdom  Portuguese India (1505–1961) (part of the Portuguese Empire) Mughal Empire (1526–1556 AD) or Hindustan (The Mughal Empire in its time period called the lands of its territory 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the land, being an exonym used by Arabs and Persians and later adopted by Europeans. As the empire expanded, so too did 'Hindustan'. In modern days (21st century), "Hindustan", alongside “Bharat” and “India”, is often used by Indians to refer to modern India.[11][12][13]). Sur Empire (1540–1556) Mughal Empire or Hindustan (1555–1717) French India (1664–1962) (Part of the French Empire)India divided during the Mughal Era (1717–1857):  Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"),  Kingdom of Mysore,  Kingdom of Travancore,  Kingdom of Sikkim,  Sikh Kingdom,  Kingdom of Cochin,  Koch dynasty and many other states. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[14]Part of the  British Empire (1757–1858) as the  East India Company Indian Empire (1858–1947) (part of the British Empire) (India was divided into provinces [also called Presidencies] that were directly governed by the Crown and princely states which were nominally controlled by a prince loyal to the British Crown, which held de facto sovereignty [suzerainty] over the princely states, using the title Emperor of India to signify its rule over India, as its imperial head of state.) Union of India (1947–1950), a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (a federal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.) Republic of India (1950–present) (a federal state. Currently the Indian Union consists of 28 states and 8 union territories)
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| Indonesia | Kandis kingdom (1st century BC − 13th century) Kingdom of Salakanagara in Java (130–362 AD) Tarumanagara (450–669) Samaskuta Kingdom (before 5th century) Kantoli (5th century) Kalingga Kingdom (6th–7th century) Sunda Kingdom (669–1579) First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan (4th century) Srivijaya in c. 650–1377 (4th century–13th century) Galuh Kingdom (669–1482) Mataram Kingdom (716–1016)  Bali Kingdom (914–1908)Kingdom of Luwu (between 10th and 14th – 19th century Kahuripan (1019–1045) Kediri Kingdom (1042–1222) Janggala (1045–1136) Pannai Kingdom (11th–14th century) Singhasari (1222–1292) Majapahit, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1292–1478)Negara Daha, Negara Dipa, Blambangan Kingdom (13th–18th century)  Pagaruyung Kingdom (1347–1833)Segati Kingdom (15th–16th century) Various Islamic Kingdoms:  Sultanate of Cirebon,  Demak Sultanate (1475–1568), Kingdom of Pajang (1568–1586),  Mataram Sultanate (1586–1755),  , Banten Sultanate (1527–1813),  Yogyakarta Sultanate (1755–1950) and  Surakarta Sunanate (1745–present) in Java; Aru Kingdom (1225–1613), Samudera Pasai Sultanate (1267–1524), Malacca Sultanate (1400–1511),  Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam (1496–1903), Kalinyamat Sultanate (1529–1599) Sultanate of Langkat (1568–1946),  Asahan Sultanate (1630–1946),  Sultanate of Deli (1632–1946), Palembang Sultanate (1659–1823) Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura (1722–1949), Sultanate of Serdang (1723–1946), Lambri in Sumatra;  Sultanate of Banjar (1526–1860), Sultanate of Sambas (1609–1956),  Mempawah Kingdom (1740–1944)  Sultanate of Bulungan (1731–1964) in Kalimantan,  Sultanate of Gowa (14th century–1945), Kingdom of Tallo, Sultanate of Buton, Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow (1670–1950) in Sulawesi, and Sultanate of Ternate, Sultanate of Tidore, Sultanate of Jailolo, Bima Sultanate, Sultanate of Bacan and Solor Watan Lema Confederation in Moluccas (15th–19th century) and  Kingdom of Kaimana in New GuineaPrincedoms in West Timor: Amanatun, Amanuban, Sonbai Besar, Amarasi, Sonbai and Sonbai Kecil (17th–20th century Kongsi republics (mid 18th century–1900) including  Lanfang Republic (1777–1884)(  Dutch East India Company in Indonesia (1603–1800) (Part of the Dutch Empire) Dutch East Indies (1800–1949) (Part of the Dutch Empire) United States of Indonesia (1949–1950) (independent state) and  Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1962) (an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) Republic of Indonesia (1950–present)
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| Iran | Elamite Civilization (3200–539 BC) Marhasi (2550–2020 BC) Kingdom of Mannaea (850–611 BC) Parsua (840–710 BC) Median Empire (678–550 BC) Achaemenid Empire (549–330 BC) (also called the First Persian Empire and known in its time period just as The Empire)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (330–323 BC) Disputed between the diadochi (323–315 BC) Atropatene (323 BC – 226 AD) Part of the dominions of the Antigonid dynasty (315–312) Part of the  Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD) (also known as Arsacid Empire) Sasanian Empire (224–651) (officially known as the Empire of Iranians in its time period and also called Neo-Persian Empire by historians)Qarinvand dynasty (550s – 11th century) Dabuyid dynasty (642–760) Justanids (791–1004) Masmughans of Damavand (651–971) Bavand dynasty (651–1349) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Baduspanids (665–1598) Part of the  Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)Iranian Intermezzo or Persian Renaissance: Sadakiyans (770–827), Samanid Amirate (819–999), Tahirid Emirate (821–873), Saffarid Emirate (861–1003), Alavids, Sajid dynasty (889–929), Ziyriad Kingdom (930–1090), Buyid Emirate, later Buyid Empire (934–1062) and Sallarid Kingdom (919 – c.1062) Banu Ilyas (932–968) Ghaznavid Sultanate (998–1042) Kakuyid Emirate (1008–1141) Great Seljuk Sultanate (1037–1194) (Occidental center of the empire from 1118 until 1153) Nizari Ismaili state (1090–1273) Hazaraspids (1115–1424) Atabegs of Yazd (1141–1319) Salghurids (1148–1282) Khorshidi dynasty (1184–1597) Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1188–1231) Part of the Mongol Empire (1231–1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1231–1335)Iran divided after the fall of the Ilkhanate: Injuids (1335–1357), Muzaffarid Kingdom (1335–1393), Chobanid dynasty (1335–1357), part of Jalayirid Sultanate (1336–1432), Sarbadars (1337–1381), Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504), Marashiyan Dynasty (1359–1596) Part of the  Timurid Emirate (1381–1506)Kara Koyunlu (1375–1468) Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1501) Safavid Empire (1501–1736) (known in its time period as The Expansive Realm of Iran and The State of Iran) (Occupied by the Hotak Emirate between 1722 and 1729) Afsharid Empire (1736–1796) (known in its time period as Guarded Domains of Iran) Zand State of Iran (1751–1794) Sublime State of Persia (1785–1925) Imperial State of Iran (1925–1979) (renamed from "Imperial State of Persia" in 1935) Islamic Republic of Iran (1979–present)
