This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.
Features by area
editOf the hundreds of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, relatively few have land permanently above sea-level that is larger than protruding rocks. There are only 13 islands and cays with a natural area above sea-level larger than one hectare.[note 1] With the exception of Swallow Reef, prior to 2014 there had been no large-scale land reclamation beyond building breakwaters and piers, and extending runways.
This changed dramatically in 2014 with the PRC embarking on large-scale reclamations of the lagoons of Johnson South Reef (~10ha) and Fiery Cross Reef (~230ha), and other reclamations of then unknown extent at the Gaven Reefs and Cuarteron Reef.[1] Reports of the extent of land reclaimed on Swallow Reef vary. The PRC land reclamations have continued on a total of seven sites. In 2015, Subi Reef, Hughes Reef and Mischief Reef were added.[2] Refer to the table below for the most recently available data. In summary, there have been reclamations of very large areas (>640 acres = 1 sq mile) at three sites by the PRC, reclamations of large areas (10-100 acres) at eight sites (four by PRC, three by Vietnam, and one by Malaysia) and reclamations of lesser areas at a number of sites. There does not appear to have been any reclamation of Philippine occupied areas. There have been small Taiwanese reclamations at Itu Aba, very small but functionally significant reclamations at six Malaysian sites, and a number small but significant reclamations at Vietnamese sites in 2016, most particularly at Spratly Island where the runway has been extended and a sheltered harbour added.
The following table contains the 16 largest "natural" features, (i.e. not including reclaimed land),[3] plus the features with significant amounts of reclaimed land:
| # | Feature | in Atoll | "Natural" Area | Location | Currently occupied by | Reclaimed Area[1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Itu Aba Island | Tizard Bank | 46.00 hectares (113.7 acres) | 10°22.5′N 114°22′E / 10.3750°N 114.367°E | ~8 acres (3.2 ha)[4] | |
| 2 | Thitu Island | Thitu Reefs | 37.20 hectares (91.9 acres) | 11°03′N 114°17′E / 11.050°N 114.283°E | ||
| 3 | West York Island | West York Island | 18.60 hectares (46.0 acres) | 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E | ||
| 4 | Spratly Island | Spratly Island | 13.00 hectares (32.1 acres) | 08°38′N 111°55′E / 8.633°N 111.917°E | ~37 acres (15 ha)[5] | |
| 5 | Northeast Cay | North Danger Reef | 12.70 hectares (31.4 acres) | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E | ||
| 6 | Southwest Cay | North Danger Reef | 12.00 hectares (29.7 acres) | 11°26′N 114°20′E / 11.433°N 114.333°E | ~7 acres (2.8 ha)[6] | |
| 7 | Sin Cowe Island | Union Banks | 08.00 hectares (19.8 acres) | 09°52′N 114°19′E / 9.867°N 114.317°E | ~26 acres (11 ha)[7] | |
| 8 | Nanshan Island | Loaita Bank | 07.93 hectares (19.6 acres) | 10°45′N 115°49′E / 10.750°N 115.817°E | ||
| 9 | Sand Cay | Tizard Bank | 07.00 hectares (17.3 acres) | 10°23′N 114°28′E / 10.383°N 114.467°E | ~9 acres (3.6 ha)[8][9] | |
| 10 | Loaita Island | Loaita Bank | 06.45 hectares (15.9 acres) | 10°40′N 114°25′E / 10.667°N 114.417°E | ||
| 11 | Swallow Reef | Swallow Reef | 06.20 hectares (15.3 acres) | 07°22′N 113°50′E / 7.367°N 113.833°E | ~95 acres (38 ha) | |
| 12 | Namyit Island | Tizard Bank | 05.30 hectares (13.1 acres) | 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E | ||
| 13 | Amboyna Cay | Amboyna Cay | 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) | 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E | ||
| Grierson Reef | Union Banks | 01.60 hectares (4.0 acres) | 09°54′N 114°34′E / 9.900°N 114.567°E | ~3 acres (1.2 ha)[10][11] | ||
| West London Reef | London Reefs | 01.10 hectares (2.7 acres) | 08°52′N 112°15′E / 8.867°N 112.250°E | ~70 acres (28 ha)[8][10][11][12] | ||
| Central London Reef | London Reefs | 00.88 hectares (2.2 acres) | 08°56′N 112°21′E / 8.933°N 112.350°E | ~4 acres (1.6 ha)[10][11] | ||
| 14 | Flat Island | Loaita Bank | 00.57 hectares (1.4 acres) | 10°49′N 115°49′E / 10.817°N 115.817°E | ||
| 15 | Loaita Cay | Loaita Bank | 00.53 hectares (1.3 acres) | 10°43′43″N 114°21′09″E / 10.72861°N 114.35250°E | ||
| 16 | Lankiam Cay | Loaita Bank | 00.44 hectares (1.1 acres) | 10°43′N 114°32′E / 10.717°N 114.533°E | ||
| Mischief Reef | Mischief Reef | 00.00 | 09°56′N 115°32′E / 9.933°N 115.533°E | ~1,379 acres (558 ha)[13][14] | ||
| Subi Reef | Thitu Reefs | 00.00 | 10°55′N 114°04′E / 10.917°N 114.067°E | ~976 acres (395 ha)[13][15] | ||
| Fiery Cross Reef | Fiery Cross Reef | 00.00 | 09°36′N 111°57′E / 9.600°N 111.950°E | ~677 acres (274 ha)[13][16] | ||
| Cuarteron Reef | London Reefs | 00.00 | 08°52′N 112°50′E / 8.867°N 112.833°E | ~56 acres (23 ha)[17] | ||
| Gaven Reefs | Tizard Bank | 00.00 | 10°13′N 114°13′E / 10.217°N 114.217°E | ~34 acres (14 ha)[18] | ||
| Johnson South Reef | Union Banks | 00.00 | 09°43′N 114°17′E / 9.717°N 114.283°E | ~27 acres (11 ha)[19] | ||
| Hughes Reef | Union Banks | 00.00 | 09°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E | ~19 acres (7.7 ha)[20][21] | ||
| Pearson Reef | SW Dangerous Ground | 00.00 | 08°58′N 113°42′E / 8.967°N 113.700°E | ~6 acres (2.4 ha)[22] | ||
| Cornwallis South Reef | SW Dangerous Ground | 00.00 | 08°43′N 114°11′E / 8.717°N 114.183°E | ~2 acres (0.81 ha)[10][11] |
Features by major reef/bank, etc.
editThe boundaries of the Spratly Islands are not firmly defined. West-to-east, the islands range from the coastal waters of Vietnam to the east of Dangerous Ground and the Palawan Passage (approx. 106-117°E), and south-to-north from the coastal waters of Borneo and the southern South China Sea to the north of Dangerous Ground and the Reed Bank (approx. 3-12°N).
