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Islam in Finland

Finland is Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority faith. The constitution of Finland ensures freedom of religion and Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country.

Islam in Europe
by percentage of country population[1]
  95–100%
  90–95%
  50–55%
  30–35%
  10–20%
  5–10%
  4–5%
  2–4%
  1–2%
  < 1%

The first Muslims were Tatars who immigrated mainly between 1870 and 1920.[2] Since the late 20th century the number of Muslims in Finland has increased due to immigration. Nowadays, there are dozens of Islamic communities in Finland, but only a minority of Muslims have joined them. According to the Finland official census (2021), there are 20,876 people in Finland belonging to registered Muslim communities, representing 0.37% of the total population.[3] However, majority of Muslims in Finland do not belong to any registered communities. It is estimated that there are between 120,000 and 130,000 Muslims in Finland (2.3%).[4]

Baltic Tatars

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The Baltic Tatars arrived in Finland as merchants and soldiers at the end of the 19th century. They were adherents of Sunni Islam and spoke one of the Turkic languages. They were later joined by other family members and formed the first Islamic congregation, the Finnish Islamic Association (Finnish: Suomen Islam-seurakunta), which was founded in 1925, after Finland declared its full independence (1917). The year 1922 was when a law on religious freedom was passed. In practice, this society only accepts people from Tatar origin, or Turkic origin in general, as members, excluding non-Turkic speaking Muslims. The Finnish Tatars's Islamic congregations have a total of about 1,000 members these days.[5][6] By and large, Tatars remained the only Muslims in Finland until the start of the 1960s.[6]

Modern immigration

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By the early 1980s, several hundred Muslims predominantly from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) had immigrated as students, laborers and spouses. In 1987 they formed the Suomen islamilainen yhdyskunta [fi] association.[6]

Due to the number of immigrants and refugees, the number of Muslims in Finland rose considerably in the early 1990s, predominantly they were from the aforementioned MENA countries as well as Somalia and the Balkans. Soon new immigrants established their own mosques and societies. In 1996 these groups came together to form a cooperative organ - the Federation of Islamic Organizations in Finland. It is estimated that approximately 1,000 Finns have converted to Islam. The vast majority of these are women who have married Muslim men.[5][6]

By 2003, the number of Muslims had increased to 20,000, up from just 2,700 in 1990. There were also about 30 mosques. The majority of Muslims were Sunni as well as some Shia refugees from Iraq.[6]

Like most countries in Western Europe, Muslims tend to live in the larger cities of Finland like Helsinki, Tampere, Oulu and Turku.[6]

Hundreds of Muslim asylum seekers and refugees from Iraq and Afghanistan convert to Christianity after having had their first asylum application rejected by the Finnish Immigration Service (Migri), in order to re-apply for asylum on the grounds of religious persecution.[7]

In 2018, the Minister of Justice Antti Häkkänen ruled out the use of Islamic law in Finland.[8]

Islamic societies

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Table 1: Largest Islamic Societies in Finland 2009[9]
Name Registered Home Members
Finnish Islamic Association 1925 Helsinki 567
Islamic Society of Finland 1987 Helsinki 1 097
Helsinki Islamic Center 1995 Helsinki 1 817
Tampere Islamic Society 1998 Tampere 837
Islamic Rahma Center in Finland 1998 Helsinki 575
Islamic Society of Northern Finland 2000 Oulu 361
Resalat islamilainen yhdyskunta 2001 Vantaa 486

There are dozens of independent Islamic societies in Finland. The oldest one is Finnish Islamic Association which was established in 1925. It has about 700 members of whom all are Tatars. The society has mosques in Helsinki, Tampere and Lahti. The only building established only as mosque in Finland is Järvenpää Mosque.[citation needed]

The Islamic Society of Finland was established in 1987. Its members are mainly Arabs, but also Finnish converts. The society has a mosque and Koran school in Helsinki. The Helsinki Islamic Center is currently the biggest society with almost 2,000 members. Furthermore, there are a dozen other Islamic societies in Helsinki region, some of them are not officially registered.[citation needed]

 
Helsinki Islamic cemetery

Most of mosques are multilingual, but the most commonly used languages are usually English and Finnish. Religious services are held in Arabic.[citation needed]

Demographics

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The population of Muslims in Finland from 2008 to 2020, according to the Statistics Finland:[10][failed verification]

Year Population
2008 40,000
2010 45,000
2012 50,000
2014 60,237
2016 110,000
2018 136,000
2020 151,000

Muslim majority ethnic groups by language

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Numbers are based on the Statistics Finland (language, 2019).[11]

Total: 102,696

Terrorism and radicalisation

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The ICCT report from April 2016 showed that at least 70 individuals had left Finland to enter the conflict zone and the majority joined jihadist groups in Syria and Iraq. They started leaving in the 2012-13 time span and the male-female ratio was about 80-20%.[12]

The first terrorist attack in Finland was the 2017 Turku attack where Abderrahman Bouanane, a failed asylum seeker from Morocco, stabbed two women to death and wounded eight other people in his stabbing attack.[13]

Islamist militants constituted the majority of those under surveillance by the Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO) in 2020 and Finland is portrayed as an enemy state in ISIS propaganda. The Foreign fighters in the Syrian and Iraqi Civil Wars movement has amplified transnational contacts for the Islamist movements in Finland. A number of militants have arrived from the conflict zone in Syria and the Al-Hawl refugee camp and constitute both a short and long term security threat.[14][15]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Muslim Population Growth in Europe Pew Research Center". 2024-07-10. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10.
  2. ^ Mason, Robert (2016-04-08). Muslim Minority-State Relations: Violence, Integration, and Policy. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-52605-2.
  3. ^ "Finland: individuals in Muslim communities 2021". Statista. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  4. ^ "Muslimien määrä Suomessa herättää tunteita" (in Finnish). 30 July 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  5. ^ a b The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland: Other Churches and Religions in Finland Archived 2010-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Sök - Uppslagsverket Finland". uppslagsverket.fi. Retrieved 2021-11-21.
  7. ^ "Stort finländskt fenomen - hundratals muslimer blir kristna". 4 October 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2018.
  8. ^ "Justice Minister: "No room in Finland for Sharia law"". News. 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  9. ^ Uskonnot.fi (In Finnish) Keyword "islam". 16.8.2010
  10. ^ "Finland: Individuals in Muslim communities 2010-2020".
  11. ^ [1][permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ "The Foreign Fighters Phenomenon in the European Union". The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague (ICCT). April 2016. p. 44. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  13. ^ Rosendahl, Jussi (2018-06-15). "Knife attacker sentenced to life by a Finnish court". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  14. ^ "Terrorhotbedömning". Skyddspolisens årsbok (in Swedish). Retrieved 2021-04-04.
  15. ^ "Den radikala islamistiska terrorismen efter kalifatet". Skyddspolisens årsbok (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
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