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| Iraq | Sumer Civilization (c. 4000 BC) Lullubi Kingdom (3100–675 BC) Early Dynastic Period (2900–2300 BC) Akkadian Empire (c. 2300 BC)  Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration (1920–1932) Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (1932–1958) Hashemite Arab Federation (1958) (a dual monarchy under a confederation composed of Iraq and Jordan) Iraqi Republic (1958–1968) Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) Republic of Iraq (1992–2003) Republic of Iraq/Coalition Provisional Authority (under US occupation) (2003–2004) Republic of Iraq (2004–present) (a federal state composed of nineteen governorates) |
| Israel | Inhabited by the Amorites, that established city-states in the region in c. 2000 BC (c. 3500 BC – 1503 BC) Part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1503 BC – c. 1200 BC) Twelve Tribes of Israel (c. 1200 BC – 1047 BC) Philistia (confederation of city-states) (1175–604 BC) Kingdom of Israel (c. 1047 BC – 930 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Israel (referred to by historians as the Northern Kingdom or as the Kingdom of Samaria), Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (930 BC – c. 720 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (conquered the Kingdom of Samaria), in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (c. 720 BC – 604 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia, in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah (604–587/586 BC)Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (587/586–539 BC)Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC) Part of the domains of Laomedon of Mytilene (323–319 BC) Part of the domains of Ptolemy I Soter (319–315 BC) Part of the domains of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (315–306 BC) Part of the Antigonid Kingdom (306–301 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (301 BC – c. 200 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (c. 200 BC – 140 BC) Hasmonean Kingdom of Judaea (140–37 BC) Herodian Kingdom of Judea (37–6 BC) Judea, province of the Roman Empire (6 BC–135 CE)  Palaestina, province of the Roman Empire and later of the Eastern Roman Empire (135–390)Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (390–614) Part of the Sassanian Empire (614–628)Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (628–636) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (636–661)Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Tulunid Emirate (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (905–939) Ikhshidid State (939–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1011)Jarrahids (1011–1030) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1011–1071)Part of the Great Seljuk Sultanate (1171–1098) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1098–1071) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291)Part of the  Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1187–1260)Part of the  Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1516)Divided in the sanjaks (counties/districts) of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safad, Nablus, Lajjun, parts of the Eyalet (State) of Damascus (1516–1841) (Part of the Ottoman Empire)Divided in Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (1841–1917) (placed directly under the Ottoman central government in Constantinople), Nablus Sanjak, Nasra Sanjak and Acre Sanjak, the later two was parts of the Sidon Eyalet (State) (1856–1864), Syria Vilayet (Province) (1864–1888) and Beirut Vilayet (Province) (1888–1917) (Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948) (Part of the British Empire) State of Israel (1948–present)
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| Japan | Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,[15]Jōmon era (14,000–1000/800 BC): Japan was inhabited by a diverse hunter-gatherer and early agriculturalist population, the Jomon culture. Yayoi era (1000/800 BC – 300 AD): Archaeological evidence supports the idea that during this time, an influx of agriculturalists (Yayoi people) from the Korean Peninsula came to Japan, mixing with the native hunter-gatherer population (Jōmon people). Gradually small states was established in Japan. Yamatai (1st–3rd century) Kofun era (300–578) (Era when the Kingdom of Yamato merged all the Japanese states into one in c. 400 AD) Asuka era (538–710): Buddhism is introduced in Kingdom of Yamato, later the Empire of Japan.(Empress Suiko was the first ruler in Japan to use the title of Tenshi (“Emperor”, 天子) in verified history. The oldest documented use of the title Tennō (“Heavenly Emperor”, 天皇) is dated back to the reign of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō in the 7th century) Nara era (710–794): A fixed capital city was established to the Empire of Japan, in Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). (Before this period the capital was customarily moved after the death of an emperor) Heian era (794–1185): the capital of the Empire of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) Kamakura period (1185–1333): the Kamakura shogunate (a military dictatorship) is established by the first shōgun, Minamoto no Yoritomo. (The Minamoto and Hojo clans dominated the politics of Japan The Emperor of Japan became a figurehead. Two capital cities: civil capital in Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) and military capital in Kamakura)  Kenmu Restoration (1333–1336): the Imperial House restored its absolute power Ashikaga period (1336–1568): Ashikaga shogunate (a military dictatorship), established by Ashikaga Takauji from the Ashikaga clan. (The Emperor of Japan became a figurehead again. Capital city in Kyoto. After the Ōnin War in 1467, Japan enters in a state of constant civil war known as the Sengoku period)Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1603): Japan's central government collapsed after 100 years of constant civil wars. Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu unified the country and re-established a central government. (The period is named after Nobunaga's Azuchi Castle and Hideyoshi's Momoyama Castle) Ryukyu Kingdom (1429–1879) (successor state of Hokuzan, Chūzan and Nanzan Edo period (1603–1868):  Tokugawa shogunate (a military dictatorship) established by Tokugawa Ieyasu from the Tokugawa clan. (The Emperor of Japan was a figurehead. Two capital cities: civil capital in Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto) and military capital in Edo (modern Tokyo))  Empire of Great Japan (1868–1945): The Emperor of Japan was restored to nominal supreme power (Capital city in Kyoto, later in Tokyo. Mainland Japan became the metropole of a colonial empire. Meiji, Taisho, and early Shōwa periods.) Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period. (1945–1952) Japan (official English full name; Japanese referred to as Nihon-koku, literally translated as "State of Japan") (The Emperor of Japan is again a figurehead. Late Shōwa, Heisei and Reiwa periods) (1947–present)
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| Jordan | What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom. (13th century – 719 BC) |