The major feature of the area is Dangerous Ground, an oblong area approximately 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi) SW-NE, 175 nautical miles (324 km; 201 mi) at its widest, with an area of about 52,000 nm² (178,000 km²).[23] It lies approximately between 7.5–12°N, 113–117°E, and US NGA literature[23][24][25]etc. seems to consider its centre as 10°N 115°E / 10°N 115°E. The remainder of the Spratly Islands are mainly to the west and south of Dangerous Ground, with some features to the east.
The Spratly Islands can be roughly divided into seven sub-areas relative to Dangerous Ground:[23]
- NW of Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 113-115°E)[24]
- NE Dangerous Ground (approx. 10-12°N, 115-117°E)[25]
- SE Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 115-117°E)[26][27][28]
- SW Dangerous Ground (approx. 7-10°N, 113-115°E)[29]
- E of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, east of 117°E)[25][26][28]
- S of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3- 7°N, 113-117°E)[28][30] and
- W of Dangerous Ground (approx. 3-12°N, west of 113°E)[note 2]
Within these sub-areas there are a number of major reefs and banks, as well as ungrouped maritime features.[3]
Starting in the NW, and progressing in a generally SW direction, the features include:
Features by name
edit- A
- Amboyna Cay
- Ardasier Reef
- Ayungin Reef / shoal (Second Thomas)
- B
- Balagtas Reef (Irving Reef)
- Ban Than Reef (Zhongzhou Reef)
- Boji Jiao (Erica Reef)
- Bombay Castle
- C
- Calderon Reef (Cuarteron Reef)
- Celerio Reef (Swallow Reef)
- Central London Reef
- Chigua Reef (Johnson South Reef)
- Collins Reef (Johnson North Reef)
- Cuarteron Reef (Calderon Reef)
- D
- Dallas Reef
- Dangerous Ground
- Dongmen Reef (Hughes Reef)
- E
- East London Reef
- Enola Reef (Erica Reef)
- Erica Reef (Boji Jiao,Enola Reef, Gabriela Silang Reef, Terumbu Siput)
- F
- Fiery Cross Reef
- Flat Island (Patag Island)
- First Thomas Shoal
- G
- Gabriela Silang Reef (Erica Reef)
- Gaven Reefs / Gaven North Reef / Gaven South Reef
- H
- Half Moon Shoal
- Hardy Reef (Hubo Reef)
- Hubo Reef (Hardy Reef)
- Hughes Reef (Dongmen Reef)
- I
- Investigator Shoal (Pawikan Reef)
- Irving Reef (Balagtas Reef)
- Itu Aba (Ligao Island, Taiping Island)
- J
- James Shoal
- Johnson Reef:
- Johnson North Reef (Collins)
- Johnson South Reef (Chigua)
- K
- Kalayaan Islands / Kalayaan, Palawan
- Kota Island (Loaita)
- L
- Ladd Reef
- Lankiam Cay (Panata Island)
- Lawak Island (Nanshan Island)
- Layang Layang / Layang Layang Island (Swallow)
- Ligao Island (Itu Aba, Taiping Island)
- Likas Island (West York Island)
- Loaita Cay / Loaita Nan / Loaita Island (Kota)
- London Reefs
- Louisa Reef
- Luconia Shoals
- M
- Magat Salamat Reef (Pennsylvania South Reef)
- Mariveles Reef
- Menzies Reef
- Mischief Reef (Panganiban Reef)
- Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
- N
- Namyit Island
- Nanshan Island (Lawak Island)
- North Danger Reef
- Northeast Cay (Parola Island)
- P
- Pagasa Island (Thitu Island)
- Panata Island (Lankiam Cay)
- Panganiban Reef (Mischief Reef)
- Parola Island (Northeast Cay)
- Patag Island (Flat Island)
- Pawikan Reef (Investigator Shoal)
- Pennsylvania South Reef (Magat Salamat Reef)
- Pugad Island (Southwest Cay)
- R
- S
- Sabina Shoal
- Sand Cay
- Second Thomas Reef / Second Thomas Shoal (Ayungin)
- Sin Cowe Island
- Southwest Cay (Pugad Island)
- Spratly Island / Storm Island
- Subi Reef
- Swallow Reef (Celerio, Layang Layang)
- T
- Taiping Island (Itu Aba, Ligao Island)
- Terumbu Siput (Erica Reef)
- Thitu Island (Pagasa Island)
- Third Thomas Shoal
- U
- W
- West London Reef
- West York Island (Likas Island)
- Western Reef
- Whitsun Reef
- Z
- Zhongzhou Reef (Ban Than Reef)
Features by occupier and/or claimant
editA feature is occupied by a country if one of the following is true:
- Soldiers and/or civilian citizens of a country are present in the feature, either by building structures over the feature to house the citizens (most features are of this type) or by manning a ship anchored over the feature (Philippine-occupied Irving Reef is of this type).
