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Le Bœuf sur le toit (cabaret)

This article is about the cabaret in Paris. For the ballet composed by Darius Milhaud, see Le bœuf sur le toit.

Le Bœuf sur le toit 'The Ox on the Roof' is a celebrated cabaret-bar in Paris, founded in 1921 by Louis Moysés. It was originally located at 28, rue Boissy d'Anglas in the city’s 8th arrondissement. It was notably the gathering place for the avant-garde arts scene during the period between the wars. Maurice Sachs chronicled it in his 1939 book Au temps du Bœuf sur le toit (Paris: Nouvelle Revue critique, 1948).[1] Currently it is located at 34, rue du Colisée, having moved five times within the 8th arrondissement. The current building dates from the 18th century.

Origin of Le Bœuf

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Louis Moysés by Suzanne Valadon

The composer Darius Milhaud had been in Brazil where he had been impressed by the folklore and a popular song of the time, O Boi no Telhado (The ox on the roof). Back in Paris in 1919 Milhaud and his composer friends formed a group called Les Six. The poet Jean Cocteau was an informal member of the group and later would do the choreography for Milhaud's composition Le bœuf sur le toit—a direct translation of the Brazilian song name. This ballet farce became very popular and Milhaud, joined by Georges Auric, and Arthur Rubinstein could often be heard playing a six-handed version of it at La gaya, a bar at 17, rue Duphot owned by Louis Moysès.[2] The presence of Cocteau and his circle made the Gaya very popular and in December 1921, when Moysès moved his bar to rue Boissy d’Anglas, he named the new bar Le Bœuf sur le toit, probably to be sure that Milhaud, Cocteau, and their friends went with him.[1][3] They did—and Le Bœuf was born. Over the years the bar became such an icon that the common belief in Paris was that Milhaud's ballet-farce had been named after the bar, which was the opposite of what actually happened.[4]

History

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Le Bœuf sur le toit was a success from the day it opened.[5] It quickly became the center of Paris cabaret society and reigned throughout the twenties.[4][6] On opening night pianist Jean Wiéner, who Moysès had brought with him from the Gaya, played Gershwin tunes with Cocteau and Milhaud providing accompaniment on the drums. According to Maurice Sachs, the opening night audience included Pablo Picasso, René Clair, Sergei Diaghilev and Maurice Chevalier.[7]

 
For many years Francis Picabia's painting L'Oeil Cacodylate hung over the bar in Le Bœuf

Artists of all kinds came to Le Bœuf. On the wall, reigning over the scene, was Francis Picabia's now famous Dada work L’Oeil Cacodylate (The Cacodylic Eye).[8] But the bar was mainly about music. One could hear Jean Wiéner playing Bach, virtuoso pianist Clément Doucet playing Cole Porter, or Marianne Oswald singing the songs of Kurt Weill. Eugene McCown, recently arrived in Paris from his native Missouri, was hired to play jazz from 10 pm to 2 am.[9] You could run into Stravinsky, Francis Poulenc, Catherine Sauvage, or Erik Satie.[1] Frequent guests also included the young American composer Virgil Thomson and other classical musicians from Le Six.[10][11][12][13] Jazz musicians from other Paris clubs would show up at Le Bœuf after hours and play long into the night—for Paris was above all the city of jazz.[6] In France, the expression "faire un bœuf" is used by musicians to this day to mean "to have a jam session" and derives from the name of this cabaret.[4]

In 1928, owner Louis Moysés was forced to move to a new location, and this was followed by more moves, always within the 8th arrondissement.[14]

  • In 1922 Le Bœuf sur le toit founded at 28 rue Boissy d'Anglas
  • In 1928 moved to 33, rue Boissy d'Anglas
  • In 1928 moved again to 26 rue de Penthièvre
  • In 1936 moved to 41 bis avenue Pierre 1er de Serbie
  • In 1941 moved to 34, de la rue du Colisée
 