| Kazakhstan | Massagetae (c. 8th century BC – c. 3rd century BC) Kangju (1st century BC (?) – 5th century AD) Yueban (160–490) Afrighids (305–995) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (580–603) Part of the Western Turkic Khaganate (603–659) Kangar Union (659–750) Türgesh Khaganate (699–766) Oghuz Yabgu State (766–1005) Part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation (880–1200) Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) Part of the Khazar Khaganate (c. 650–969) Part of the Cuman–Kipchak Confederation (c. 1000 – 1241) Part of the Mongol Empire (1241–1260) Eastern center of the  Golden Horde (1260s–1428)Part of the Uzbek Khanate (1428–1446) Center of the Uzbek Khanate (1446–1456)  Kazakh Khanate (1456–1847)Part of the  Russian Empire (1735/1860–1917) Alash Autonomy (1917–1920)(Unrecognized state) Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1936), federated state of the  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1919–1936) (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Republic of Kazakhstan[5] (1991–present)
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| North Korea | Divided in several city-states (c. 800 BC) Gojoseon, first a confederation of Korean city-states, later in the 4th century BC became a kingdom (Unknown – 108 BC) Buyeo (2nd century BC – 494 AD) Proto–Three Kingdoms period (108–57 BC) – Korea was divided in several states: Goguryeo, Okjeo, Eastern Buyeo, Nangnang Kingdom Eastern Ye in the north of the peninsula. There was also the Four Commanderies of Han, part of the Chinese Han Empire  Kingdom of Goguryeo (c. 37 BC – 668 AD)Unified Silla (668–935) Little Goguryeo (669–820) Kingdom of Balhae (698–926) Jeongan (938–986)  Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392) (Unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo) Kingdom of Great Joseon (1392–1897) Korean Empire (1897–1910) Japanese Korea (1910–1952, government abolished in 1945) (Part of the Japanese Empire) People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, cooperated by the Soviet Union to be used as basis for modern North Korean politics) Soviet Civil Authority (1945–1948) Provisional People's Committee for North Korea (1946–1948) Democratic People's Republic of Korea (1948–present)
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| South Korea | Jin (confederation of Korean city-states) (300s BC – 100s BC) Proto–Three Kingdoms period – Korea was divided in several states: Samhan (collective name of the Byeonhan, Jinhan, and Mahan confederacies) in the south of the peninsula.  Kingdom of Silla (57 BC – 668 AD)Kingdom of Baekje (18 BC – 660 AD) Gaya confederacy (42–562) Tamna (?–1404) Usan (?–512) Unified Silla (668–935) Kingdom of Baekje (892–936) Kingdom of Taebong (901–918) (Changed name from Goryeo to Majin and later to Taebong) Kingdom of Goryeo (918–1392) (Unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo) Kingdom of Great Joseon (1392–1897) Korean Empire (1897–1910) Japanese Korea (1910–1952, government abolished de in 1945) (Part of the Japanese Empire) and  Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea exile in China (1919–1948) People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946) (provisional government in Seoul, outlawed the South by the United States in 1945)  United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948) Republic of Korea (1948–present)
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| Kuwait | In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. (1613–1670) (Part of the Eyalet (State) of Lahsa, Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire) Part of the Bani Khalid Emirate (1670–1752)Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state (1752–1871) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Basra Vilayet (1871–1899) ( Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire)Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans) (1889–1913) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, autonomous kaza (district) of the Ottoman Empire (1913–1919) (via the Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913) Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (1919–1961) State of Kuwait (1961–1990) Republic of Kuwait (1990) (puppet state of Ba'athist Iraq) Kuwait Governorate (1990–1991) (governorate of Ba'athist Iraq) State of Kuwait (1990–present)
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| Kyrgyzstan | Part of the territory of the Hephthalites (497–571) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (571–603) Western Turkic Khaganate (603–657) Part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West (657–757) (protectorate of the Tang Empire) Karluk Yabghu (756–940) Part of the Uyghur Khaganate (791–840) Center of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1130) Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (1130–1137) Kara Khitai, also known as Western Liao Empire or Great Liao Empire (1137–1218) Part of the Chagatai Khanate (c. 1300 – 1347) Part of Moghulistan (1347–1380), also known as Eastern Chagatai Khanate Divided between the Timurid Emirate and the Moghulistan (1380–1507)Divided between the Uzbek Khanate and the Moghulistan (1507–1513) Divided between the Khanate of Bukhara and the Yarkent Khanate (1513–1705)Divided between the Khanate of Bukhara and the Dzungar Khanate (1705–1710)Part of the Dzungar Khanate (1710–1758) Part of the  Qing Empire (1758–1865)Part of the Russian Empire (1865–1867)Part of the Russian Turkestan (1867–1917) (Krai (Territory) of the Russian Empire)Part of the  Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918)(Unrecognized state)Part of the  Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1924), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast (1924–1926), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936), federated state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (itself a federated state of the Soviet Union) Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union) Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" adopted in 1991, changed to current in 1993) (1991–present)
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| Laos | Mueang city-states (c. 700s – 1354) Muang Phuan (13th century – 1893) Kingdom of Lan Xang (1354–1707) Divided in  Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1949),  Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), and  Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (Luang Phrabang and Vientiane became vassals to the  Burmese Monarchy from 1765 until 1779, later all the three kingdoms became vassals to the Kingdom of Siam from 1779 to 1893) French Protectorate of Laos (1893–1953) (constituent of French Indochina, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire) Kingdom of Laos (1947–1975) (French protectorate 1947–1953) Laos People's Democratic Republic (1975–present)