- Regularly visited by soldiers of a country, not necessarily having soldiers present in it 24 hours. These features must lie near (within 9 miles (14 km)) a feature occupied by the country in the way of the first condition. Presence of structures is not necessary. This is the case of Philippine-occupied Flat Island and Lankiam Cay where soldiers stationed at Nanshan Island and Loaita Island respectively, regularly visit on a daily basis.[citation needed]
The effective visible distance of horizon from a 15-meter (typical large structure) height above sea-level is 9 miles (14 km). This makes features occupied by the second condition to be also labeled as "occupied" since they can be guarded far away. However, not all features within the 9-mile (14 km) radius can be considered as absolutely occupied. This is especially true for features that lie between and within 9 miles (14 km) of two or more features occupied by different countries.[citation needed] (See Virtually Occupied or Controlled table)
Summary
editOccupied features
edit
200km
124miles
124miles
S
O
U
T
H
C
H
I
N
A
S
E
A
D
a
n
g
e
r
o
u
s
G
r
o
u
n
d
56
55
54
53
52
51
50
49
48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
6
5
4
3
2
1
Location of the major islands in Spratly Islands. The eastern Dangerous Ground area contains many other reefs. Legend:
Philippines: 10: Flat Island 11: Lankiam Cay 12: Loaita Cay 13: Loaita Island 14: Nanshan Island 15: Northeast Cay 16: Thitu Island 17: West York Island 18: Commodore Reef 19: Irving Reef 20: Second Thomas Shoal
Vietnam: 21: Southwest Cay 22: Sand Cay 23: Namyit Island 24: Sin Cowe Island 25: Spratly Island 26: Amboyna Cay 27: Grierson Reef 28: Central London Reef 29: Pearson Reef 30: Barque Canada Reef 31: West London Reef 32: Ladd Reef 33: Discovery Great Reef 34: Pigeon Reef 35: East London Reef 36: Alison Reef 37: Cornwallis South Reef 38: Petley Reef 39: South Reef 40: Collins Reef 41: Lansdowne Reef 42: Bombay Castle 43: Prince of Wales Bank 44: Vanguard Bank 45: Prince Consort Bank 46: Grainger Bank 47: Alexandra Bank 48: Orleana Shoal 49: Kingston Shoal
Malaysia: 50: Swallow Reef 51: Ardasier Reef 52: Dallas Reef 53: Erica Reef 54: Investigator Shoal 55: Mariveles Reef
Brunei Darussalam
editNote that Louisa Reef was controlled by Brunei since 2009.
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Louisa Reef[3] |
|
Rocks 1 m high. Malaysia operates a lighthouse here.[36] | 0 | |
| Total | 1 reef | 0 |
Malaysia
editNote that the Royal Malaysian Navy have established 5 Offshore naval stations (Offshore EEZ Stations) on reclaimed land:[37]
- 1983: Station Lima (Swallow Reef)
- 1986: Station Uniform (Ardasier Reef)
- 1986: Station Mike (Mariveles Reef)
- 1999: Station Sierra (Erica Reef)
- 1999: Station Papa (Investigator Shoal)
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Swallow Reef/ Island[3][38] | The eleventh largest Spratly island. Treeless cay and rocks up to 3 m high surround a lagoon. Malaysia has drawn territorial seas around this and Amboyna Cay. Some 70 plus soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Lima". Has a 1.4 km airstrip, jetty and dive resort. Occupied since 1983. | 6.2 | ~35ha | |
| ||||
| Ardasier Reef[3][38] | 07°38′N 113°56′E / 7.633°N 113.933°E Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Has a few sandy patches. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Uniform". Occupied since 1986.[3] |
0 | ||
| ||||
| Dallas Reef[3] | Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed. Malaysia is also using this reef for tourism. | 0 | ||
| Erica Reef / Enloa Reef[note 3] | Above water only at low tide. Some isolated rocks on the eastern edge stand above high water. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Sierra". Occupied since 1999. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Investigator Shoal[note 3] | Above water only at low tide. Some large rocks at the western end are visible at high water. Encloses a lagoon. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Papa". Occupied since 1999. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Mariveles Reef[3][38] | A sand cay, 1.5–2 m high, surrounded by two lagoons, parts of which are above water at high tide. Several soldiers stationed at Royal Malaysian Navy offshore EEZ station "Mike". Occupied since 1986. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Total | 1 island, 4 reefs, and 1 shoal | 6.2 |
People's Republic of China
edit| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Cuarteron Reef[3][38] | 8°53′00″N 112°51′05″E / 8.88333°N 112.85139°E - Part of London Reefs. Natural features |
0 | 23.1 ha[41] | |
| Fiery Cross Reef / Northwest Investigator Reef[3][38] | 9°37′N 112°58′E / 9.617°N 112.967°E - West of Union Banks Natural features |
0 | 274 ha[41] | |
| Gaven Reefs[3][38] | (Southern reef) |
10°12′48″N 114°13′9″E / 10.21333°N 114.21917°E - Part of Tizard Banks. Natural features |
0 | 13.6 ha[41] |
| Hughes Reef[3][38] | 9°55′N 114°30′E / 9.917°N 114.500°E - Part of Union Banks. Natural features |
0 | 7.6 ha[41] | |
| Johnson South Reef[3][38] | 9°42′50″N 114°17′10″E / 9.71389°N 114.286°E - Part of Union Banks. Natural features |
0 | 10.9 ha[41] | |
| Mischief Reef[3][38] | 9°55′N 115°32′E / 9.917°N 115.533°E - East of the centre of Dangerous Ground. Natural features |
0 | 558 ha[41] | |
| Subi (Zhubi) Reef [3][38] | 10°54′48″N 114°03′43″E / 10.9133°N 114.062°E - West of Thitu Reefs. Natural features |
0 | 395 ha[47] | |
| Total | 7 reefs of which 7 have artificial islands | 0 | 1350.6 ha |
Republic of China (Taiwan)
edit| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Taiping Island / Itu Aba[3][38] | 10°22′30″N 114°22′0″E / 10.37500°N 114.36667°E - Part of Tizard Banks. The largest of the Spratly islands, and one of the few islands in the South China Sea with its own source of fresh water. Located about 22 miles (35 km) south-southwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita (Kota) Island and about 6 miles (10 km) west of Vietnam-occupied Sand Cay. Covered with shrubs, coconut and mangroves. 600 soldiers stationed, lighthouse,[36] radio and weather stations, concrete landing jetty and two wells at the SW end. Guano deposits, fringing reef. Hainan fishermen used to visit annually. In August 1993, plans were announced for a 2 km-long airstrip and a fishing port. The now only 1150-meters-long airstrip was completed in January 2008.[48] Pineapple was once cultivated here. Occupied since September 1956, four months after Filipino Tomas Cloma claimed the islands. |