Interior of Le Bœuf sur le toit in 2007

The many relocations proved ruinous to the effervescent spirit of the original cabaret. Le Bœuf sur le toit exists as a chic restaurant to this day.[15] But the glamour, social cachet, avant-garde milieu, and bohemian atmosphere—they are a distant memory.[4]

Kristallnacht

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In 1938 Nazi propagandists reacted furiously to the assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a young Jewish man; and this was used as a pretext for Kristallnacht. But according to historian Hans-Jürgen Döscher, the shooting was not politically motivated, as commonly believed, but the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. Döscher claimed that Grynszpan and Vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Bœuf sur le toit, which was a popular hangout for gay men at the time.[16]

Famous patrons of and performers at Le Bœuf sur le toit

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From the day it opened, Le Bœuf was the epicenter of the Paris of the Roaring Twenties and was always thronged by the beau monde and the cream of the avant-garde. People likely to be seen at Le Bœuf included:[1][2][3][6]

References

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Notes
  1. ^ a b c d The Boeuf chronicles: Maurice Sachs by Laurent Gloaguen, 24 July 2004
  2. ^ a b "Cafe Music", Time, 26 October 1931.
  3. ^ a b Richardson, p. 209.
  4. ^ a b c d The Boeuf chronicles: How the Ox got its name, and other Parisian legends, by Daniella Thompson, 6 May 2002
  5. ^ Lisa Appignanesi (1984). Cabaret: The First Hundred Years. London: Methuen. p. 104. ISBN 041353880X.
  6. ^ a b c Appignanesi, p. 123.
  7. ^ "Paris in the twenties" Archived 8 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, The Globe Weekly News.
  8. ^ The Boeuf chronicles: The bar-restaurant, by Daniella Thompson, 4 August 2003.
  9. ^ Thomson, Virgil (1988). Selected letters of Virgil Thomson. New York: Summit Books. p. 54.
  10. ^ Virgil Thomson Virgil Thomson. Library of America & Penguin Random House. New York. 2016 ISBN 978-1-59853-476-4 p. 135-136 Virgil Thomson and Le Bœuf sur le toit on https://books.google.com
  11. ^ a b The Rest is Noise – Listening to the twentieth Century Alex Ross. Picador, New York 2007 ISBN 978-0-312-42771-9 p. 110 Virgil Thomas describes Le Bœuf sur le toit on https://books.google.com
  12. ^ Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century Editors – Lee Stacey & Lol Henderson. Routledge, New York 2013 p. 631 Virgil Thomson on https://books.google.com
  13. ^ a b Prepare for Saints – Gertrude Stein, Virgil Thomson, and the Mainstreaming of American Modernism Steven Watson, Random House, New York 1998 ISBN 978-0-307-82273-4 Le Bœuf sur le toit and Virgil Thomson and Le Six on google.books.com
  14. ^ In the spotlight Archived 27 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Le Bœuf sur le toit, Official website.
  15. ^ Bœuf sur le Toit Brasserie In Paris
  16. ^ "Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht?" by Kate Connolly, The Guardian, 30 October 2001
    "On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Jew, walked into the German embassy in Paris and shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat. Nazi propagandists condemned the shooting as a terrorist attack to further the cause of the Jewish 'world revolution' and launched the series of attacks known as Kristallnach. Vom Rath and Grynszpan met in Le Bœuf sur le toit bar, a popular haunt for gay men in the autumn of 1938 and became intimate."
  17. ^ Virgil Thomson Virgil Thomson. Library of America & Penguin Random House. New York. 2016 ISBN 978-1-59853-476-4 p. 135-136 Virgil Thomson and Le Bœuf sur le toit on https://books.google.com
  18. ^ Encyclopedia of Music in the 20th Century Editors – Lee Stacey & Lol Henderson. Routledge, New York 2013 p. 631 Virgil Thomson
Sources
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