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| Lebanon | Amurru kingdom (c. 2000 BC – c. 1200 BC) Ancient Phoenicia (1200–858 BC): Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos Part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (858–608 BC) Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (605–538 BC)Part of the Achaemenid Empire (538–332 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC) Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene (323–320 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (320–314 BC) Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (314–301 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (301–63 BC) Part of the Roman Republic (and later Roman Empire) (63 BC – 270 AD)Part of the Palmyrene Empire (270–273) Part of the Roman Empire (273–395)Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (395–611)Part of the Sassanid Empire (611–626)Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (626–637)Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–876)Part of the Tulunid Emirate (876–905) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (905–935)Ikhshidid State (935–969), autonomous state within the Abbasid CaliphatePart of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1071)Banu Ammar (1065–1109) Part of the Great Seljuk Sultanate (1071–1109)  County of Tripoli (1109–1289)Part of the  Mamluk Sultanate (1289–1516)Divided between the Eyalets of Sidon and Tripoli (1516–1864) (Eyalets (States) of the Ottoman Empire)Divided between the Beirut Vilayet and the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1864–1917) (Vilayet (Province) and Mutasarrifate (autonomous district under direct control of the central government) of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) State of Greater Lebanon (1920–1943) (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, a League of Nations Mandate territory administered by France) Lebanese Republic (1943–present)
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| Malaysia | Peninsular Malaysia: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states such as Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc. (c. 100 – 687) Part of Srivijaya (687–1090) Part of the Melayu Kingdom (1090–1250) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states such as the Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka and Pahang Tua. (1250–1287) Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari (1287–1293) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states such as Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka and Pahang Tua. (1293–1355) Part of Majapahit (1355–1380) Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states such as Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka and Pahang Tua. (1380–1392) Part of Majapahit (1392–1402) Divided between Majapahit and the Malacca Sultanate (1402 – c. 1467) Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and Majapahit (c. 1467 – 1499) Patani Kingdom (1457–1957) Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate (1499–1511)  Portuguese Malacca (1511–1641) (Part of the Portuguese Empire)Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate (1528 – c. 1620) Occupied by the  Aceh Sultanate (1620–1636)Divided in many states such as the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate and the Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman. (1636–1826) Dutch Malacca (1641–1824) (Part of the Dutch Empire)British Malacca (1826–1957):  Straits Settlements,  Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States (Part of the British Empire)Malayan Union (1946–1948), a federal state and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom Federation of Malaya (1948–1963) (federal state)
East Malaysia: Malaysia |
| Maldives |  Sultanate of Maldive Islands (since 1153; Huraa Dynasty 1774–1953; 1954–1968) Republic of Maldive Islands (1953–1954;1968–1969) Republic of Maldives (1969–present)
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| Mongolia | Inhabited by the Xiongnu (c. 200 BC – 93? AD) Xianbei state (93?–234) Part of the Rouran Khaganate (330–555) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603) Part of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate (603–628) Xueyantuo (628–646) Protectorate General to Pacify the North, protectorate of the Tang Empire Part of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682–744) Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate (693–1207) Tatar confederation (8th century – 1202) Uyghur Khaganate (744–840) Great Liao Empire, (916–1125) also known as Khitan Empire Divided in severall Mongol tribes and clans, including Khamag Mongol (1125–1206) Mongol Empire (1206–1271) and Great Yuan Empire (1271–1368) Northern Yuan dynasty (1368–1438), rump state that originated from the Great Yuan (In its historical period the state was known and referred to as the Great Yuan, was the continuation of the Yuan Empire in its northern regions) Four Oirats (1438–1478) Northern Yuan dynasty (1478–1634)  Qing rule in Mongolia (1635–1911) (Inner Mongolia was conquered by the Qing in 1635, however Outer Mongolia resisted and only surrendered to the Qing decades later in 1691) Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911–1924) (partly interrupted by the Chinese Occupation of Mongolia 1919–1921 and Soviet Occupation of Mongolia 1921–1924) Internationally was an unrecognised state, being recognized only by the Russian Empire, Russian Republic, Russian SFSR and USSR) Mongolian People's Republic (1924–1992) (Before 1946, internationally was an Unrecognised state, being recognized only by the USSR. The Republic of China only recognized the independency of Mongolia in 1946, being followed by other nations) Mongolia (official English full name; Mongolian referred to as Mongol Uls, literally translated as "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia") (1992–present)
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| Myanmar | Thaton Kingdom (300s BC – 1057) Divided in many Pyu city-states (c. 200 BC – c. 1050 AD) Bagan Kingdom (849–1297)(In c. 1060, unified all city states in what is today Myanmar Divided in severall states, for example: Shan States (1204–(1215–1959)  Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287–1539; 1550–1552), Arakan (1287–1785)Myinsaing Kingdom (1297–1313), Pinya Kingdom (1313–1365), Sagaing Kingdom (1315–1365), Kingdom of Ava (1364–1555), Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429–1785), Prome Kingdom (1482–1542)Toungoo Kingdom (1510–1752)(Reunified all the states in what is today Myanmar) Konbaung Kingdom of Burma (1752–1885) (The exonym Burma has been in use in English since the 18th century)Part of the Indian Empire (1858–1937) (Part of the British Empire) Crown Colony of Burma (1937–1947) (Part of the British Empire) Union of Burma (1948–1962) Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (1962–1988) Union of Myanmar (1988–2011) Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2011–present)
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| Nepal | Licchavi (kingdom) (400–750) Nepal Mandala (?–1768) (confederation of three states) Chaubisi Rajya (?–1768) (confederation of 24 states, among them the Gorkha Kingdom (Unified the states of the Chaubisi Rajya and founded the Kingdom of Nepal)) Baise Rajya (?–1810) (confederation of 22 states) Malla dynasty (Nepal) (1201–1769)  Kingdom of Nepal (1768–2008)(From 1768 until 1810 gradually annexed the states of the Baise Rajya in 1810) Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008–present) (a federal state composed of 7 provinces)