46 | ||
| Other names: | Ligao, Huángshānmǎ Jiāo (黃山馬礁), Huángshānmǎ Zhì (黃山馬峙), Nagashima (長島) | |||
| Ban Than Reef / Zhongzhou Reef[3] | 10°23′10″N 114°24′49″E / 10.38611°N 114.41361°E - Part of Tizard Banks. Lies 3 miles (5 km) east of Itu Aba Island and 3 miles (5 km) west of Vietnamese occupied Sand Cay. Small drying reef.[3] "Construction project" underway since March 1995.[49] |
0 | ||
| Total | 1 island and 1 reef | 46 |
Republic of the Philippines
edit| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Flat Island[38][3] | 10°49′00″N 115°49′20″E / 10.81667°N 115.82222°E The fourteenth largest Spratly island. About 6 miles (10 km) southwest of Philippine-occupied Lawak Island (Nanshan Island). It changes its shape seasonally; the sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing wind and waves - the island has taken an elongated shape, the shape of a crescent moon, and the shape of a letter "S". Like Panata Island (Lankiam Cay), it is also barren of any vegetation. No underground water source is found in the island. Presently, the island serves as a military observation post for the Municipality of Kalayaan. A low, flat, sandy cay, 240m by 90m, subject to erosion. No vegetation. Several soldiers stationed. |
0.57 | ||
| ||||
| Lankiam Cay[3][38] | The sixteenth largest and the smallest Spratly island. Located 8 miles (13 km) northeast of Philippine-occupied Kota Island (Lankiam Cay). A few years ago this island has a surface area of more than 5 hectares but strong waves brought by a strong typhoon washed out the sandy surface (beach) of the island leaving behind today the calcarenite foundation that can be seen at low tide. Several soldiers stationed. Part of Loaita Banks. | 0.44 | ||
| ||||
| Loaita Cay[3][38] | The fifteenth largest Spratly island. It's located about 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) northwest of Philippine-occupied Loaita Island, just west of the north of Dangerous Ground. The island is a low, flat, sandy cay, and is subject to erosion. It changes its shape seasonally. The sand build up depends largely on the direction of prevailing winds and waves; it has taken an elongated shape for some years. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. Part of Loaita Banks. | 0.53 | ||
| ||||
| Loaita Island[3][38] | The tenth largest Spratly island. Located 22 miles (35 km) southeast of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa Island (Thitu Island) and 22 miles (35 km) north-northeast of the ROC-occupied Taiping Island. It fringes the Laoita bank and reef. Its calcarenite outcrop is visible along its western side at low tide. The present shape of the island indicates sand buildup along its eastern side. The anchor-shaped side will eventually connect with the northern portion as the sand buildup continues thereby creating another mini-lagoon in the process. The presence of migrating sea birds adds to the high phosphorus contents of the sand found in the island. Occasionally, giant sea turtles are reported to be laying their eggs in the island. Covered with mangrove bushes, above which rose coconut palms and other small trees. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1968. Part of Loaita Banks. | 6.45 | ||
| ||||
| Nanshan Island[3][38] | 10°45′N 115°49′E / 10.750°N 115.817°E The eighth largest Spratly island. Located 98.0 miles (157.7 km) east of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). This island is a bird sanctuary. Its surroundings are highly phosphatized that superphosphate materials can be mined out on a small-scale basis. Near the fringes of the breakwaters (approx. 2 miles (3 km) from the island), intact hard coral reefs were observed to retain their natural environment and beautiful tropical fishes were seen colonizing these coral beds of varying colors. Covered with coconut trees, bushes and grass. 580 m long, on the edge of a submerged reef. Several soldiers stationed. Has a small helipad. |
7.93 | ||
| ||||
| Northeast Cay[3][38] | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E The fifth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) north of Vietnamese-occupied Southwest Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Located 28 miles (45 km) northwest of Philippine-occupied Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Some of its outcrops are visible on its western side. It has high salinity groundwater and vegetation limited to beach type of plants. The corals around the island were mostly destroyed by rampant use of dynamite fishing and cyanide method employed by foreign fishing boats in the past. Covered with grass and thick trees. Much of the ringing reef is above water at high tide. Supported a beacon in 1984. Has Guano deposits. Several soldiers stationed. Satellite photography suggests it may have an airstrip.[note 4] Occupied since 1968. Part of North Danger Reef. |
12.7 | ||
| ||||
| Thitu Island[3][38] | The second largest Spratly island. Serves as the poblacion for the Municipality of Kalayaan, Palawan, Phils. It is covered with trees and has a variety of fauna. It is home to some 300+ civilians (including children) and over 50 soldiers. Other islands are expected to be populated before 2010. Population is regulated to protect the islands' flora and fauna and to avoid tension with other countries. It has 1.4 km airstrip, a marina, water filtering plant, power generator and a commercial communications tower (by Smart Communications), and a school. The Philippines' Department of Tourism is making improvements to the island to make it profitable. Occupied since 1971. Part of Thitu Reefs. | 37.2 | ||
| ||||