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| Oman |  Imamate of Oman (751–1696)Nabhanid Kingdom of Oman (1154–1624) Imamate of Oman, metropole of the Omani Empire (1696–1856) Imamate of Oman (1856–1892) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, sovereign state) Imamate of Oman (1892–1970) (constituent of Sultanate of Muscat and Oman, protectorate of the British Empire) Sultanate of Oman (1970–present)
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| Pakistan | Indus Valley civilisation (c. 3300 BC – c. 1300 BC) Inhabited by the Indo-Aryans (c. 1300 BC – c. 516 BC) Gandhāra kingdom (1200–535 BC) Sindhu-Sauvīra (1000–518 BC) Pauravas (350–100 BC) Part of the Achaemenid Empire (516–330 BC)Ror Kingdom (450 BC – 489 AD) Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (326–323 BC) Divided in the satraps of Gandhara, Sindh, Punjab, Gedrosia (323–321 BC) Divided between the Maurya Empire and the satraps of Gandhara and Gedrosia (321–303 BC) Part of the Maurya Empire (303–181 BC) Indo-Greek Kingdom (200 BC – 10 AD) Patalene (181–70 BC) Indo-Scythian Kingdom (150 BC – 140 AD) Part of the Indo-Scythian satraps (Apracha, Gandhara, Taxila, the Northern Satraps and the Western Satraps) (35 BC – 12 AD) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (or Suren Kingdom) (19–50) Western Satraps (35–415) Kushan Empire (50–240) Part of the Sasanian Empire (230–651)Part of the Gupta Empire (400–502) Alchon Huns Monarchy (458–542) Rai Kingdom of Sindh (489–632) Aulikara Empire (529–545) Taank Kingdom (550–700) Patola Shahis (6th–8th century) Brahman Kingdom of Sindh (632–712) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (674–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–854)Hindu Shahi Monarchy (854–1026) Habbari Emirate (854–1011) Emirate of Multan (855–1010) Partially part of the Saffarid Emirate (977–999) Ghaznavid Sultanate (977–1186) Soomra Sultanate of Sindh (1026–1356) Ghurid Sultanate (1173–1215) Part of the Ghurid Kingdom (1186–1206) Maqpon Kingdom (1190–1840) Partially part of the  Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526)Partially part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom (1206–1231) Partially part of the Mongol Empire (1231–1264) Partially part of the Ilkhanate (1264–1335)Samma Sultanate of Sindh (1335–1524) Langah Sultanate (1445–1540) Shah Mir dynasty 1339–1561 Arghun Sultanate of Sindh (1520–1554) Partially part of the Mughal Empire (1526–1752)Partially part of the Sur Empire (1540–1556) Tarkhan Sultanate of Sindh (1554–1591) Partially part of the Safavid Empire (1638–1709)Partially part of the Hotak Emirate (1709–1738)Partially part of the Afsharid Iran (1738–1748)Part of the Durrani Empire (1747–1823)Kalhora Nawabs of Sindh (1701–1783) Partially part of the |
| Palestine | Inhabited by the Amorites, that established city-states in the region in c. 2000 BC (3500–1503 BC) Part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (1503 BC – c. 1200 BC) Twelve Tribes of Israel (c. 1200 BC – 1047 BC) Philistia (confederation of city-states) (1175–604 BC) Kingdom of Israel (c. 1047 BC – 930 BC) Divided between Kingdom of Israel (referred to by historians as the Northern Kingdom or as the Kingdom of Samaria), Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (930 BC – c. 720 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Assyria (conquered the Kingdom of Samaria), in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah and Philistia (c. 720 BC – 604 BC) Northern regions became part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia, in the South there is the Kingdom of Judah (604–587/586 BC)Part of the New Kingdom of Babylonia (587/586–539 BC)Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539–332 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (332–323 BC) Part of the domains of Laomedon of Mytilene (323–319 BC) Part of the domains of Ptolemy I Soter (319–315 BC) Part of the domains of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (315–306 BC) Part of the Antigonid Kingdom (306–301 BC) Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (301 BC – c. 200 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (c. 200 BC – 140 BC) Hasmonean Kingdom of Judaea (140–37 BC) Herodian Kingdom of Judea (37–6 BC) Judea, province of the Roman Empire (6 BC – 135 CE) Palaestina, province of the Roman Empire and later of the Eastern Roman Empire (135–390)Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (390–614) Part of the Sassanian Empire (614–628)Divided between Palaestina Prima and Palestina Secunda, provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire (628–636) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (636–661)Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–868) Tulunid Emirate (868–905) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)Jund Filastin, military district of Bilad al-Sham, region of the Abbasid Caliphate (905–939) Ikhshidid State (939–969) (Vassal of the Abbasid Caliphate)Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (969–1011)Jarrahids (1011–1030) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1011–1071)Part of the Great Seljuk Sultanate (1171–1098) Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (1098–1071) Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291)Part of the Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate (1187–1260)Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1516)Divided in the sanjaks (counties/districts) of Jerusalem, Gaza, Safad, Nablus, Lajjun, parts of the Eyalet (State) of Damascus (1516–1841) (Part of the Ottoman Empire)Divided in Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (1841–1917) (placed directly under the Ottoman central government in Constantinople), Nablus Sanjak, Nasra Sanjak and Acre Sanjak, the later two was parts of the Sidon Eyalet (State) (1856–1864), Syria Vilayet (Province) (1864–1888) and Beirut Vilayet (Province) (1888–1917) (Parts of the Ottoman Empire) Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Mandatory Palestine (1920–1948) (Part of the British Empire) All-Palestine Government (1948–1959), later  Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt (1959–1967) and  Jordanian annexation of the West Bank (1948–1967) Palestinian Liberation Organization (1964–present) Israeli Military Governorate (1967–1981) Israeli Civil Administration (1981–1994) Palestinian National Authority (1994–2013) State of Palestine (2013–present) (claimed to be independent since 1988; a UN observer since 2013)
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| Philippines | The Philippines was divided in several states (c. 900s – 1565), for example: Tondo polity, Butuan, (Lupah Sug, Confederation of Madya-as, Kingdom of Ma-i, Maynila, Kingdom of Cebu, the  Sultanate of Sulu,  Sultanate of Maguindanao, and many others. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan and parts of Mindanao.  Captaincy General of the Philippines (1565–1821), part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire and briefly  occupied by the British between 1762–1764) Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid (Part of the Spanish Empire) United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902) and  First Philippine Republic (1899–1901) (not recognized by the United States)  Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1901–1935) (unincorporated territory of the United States) Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946) (unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status) and  Second Philippine Republic (1943–1945) (puppet state of the Japanese Empire) Republic of the Philippines (1946–present)
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| Qatar | Dilmun civilization (c. 4th millennium BC – c. 538 BC) Part of the Sassanian Empire (230 AD – 628 AD)Part of the Islamic Medina (628–632)Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–889)Part of the Qarmatian Republic (889–1076) Part of the Uyunid Emirate (1076–1253) Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty (1253–1400) Part of the Jabrid Emirate (1400–1521)Part of the Lahsa Eyalet (Eyalet (State) of the Ottoman Empire) (1550–1669)Part of the Bani Khalid Emirate (1669–1796)Part of the  Emirate of Diriyah (1796–1815)Divided between the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies and the Emirate of Diriyah (1815–1818)Part of the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies (1818–1850)Part of the Emirate of Nejd (1850–1853)Divided between the Sheikdom of Bahrain and its dependencies and the Emirate of Nejd (1853–1867)Divided between the Sheikdom of Qatar and the Emirate of Nejd (1867–1872)Part of the Vilayet of Baghdad (Vilayet (Province) of the Ottoman Empire) (1872–1916) Protectorate of Qatar (1916–1971) (Part of the British Empire) State of Qatar (1971–present)
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| Russia[16] | Information relative only to Siberia (Asian part of Russia):
The steppes of Siberia were occupied by several nomadic peoples, including the Khitan people, various Finnic, Turkic and Mongol peoples. Caucasus states:
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| Saudi Arabia | Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula (3rd millennium BC – 538 BC) Kingdom of Thamud (8th century BC – 5th century AD) Lihyanite Kingdom (7th century BC – 24 BC) Kingdom of Gerrha (650 BC – 300 AD) Qedarite Confederation (9th–1st century BC) Kingdom of Kinda (450–550) in the center of Arabian Peninsula. By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible.[17] Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of the Sassanid Empire Lakhmid Kingdom (c. 300–602) Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. (622–632) Rashidun Caliphate (632–656), with capital city in Mecca Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (656–661), (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–945)Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia (899–1076) Western Arabia was part of the Buyid Empire (945–968) The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established (c. 968). Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule. Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid dynasty which conquered what is now Hejaz (1171–1260)Uyunid Emirate (1076–1253) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia Usfurids rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia (1253 – c. 1400) Kingdom of Ormus (1200s – 1622) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia Jabrid Emirate (1400 – c. 1521) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Mamluk Sultanate which inherited Hejaz from the Ayyubids (1260–1517) Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca (1517–1803), Habesh Eyalet (1554–1802; 1813–1872), Lahsa Eyalet (1560–1670), Shariffate/Emirate (Principality) and Eyalets (word translated to States in modern Turkish, but at the time considered equivalent to Duchies by the Europeans) of the Ottoman Empire (1517–1804) Bani Khalid Emirate in Eastern Arabia (1670–1790) Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State) (1744–1818) Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Meca (1814–1916) (part of the Ottoman Empire)Part of the Egypt Eyalet (1818–1824) (part of the Ottoman Empire) Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State) (1824–1891) Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836–1921) and  Hejaz Vilayet (1872–1916) Emirate of Riyadh (1902–1913) Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913–1921) Sultanate of Nejd (1921–1926),  Kingdom of Hejaz (1916–1925),  Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906–1934),  Principality of Najran (1633–1934) and the  Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916–1923)  Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy (1926–1932) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1932–present)
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| Singapore | Kingdom of Singapura (1299–1398) Part of Majapahit (1398–1409)Part of the Malacca Sultanate (1409–1511) Part of the   Johor Sultanate (1528–1819) Crown Colony of Singapore (1819–1826) (part of the British Empire) Straits Settlements (1826–1946) (part of the British Empire) Colony of Singapore (1946–1963) (part of the British Empire) State of Singapore (1963–1965) (state of Malaysia) Republic of Singapore (1965–present)
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| Sri Lanka | Unified (543 BC–1597) Sinhala Kingdom (543 BC – 1597 AD) Kingdom of Tambapanni (543–437 BC) Principality of Maya Rata (504 BC – 1153 AD)  Anuradhapura Kingdom (437 BC – 1017 AD)Kingdom of Ruhuna (200 BC – 1153 AD) Kingdom of Polonnaruwa (1055–1232) Kingdom of Dambadeniya (1232–1341)  Vanni chieftaincies (13th century–1782)Kingdom of Gampola (1341–1371)  Kingdom of Kotte (1371–1597) (Divided after the Vijayabā Kollaya)Divided amongst Jaffna Kingdom (1232–1620) Kingdom of Kandy (1469–1815) (independence from the Kingdom of Kotte) Kingdom of Sitawaka (1521–1594) Portuguese Ceylon (1597–1658) (Part of the Portuguese Empire) Dutch Ceylon (1658–1796) (Part of the Dutch Empire) Early British Ceylon (1796–1815) (Part of the British Empire)Unified (1815–present) British Ceylon (1815–1948) (Kingdom of Kandy becomes a British Colony in 1815) Dominion of Ceylon (1948–1972), a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (independence from the British Empire) Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (1972–present) (renamed from "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka" in 1978)