| West York Island[3][38] | 11°05′N 115°01′E / 11.083°N 115.017°E The third largest Spratly island. This island is located 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Pag-asa (Thitu Island). Outcrops are visible on the southern and eastern portion of the island during low tides. This island is considered a sanctuary for giant sea turtles that lay their eggs on the island all year round. The high salinity of the ground water in the island retards the growth of introduced trees like coconuts, ipil-ipil, and other types. Only those endemic to the area that are mostly beach type of plants thrive and survive the hot and humid condition especially during the dry season. Has an observation post. Several soldiers stationed. |
18.6 | ||
| ||||
| Commodore Reef[3][38] | A sand "cay", 0.5 m high, surrounded by two lagoons. Parts of reef above water at high tide. It is a typical reef lying underwater and is now being manned by a military contingent based and established in the area. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1978. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Irving Reef[3] | Naturally above water only at low tide. A very small cay lies at northern end. Some structures. Several soldiers stationed. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Second Thomas Reef / shoal[note 5] | A shallow reef. It is close to Chinese-occupied Mischief Reef. It was occupied by the Philippines in 1999, after the 1995 controversial Chinese occupation of Mischief Reef, to put pressure on China not to occupy any features further which lie near the Philippines. | 0 | ||
| ||||
| Total | 8 islands and 3 reefs | 84.42 |
Socialist Republic of Vietnam
edit| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Southwest Cay[3][38] | 11°28′N 114°21′E / 11.467°N 114.350°E The sixth largest Spratly island. Only 1.75 miles (2.82 km) from Northeast Cay and can be seen before the horizon. Previously a breeding place for birds and covered with trees and guano. Export of guano was once carried out "on a considerable scale." Fringing reef partly above water at high tide. Vietnam erected its first lighthouse in the Spratlys here in October 1993[36] and built an airstrip. Has a three-story building, garrisoned by soldiers. Philippine military controlled the island before the early 1970s. South Vietnamese forces (Republic of Vietnam) invaded the island in 1975, when Filipino soldiers guarding the island attended the birthday party of their commanding officer based in the nearby Northeast Cay. A confirmed report came out that Vietnamese prostitutes were sent by Vietnamese officials to the birthday party, supposedly a sign of good brotherhood between the forces, but was actually used to lure the Filipino soldiers guarding the island. Filipino forces apparently planned on attacking the island, thus it would have led to a war, but Vietnamese forces were able to erect a huge garrison in the island within few weeks, forcing Filipino officials to abort the plan. Since then, more soldiers were assigned to Parola Island (North East Cay), to avoid it from happening again. This was confirmed by interviews with soldiers involved in an episode of the defunct ABS-CBN's Magandang Gabi Bayan (Good Evening Nation) program. See Policies, activities and history of the Philippines in Spratly Islands#Southwest Cay invasion for more details. Part of North Danger Reef. |
12 | ||
| ||||
| Sand Cay[3][38] | 10°23′N 114°29′E / 10.383°N 114.483°E The ninth largest Spratly island. Lies 6 miles (10 km) to the east of Taiwan-occupied Taiping Island. Covered with trees and bushes. Fringing reef partly above water at low tide. This feature is commonly confused with Sandy Cay. Occupied since 1974. Part of Tizard Banks. |
7 | ||
| ||||
| Namyit Island[3][38] | 10°11′N 114°22′E / 10.183°N 114.367°E The twelfth largest Spratly island. Covered with small trees, bushes and grass. Has a fringing reef and is inhabited by sea birds. The island is inhabited by an unknown number of Vietnamese soldiers and in the deep waters fronting the south side it is said that a submarine base is situated.[citation needed] Occupied since 1975.Part of Tizard Banks. |
5.3 | ||
| Sin Cowe Island[3][38] | 9°52′N 114°19′E / 9.867°N 114.317°E The seventh largest. Has fringing reef which is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1974. Part of Union Banks. |
8 | ||
| Spratly Island / Storm Island[3][38] | 8°38′N 114°25′E / 8.633°N 114.417°E The fourth largest Spratly island. 2.5 m high, flat. Covered with bushes, grass, birds and guano. 5.5 m-high obelisk at southern tip. Has landing strip, and a fishing port. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Some structures with soldiers stationed. Occupied since 1974. |
13 | ||
| Amboyna Cay[3][38] | 07°54′N 112°55′E / 7.900°N 112.917°E The thirteenth largest Spratly island. 2m high. Two parts: East part consists of sand and coral, west part is covered with guano. Has fringing reef. An obelisk, about 2.7 m high, stands on the SW corner. Little vegetation. Lighthouse operational since May 1995.[36] Heavily fortified.[3] |
1.6 | ||
| Grierson Reef[3] | A sand cay with fringing reef.[50] (Despite some ambiguity in various references, this is NOT Sin Cowe East Island.[51]) Its sand bar area is about 12 hectares. Part of Union Banks. | 0 | ||
| Central London Reef[3][38] | 08°59′N 112°21′E / 8.983°N 112.350°E SW part is a sandbank which barely submerges at high tide. The rest is coral reef, awash, surrounding a lagoon. Occupied since 1978. Part of London Reefs. |
0 | ||
| Pearson Reef[3][38] | Two sand "cays", 2 m and 1 m high, lie on the edges of a lagoon. Parts of the surrounding reef are above water at high tide. Occupied since 1988. | 0 | ||
| Barque Canada Reef / Lizzie Weber Reef[3][38] | 8°10′N 113°18′E / 8.167°N 113.300°E Coral. Highest rocks are 4.5 m high, at SW end. Much of reef is above water at high tide. Some sandy patches. 18 miles (29 km) long. Its military structures have been upgraded. Occupied since 1987.[3] |
0 | ||
| West London Reef[3][38] | East part is sand "cay", 0.6 m high. West part is coral reef which is above water only at low tide. Between them is a lagoon. Vietnam erected a lighthouse here in May or June 1994.[36] Part of London Reefs. | 0 | ||
| Ladd Reef[38] | Naturally above water at low tide. Has coral lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 | ||