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| Syria | Eblaite Kingdom (c. 3000 BC – c. 1600 BC) Mariote Kingdom (c. 2900 BC – c. 1760 BC) Armi Kingdom (?–2290 BC) Eblaite Kingdom, Armi and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Kingdom (c. 2290BC – c. 2266 BC)(2230–2218 BC) Kingdom of Qatna (2000–1788 BC) Amurru kingdom (2000–1200 BC) Yamhad (1810–1517 BC) Partially part of the Old Assyrian Kingdom (c. 1788 BC – c. 1776 BC) Kingdom of Babylonia (c. 1750 BC – 1502 BC) Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni (c. 1600 BC – c. 1260 BC) Partially part of the New Kingdom of Egypt (c. 1448 BC – c. 1274 BC) and (616–605 BC) Partially part of the Hittite Empire (c. 1365 BC – c. 1200 BC) Part of the Middle Assyrian Kingdom (c. 1363 BC – 912 BC) Divided into many Syro-Hittite states (c. 1200 BC – 738 BC) Kingdom of Aram-Damascus (12th century BC – 732 BC) Part of the New Assyrian Kingdom (c. 911 BC – 609 BC) Aramean states (Aram and Hamath) (c. 870 BC – 840 BC) Part of the New Assyrian Kingdom (840–824 BC) Partially part of the Kingdom of Urartu (824–717 BC) Part of the New Babylonian Kingdom (608–539 BC)Part of the Achaemenid Empire (539 BC–331 BC)Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great (331–323 BC) Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene (323–305 BC) Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus (305–301 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (301–85 BC) Kingdom of Osroene (127–85 BC) Part of the  Kingdom of Armenia (85–70 BC)Part of the Roman Empire (as the Province of Syria) (69 BC – 395 AD)Emesene dynasty (46 BC – 72 AD) Kingdom of Palmyra (69–39 BC) Tanukhids (196–1100) Palmyrene Empire (270–273) Ghassanids Kingdom (220–638), vassal of the Roman Empire Salihids (4th–6th century BC) Part of the Byzantine Empire (395–613) and (627–637) Part of the Sassanid Empire (613–627)Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (637–661)Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–890) and (905–990)Part of the Tulunid Emirate (868–905) Hamdanid Emirate (890–1004) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and Hamdanid Emirate (905–945)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Hamdanid Emirates of Aleppo and Al-Jazira (945–990)Divided in many states, ruled by different dynasties like the Hamdanids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids (990–1002) Western regions are Part of the Fatimid Caliphate. Eastern regions are divided in many states, ruled by different dynasties like the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids (1002–1024)Divided in many states, ruled by different dynasties like the Mirdasids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids (1024–1082) Part of the Seljuk Empire (1082–1121) 1098: Crusader states established in Syria:  Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) and  County of Edessa (1098–1144)
Crusader states ( Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (1917–1920) Alawite State (1920–1936) and  Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920) Jabal Druze State (1921–1936) and  State of Aleppo (1920–1924) and  State of Damascus (1920–1924), later  State of Syria (1924–1930) Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) Syrian Republic (1946–1958) United Arab Republic (1958–1961) Syrian Arab Republic (1961–present) Syrian Arab Republic (opposition) (2011–present) Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (2013–present)
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| Tajikistan | Part of the Achaemenid Empire (520–329 BC) Part of the Kushan Empire (110–230) Part of the Hephtalites domains (353–570) Principality of Ushrusana (660–893) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (760–819)Part of the Samanid Amirate (819–999) Divided between the Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (999–1089) Divided between the Seljuk Sultanate and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (1089–1139) Divided between the Qara Khitai and the Ghaznavid Sultanate (1089–1152) Divided between the Qara Khitai and the Ghurid Sultanate (1152–1193) Divided between the Khwarazmian Sultanate and the Ghurid Sultanate (1193–1205) Part of the Khwarazmian Sultanate (1205–1221) Part of the Mongol Empire (1221–1256) Part of the Ilkhanate (1256–1335)Part of the Mihrabanid Kingdom (1335–1382) Part of the Timurid Emirate (1382–1470)Divided between the Timurid Emirate and the Uzbek Khanate (1470–1500)Part of the Uzbek Khanate (1500–1506) Part of the Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785)Part of the  Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1867)Part of the Russian Turkestan (1867–1920) (Krai of the Russian Empire, Russian Republic and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic)Part of the  Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924) (autonomous republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, itself a federated state of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1929) (autonomous Soviet socialist republic of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union 1924–1991) Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (federated state of the Soviet Union 1924–1991) Republic of Tajikistan (1991–present)
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| Thailand | Dvaravati Kingdom (7th–11th century) Regional states: Hariphunchai (629–1292), Kingdom of Hiran (638–1292), Kingdom of Lavo (648–1388) (conquered by Ayutthaya Siam), Phayao Kingdom (1094–1338) (conquered by Lan Na), Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438) (conquered by Ayutthaya Siam), Lan Na Kingdom (1292–1775) (successor state of the Kingdom of Hiran) (joined Thonburi Siam in 1775), Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th century–1782) (joined Rattanakosin Siam in 1782)  Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam (1350–1767) (Foreigners started to use the exonym Siam to refer to the country during this era), occupied by the Toungoo dynasty of Myanmar from 1564–1593 Thonburi Kingdom of Siam (1767–1782) Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1802–1899) Rattanakosin Kingdom of Siam (1782–1932) Kingdom of Thailand (1932–present) (officially named Siam until 1939 and from 1946 to 1948)
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| Timor-Leste (East Timor) |
Wehali (unknown – 1358) Wehali, part of Majapahit (1358–1490) Wehali (1490–1702, from 1515 within the Portuguese sphere of influence)   Portuguese Timor (1702–1975) (Part of the Portuguese Empire) Timor Timur (1975–1999) (created during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor) United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (1999–2002) Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (2002–present)
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| Turkey | Information relative to Anatolia:
The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes (c. 3500 BC – c. 2550 BC) |
| Turkmenistan | Part of the Achaemenid Empire (540–333 BC)
Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256–120 BC) |
| United Arab Emirates | Magan (civilization) (2300–550 BC) Part of the State of Medina (628–632) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Part of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–870) Part of the Qarmatian Republic (899–1077) Wajihid Emirate (926–965) Part of the Great Seljuk Empire (1046–1158) Part of the Nabhanid Kingdom of Oman (1155–1622) Part of the Uyunid State (1076–1253) Part of the Kingdom of Ormus (1307–1487) Part of Emirate of Diriyah (1727–1818)  Trucial States (1820–1971) (British protectorate, part of the British Empire) United Arab Emirates (1971–present) (a federal state composed of 7 emirates)