| Discovery Great Reef[3][38] | Several rocks are above water at high tide. Most of reef is above water at low tide. Has lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 | ||
| Pigeon Reef / Tennent Reef[3][38] | Numerous rocks are naturally above the high tide line. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 | ||
| East London Reef[3][38] | Rocks up to 1 m high. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. Part of London Reefs. | 0 | ||
| Alison Reef[3][38] | 8°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon.[3] |
0 | ||
| Cornwallis South Reef[3][38] | Naturally above water only at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. Occupied since 1988. | 0 | ||
| Petley Reef[3][38] | Naturally above water only at low tide, some small rocks might stand above high water. Occupied since 1988. Part of Tizard Banks. | 0 | ||
| South Reef[3][38] | Lies about 2.5 miles (4 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Southwest Cay. A tiny cay appears atop this reef on the most detailed map available. On the southwest end of North Danger Reef. Fringing reef is above water at low tide. Occupied since 1988. Part of North Danger Reef. | 0 | ||
| Collins Reef / Johnson North Reef[3] | 09°46′N 114°15′E / 9.767°N 114.250°E Lies 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Vietnam-occupied Sin Cowe Island. Connected to Johnson South Reef. A "coral dune" is located at the southeast corner, above the high tide line. Part of Union Banks. |
0 | ||
| Lan(d)sdowne Reef[3][38] | Sand dune, with fringing reef. Part of Union Banks. | 0 | ||
| Rifleman Bank (containing Bombay Castle)[3] | Shallowest natural depth is 3 m, called Bombay Castle. Sand and coral. Occupied since 1989. | 0 | ||
| Prince of Wales Bank | Shallowest natural depth is 7 m. Has corals. Occupied since 1989. | 0 | ||
| Vanguard Bank[3] | Shallowest natural depth is 16 m. Vietnam has run three "economic technological service stations" in this area since July 1994. Occupied since 1989. | 0 | ||
| Prince Consort Bank[3] | Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. Occupied since 1990. | 0 | ||
| Grainger Bank[3] | Shallowest natural depth is either 9 m or 11 m. Occupied since 1991. | 0 | ||
| Alexandra Bank | Shallowest natural depth is 5 m. Occupied since 1991. | 0 | ||
| Orleana Shoal | 0 | |||
| Kingston Shoal | 0 | |||
| Total | 6 islands, 15 reefs, 6 banks, and 2 shoals | 46.9 |
Unoccupied but largely controlled by China
edit| China | ||||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Hallet Reef |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| McKennan Reef |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| Eldad Reef |
|
0 | 0 | |
| First Thomas Shoal |
|
9°20′N 115°57′E / 9.333°N 115.950°E - SE of Mischief Reef A few rocks are permanently above sea level. Much of the reef is above water at low tide. Encloses a lagoon. |
0 | 0 |
| Whitson Reef[3] |
|
Part of Union Banks. Some rocks naturally above water at high tide. Part of Union Banks. It is also under the control of Vietnam, near Vietnam-occupied Grierson Reef |
0 | 0 |
Unoccupied but largely controlled by Malaysia
edit| Malaysia claims a portion of the South China Sea together with 11 islands and other marine features in the Spratly group on the basis that they are within its continental shelf. These shoals lie off the North-Western coast of Sarawak over an area of 100 km;[dubious – discuss] as such, they are largely controlled by Malaysia.[citation needed] | ||||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Sea area | Land area |
| North Luconia Shoals | Friendship Shoal (Chinese: 盟谊暗沙), Hardie Reef (Chinese: 海康暗沙), Aitken Reef (Chinese: 义净礁), Buck Reef (Chinese: 法显暗沙), Moody Reef (Chinese: 康西暗沙), Seahorse Breakers (Chinese: 南安礁), Tripp Reef (Chinese: 北安礁), Hayes Reef (Chinese: 南屏礁) |
1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi)[52] | 0 | |
| South Luconia Shoals | Stigant Reef (Chinese: 海安礁), Connell Reef (Chinese: 隐波暗沙), Herald Reef (Spratly Islands) (Chinese: 海宁礁), Comus Shoal (Chinese: 欢乐暗沙), Richmond Reef (Chinese: 潭门礁), Luconia Breakers (Chinese: 琼台礁) |
900 square kilometres (350 sq mi)[52] | 0 | |
| James Shoal[note 6] | Shallowest natural depth is 17.5 m. | 0 | 0 | |
| Ardasier Bank |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| Royal Charlotte Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |
Unoccupied but largely controlled by the Philippines
edit| The reefs, shoals, etc. to the east of the 116°E meridian are closely guarded by the Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Navy and Air Force. Though not occupied, the Philippines asserts control over these features which are less 100 miles (160 km) from the Palawan west coast (note: Scarborough Shoal is 100 miles (160 km) from Zambales west coast). There are many Filipino fishermen in this region, who cooperate closely with the Philippine Navy and Philippine Coast Guard. Non-Filipino fishermen are tolerated in this region, provided that they comply with Philippine laws. The press in the Philippines have reported many arrests of Chinese fishermen by the Philippine Navy and Philippine Coast Guard because of illegal fishing methods and catching of endangered sea species, both in this region and in the Sulu Sea. Philippine military presence in this region intensified after the 1995 Mischief Reef incident. The Philippine Air Force has been active in striking even the markers set up by other countries to guide the latter's naval forces in this region. | ||||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Amy Douglas Bank / Reef | Lies north of Palawan Passage. Awash at low tide. | 0 | ||
安塘礁 Antang Jiao | ||||
| Bombay Shoal | 9°26′N 116°55′E / 9.433°N 116.917°E Several rocks are exposed at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon.[3] |
0 | ||
| Boxall Reef | 8°51′N 114°00′E / 8.850°N 114.000°E Above water only at low tide. No lagoon.[3] |
0 | ||
| Carnatic Shoal | 0 | |||
| Half Moon Shoal | Several rocks on the eastern side rise one to two feet above high tide. Encloses a lagoon. Reports in February 2016 indicate the Philippine control of the reef might have ended.[54] | 0 | ||
| Hardy Reef | Naturally above water only at low tide. Surrounds a narrow strip of sand. | 0 | ||
| Hopkins Reef | 0 | |||
| Investigator Northeast Shoal | Lies only a few miles west of Palawan. Naturally above water at low tide. | 0 | ||
| Iroquois Reef | Lies east of both Philippine-occupied Nanshan Island and Flat Island. Above water only at low tide. | 0 | ||
| Leslie Bank | 0 | |||
| Lord Auckland Shoal | + | 0 | ||
| Pennsylvania North Reef | 0 | |||
| Pennsylvania South Reef | 0 | |||
| Reed Tablemount (including Nares Bank and Marie Louise Bank) | Shallowest natural depth is 9 m. About 2,500 square miles (6,500 km2) in area. The Philippines occupied this feature in 1971 and a Philippine-Sweden joint oil-exploration followed afterwards.[3] However, China protested this act of the Philippines saying that this tablemount which center lies 100 miles (160 km) from the Philippines is part of China's territories. After that, the Philippines tried asking China for a joint effort but China declined, arguing that the Philippines has no right in this feature. Presently, this feature is largely controlled by the Philippines. | 0 | ||
| Royal Captain Shoal | A few rocks are above water at low tide. Surrounds a lagoon. | 0 | ||
| Sabina Shoal | It encloses two lagoons, naturally above water at low tide. Lies east of the Philippine-occupied Second Thomas Reef. | 0 | ||
(Bãi Chóp Mao) | ||||
| Sandy Shoal | 0 | |||
| Seahorse Shoal / Seashore Shoal / Routh Bank | Lies north of Palawan Passage | 0 | ||
| Stag Shoal | 0 | |||
| Southern Bank / Reef | A group of features located south of Reed Tablemount. The reef includes: Magat Salamat Reef, Tagpi, Hubo Reef, and Katimugan Banks/Reef. The area is largely controlled and used for fishing by the Philippines due to its proximity to Flat Island and Nanshan Island. | 0 | ||
| Templar Bank | 0 | |||
| The reefs, shoals, etc. to the west of the 116°E meridian | ||||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area |
| Loaita Nan |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| North Reef (Spratly Islands) |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| Sandy Cay (Spratly Islands) |
|
near |
0 | 0 |
| Thitu Reef |
|
near Above water only at low tide. Located northeast of Thitu Island and unnamed on most maps. Part of Thitu Reefs |
0 | 0 |
Unoccupied but largely controlled by Vietnam
edit| Vietnam | ||||||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) | Reclaimed area | ||
| Loveless Reef |
|
near |
0 | 0 | ||
| Jubilee Bank |
|
near |
0 | 0 | ||
| Johnson Patch |
|
near |
0 | 0 | ||
| Owen Shoal | near Shallowest natural depth is 6 m. |
0 | 0 | |||
| Bittern Reef |
|
near |
0 | 0 | ||
| Discovery Small Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| 小现礁 Xiǎoxiàn jiāo | ||||||
| Flora Temple Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| Holiday Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| Ross Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| Higgens Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| Gent Reef | near |
0 | 0 | |||
| Bamford Reef | near |
0 | ||||
| Whitsun Reef | near Disputes with China |
0 | 0 | |||
| Eldad Reef | near Disputes with China and Taiwan |
0 | 0 | |||
Unoccupied features
edit| These are the unoccupied features. Some sources say that some of these features are occupied by Vietnam or China, but most sources say that they are not occupied. "Occupation" is possibly confused because the said reefs are very close to other occupied features. There are many unoccupied features in the Spratly chain. The current Code of Conduct prohibits any country from acquiring new features. Many of these features are actually in between and/or near two or more occupied features of different countries. Thus, they serve like buffer zones. Example of this is Jones Reef which lies almost exactly between PRC-occupied Hughes Reef and Vietnamese-occupied Higgens Reef.[citation needed] | |||
| Int'l Name | Local Names | Description | Area (ha.) |
| Alicia Annie Reef | 09°25′N 115°26′E / 9.417°N 115.433°E A sand "cay", 1.2 m high. Many rocks above high tide line. Reef encloses a lagoon.[3] |
0 | |
| Coronation Bank | 0 | ||
| Discovery Small Reef | Above water only at low tide. | 0 | |
| Director Reef / Shoal | 0 | ||
| Dhaulle Shoal | 0 | ||
| Ganges Reef | 0 | ||
| Glasgow Bank | Some sources say [citation needed] this area is occupied by the Philippines due to its proximity to the Commodore Reef. | 0 | |
| Hopps Reef | Above water only at low tide. Part of Southampton Reefs. | 0 | |
| Jones Reef | Lies 5 miles (8 km) south of McKennan Reef. Small reef, partly above water only at low tide. Part of Union Banks. | 0 | |
| Livock Reef | Above water only at low tide. Some rocks still visible at high tide. Part of Southampton Reefs. | 0 | |
| Lys Shoal | 0 | ||
| Menzies Reef | Awash at low tide. Part of Loaita Bank. | 0 | |
| North East Shoal | Lies only a few miles north of Commodore Reef. Above water only at low tide. | 0 | |
| North Viper Shoal | 0 | ||
| South Viper Shoal | 0 | ||
| Trident Shoal | 0 | ||
Claimed features by country but occupied by other country
edit| The PRC, the ROC and Vietnam claim all of the Spratly Island Chain, including some features that are just 50 km from other countries like the Philippines and Malaysia. The Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei have claims on parts of the area. Here are the islands claimed but are not occupied by these three countries (flags refer to the country currently occupying the feature): |
| Philippines: Itu Aba Island |
| Malaysia: Amboyna Cay |
| Brunei: Rifleman Bank |
Others
edit| Baker Reef / Gongzhen Jiao | 10°43.5′N 116°10′E / 10.7250°N 116.167°E Awash at low tide.[3] |
Notes
edit- ^ At one time Lankiam Cay (Panata) had an area of more than 5 hectares, but a severe typhoon and accompanying strong waves washed away the sand on the cay leaving behind the underlying coral base with an area of less than half a hectare.[citation needed]
- ^ Note that the sea in the area 10-12°N, west of 113°E is mostly at least 1000m deep until approaching the Vietnam coast, and hence contains no maritime features of interest. Refer to charts: 93020, 93022, 93030, and 93044. Areas south of 10°N and west of 113°E are covered by charts 93020, 93022, 93030 and 93049.