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| Uzbekistan | Part of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 530 BC – c. 330 BC) Sogdian city-states (5th century BC – 11th century AD) Part of the Macedonian Empire (330–323 BC) Part of the Seleucid Empire (305–256 BC) Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (256 BC – c. 145 BC) Kangju (c. 100 BC – c. 400s AD) Part of the Kushan Empire (30–230) Part of the Sassanid Empire (230–359)Part of the Hephthalite domains (c. 440 – c. 566) Part of the First Turkic Khaganate (c. 566 – 580) Part of the Western Turkic Khaganate (580–657) Part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West, protectorate of the Tang Empire (657–756) Principality of Khuttal (676–765) Principality of Farghana (712–819) Samanid Amirate, dependency of the Abbasid Caliphate (819–900)Samanid Amirate (900–999) Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) Great Seljuk Sultanate (1087–1137) Part of the Qara Khitai Empire, also known as Great Liao Empire (1137–1218) Part of the Mongol Empire (1218–1226) Part of the  Chagatai Khanate (1226–1370) Timurid Emirate (1370–1437)Uzbek Khanate (1437–1506) Khanate of Bukhara (1506–1785)Khanate of Kokand (1709–1876) Emirate of Bukhara (1785–1873)Part of the Russian Empire as Emirate of Bukhara (1873–1917) Emirate of Bukhara (1917–1920) Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920–1924) Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924–1991) (federated state of the Soviet Union 1922–1991) Republic of Uzbekistan (1991–present)
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| Vietnam | Kingdom of Xích Quỷ (2879–2524 BC) (semi-mythical) Kingdom of Văn Lang (524–258 BC) Kingdom of Âu Lạc (257–180 BC)  Kingdom of Nanyue (Nanyue Empire during the reigns of Zhao Tuo and Zhao Mo) (204–111 BC)Vietnam under Chinese rule (111 BC – 40 AD) Kingdom of Lĩnh Nam (Trưng sisters rebelion) (40–43) (not recognized by the Han Empire) Vietnam under Chinese rule (43–544) Kingdom of Champa (192–1832) Empire of Vạn Xuân (544–602) Vietnam under Chinese rule (602–939) Principality of Tĩnh Hải, independent principality (939–967) Đại Việt Empire (968–1400) Cobra Kingdom (11th century – 1432) Đại Ngu Empire (1400–1407) Vietnam under Chinese rule Đại Việt Empire (1427–1804) Sip Song Chau Tai (17th century – 1954) Principality of Hà Tiên (1707–1832)  Empire of Vietnam, under the Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1887) still nominally enthroned until 1945 French Indochina (1887–1940; 1945–1946) (federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire, Vietnamese constituents below)
Occupied by the |
| Yemen | Kingdom of Saba (c. 1200 BC – 275 AD) Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt (c. 800 BC – 300 AD) Kingdom of Awsan (800 – 500 BC) Kingdom of Ma'in (800–100 BC) Kingdom of Qatabān (c. 400 BC – 200 AD) Kingdom of Ḥimyar (c. 200 BC – 525 AD) Part of the Kingdom of Aksum (525–570) Part of the Sassanian Empire (570–630)Part of the State of Medina (630–632) Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661) Part of the  Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)Part of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–819)Ziyadid Emirate, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate (819–945)Yu'firids (847–997) Ziyadid Emirate, independent state (945–1018) Divided in many Yemeni states as the Najahid Emirate (1022/1050–1158), Sulayhid Sultanate (1047–1138), Sulaymanids (1063–1174), Zurayids (1083–1174) and the Mahdids (1159–1174) Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate of Egypt (1174–1229)
Rasulid Sultanate of Yemen (1229–1454)Kathiri State of Seiyun, independent state (1395–1654), conquered by the Zaidi Imamate Mahra Sultanate, independent state (1432–1658), conquered by the Zaidi Imamate Tahirid Sultanate of Yemen (1454–1517) Yemen Eyalet (1517–1636) (eyalet of the Ottoman Empire) Zaidi Imamate (1597–1686) (gradually expelled the Ottomans from the territory of modern Yemen by 1636) and some small states in its orbit Kathiri State of Seiyun, independent state (1686–1886), regained independence Mahra Sultanate, independent state (1686–1872), regained independence Divided in severall states, including the Zaidi Imamate,  Kathiri State of Seiyun,  Mahra Sultanate, Alawi Sheikhdom, Beda Sultanate, Emirate of Beihan, Fadhli Sultanate, etc (1686–1849) Yemen Eyalet (1849–1872) (eyalet of the Ottoman Empire) in the north, the south continued divided in small states Yemen Vilayet (1872–1918) (vilayet of the Ottoman Empire) in the northAden Protectorate (1872–1963), part of the British Empire in the south (Self-ruling sultanates, emirates and sheikdoms under British protection)  Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962) in the north Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) (1962–1990) Federation of South Arabia (1963–1967) in the south People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen) (1967–1990) (1967–1970 named People's Republic of Southern Yemen) Republic of Yemen (1990–present) Democratic Republic of Yemen (1994) Republic of Yemen (Supreme Political Council) (2014–present, Houthi government) Southern Transitional Council (2018–present)
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See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Asia". eb.com, Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2006.
- ^ National Geographic Atlas of the World (7th ed.). Washington, DC: National Geographic. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2. "Europe" (pp. 68–9); "Asia" (pp. 90–1): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
- ^ Maley, William (2009). The Afghanistan Wars: Second Edition. Twentieth-Century Wars. Vol. 2. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 101. ISBN 9781137013613.
- ^ Marcin, Gary (1998). "The Taliban". King's College. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^ a b ISO 3166-1 NEWSLETTER No. V-4 changed the official name of Azerbaijan from "Azerbaijani Republic" to "Republic of Azerbaijan" and changed the spelling of "Kazakstan" to "Kazakhstan".
- ^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Bangladesh". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
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- ^ "Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the 'New Reform Era'", p39, note 69.
- ^ McKinley, William. "Second State of the Union Address". 5 December 1898.
- ^ Yamamuro, Shin'ichi (2006). Manchuria Under Japanese Domination. Translated by Joshua A. Fogel. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8122-3912-6. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
- ^ White-Spunner, Barney (2017), Partition: The story of Indian independence and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Simon & Schuster UK, p. 5, ISBN 978-1-4711-4802-6
- ^ Sarina Singh (2009). Lonely Planet India (13, illustrated ed.). Lonely Planet. p. 276. ISBN 9781741791518.
- ^ Christine Everaer (2010). Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories (annotated ed.). BRILL. p. 82. ISBN 9789004177314.
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- ^ Hoshino Iseki Museum, Tochigi Pref.
- ^ Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, but is considered European historically, culturally, ethnically, and politically, and the vast majority of its population (78%) lives within its European part.
- ^ Koenig 1971; Payne 1983: Briggs 2009