- ^ a b Erica Reef and Investigator shoal were occupied by Malaysia in 1999. A web search can confirm the occupation of these two features.
- ^ Possible airstrip on Northeast Cay at 11°27'12.79"N 114°21'21.61"E
- ^ No comprehensive list of Philippine-occupied Spratly islands is easily available. A web search can confirm that Ayungin Reef is occupied by the Philippines.
- ^ In January 2014, the PRC entered James Shoal unopposed.[53]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Chan, Minnie (22–23 Nov 2014). "US asks China to stop building Spratlys island which could host airfield". AFP. Retrieved 22 Nov 2014.
- ^ a b "South China Sea: China reclaims land on yet another reef, to show disregard to US, Vietnam and Philippines". China Daily Mail. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". southchinasea.org. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- Version dated 19 August 2011 is available at: "Digital Gazetteer of Spratly Islands". southchinasea.org. 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2014.This list includes the names of all Spratly features known to be occupied and/or above water at low tide.
- ^ "Penjejak Itu Aba".
- ^ "Spratly Island".
- ^ "Southwest Cay".
- ^ "Sin Cowe Island".
- ^ a b "Sandcastles of their own: Vietnamese Expansion in the Spratly Islands".
- ^ "Sand Cay".
- ^ a b c d "Vietnam's Island Building: Double-Standard or Drop in the Bucket?".
- ^ a b c d "China isn't the only one building islands in the South China Sea". Business Insider.
- ^ "West Reef".
- ^ a b c d e f Victor Robert Lee (25 April 2015). "South China Sea: China's Unprecedented Spratlys Building Program". The Diplomat. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
- ^ "Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative | Mischief Reef Tracker". Archived from the original on 2015-05-28. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ "Subi Reef Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". Archived from the original on 2016-05-15. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ "Fiery Cross Reef".
- ^ "Cuarteron Reef".
- ^ "Gaven Reefs".
- ^ "Johnson Reef Tracker | Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
- ^ "China builds fortress on disputed reef". The Times. 20 Feb 2015.
- ^ "Hughes Reef".
- ^ "Pearson Reef".
- ^ a b c Sailing Directions (Enroute), Pub. 161: South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand (PDF). Sailing Directions. United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. 2017. p. 11-17.
- ^ a b http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93044 NW of Dangerous Ground
- ^ a b c http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93045 NE Dangerous Ground
- ^ a b http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93046 Most of the SE of Dangerous Ground. The missing portion of the SE is covered by chart 93048 and the top corner of chart 92006.
- ^ Chart 93048 (not easily available on-line)
- ^ a b c http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=92006 SE Spratlys, Brunei, North Borneo and Southern Philippines
- ^ http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93047 SW Dangerous Ground
- ^ http://www.oceangrafix.com/chart/zoom?chart=93049 South and West of Dangerous Ground
- ^ "Nares Bank". Marine Gazetteer. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) [Flanders Maritime Institute].
- ^ "Marie Louise Bank". Marine Gazetteer. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) [Flanders Maritime Institute].
- ^ "Pennsylvania North Reef". Marine Gazetteer. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) [Flanders Maritime Institute].
- ^ "Iroquois Reef". Marine Gazetteer. Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ) [Flanders Maritime Institute].
- ^ "China's James Shoal Claim: Malaysia the Undisputed Owner". RSIS (Rajaratnam School of International Studies), Nanyang Technology University, Singapore. 1 July 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Rowlett, Russ (15 November 2013). "Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
- ^ "Royal Malaysian Navy - Offshore EEZ Stations". 9 May 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am "Territorial claims in the Spratly and Paracel Islands". GlobalSecurity.org. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae "Place Keywords by Country/Territory– Pacific Ocean (without Great Barrier Reef)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2003-07-06. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
- ^ a b c d e f DJ Sta. Ana, China builds more Spratly outposts, May 24, 2011, The Philippine Star.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative - Island Tracker. Retrieved 2015-07-03.
- ^ Ethan Rosen (22 Feb 2015). "What is China Building in the South China Sea?". www.bellingcat.com. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
- ^ Rowlett, Russ (15 November 2013). "Lighthouses of the Spratly Islands". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ "Photo : Hughes reef outpost and lighthouse". Panoromio. 24 May 2009. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
- ^ Imagery shows progress of Chinese land building across Spratlys. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
- ^ China starts work on Mischief Reef land reclamation. Retrieved 06 April 2015.
- ^ a b Victor Robert Lee (19 June 2015). "South China Sea: Satellite Images Show Pace of China's Subi Reef Reclamation". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
- ^ "Taiwan completes military airstrip on Spratly Islands". Taiwan News. CNA (Central News Agency). 29 January 2008. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
- ^ "No Spratlys agreement between ASEAN, PRC", FBIS-EAS-95-065, 5 Apr 1995, p. 41.
- ^ http://arcg.is/1J3VBBd redirects to "Aerial photo [114.5614E, 9.9010N], [114.5665E, 9.9038N] (Grierson Reef)". nlc.maps.arcgis.com.
- ^ http://arcg.is/1J3VUfc redirects to "Aerial photo [114.4814E, 9.8461N], [114.5019E, 9.8573N] (Sin Cowe East Island)". nlc.maps.arcgis.com.
- ^ a b Hancox, David; Prescott, Victor (1995). A geographical description of the Spratly Islands and an account of hydrographic surveys amongst those islands (Maritime briefing). University of Durham, International Boundaries Research Unit. p. 21. ISBN 978-1897643181.
- ^ Chinese ships patrol area contested by Malaysia. Retrieved 2014-02-11.
- ^ China takes another fishing ground near Palawan Archived 2016-03-06 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-02.
External links
edit- Department of Land Administration (2005). "2005-19. 海南諸島礁名稱 Location of Islands on South China Sea" (in Chinese and English). Department of Social Affairs, Ministry of the Interior (Republic of China). Archived from the original (MS Excel) on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
An MS Excel file containing a list of 170 maritime features in the South China Sea, including their latitudes and longitudes.