Hypotenuse

 

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The word hypotenuse is derived from Greek ἡ τὴν ὀρθὴν γωνίαν ὑποτείνουσα (sc. γραμμή or πλευρά), meaning "[side] subtending the right angle" (Apollodorus),^[3] ὑποτείνουσα hupoteinousa being the feminine present active participle of the verb ὑποτείνω hupo-teinō "to stretch below, to subtend", from τείνω teinō "to stretch, extend". The nominalised participle, ἡ ὑποτείνουσα, was used for the hypotenuse of a triangle in the 4th century BCE (attested in Plato, Timaeus 54d). The Greek term was loaned into Late Latin, as hypotēnūsa.^[4][5] The spelling in -e, as hypotenuse, is French in origin (Estienne de La Roche 1520).^[6]

 

In a right triangle, the hypotenuse is the side that is opposite the right angle, while the other two sides are called the catheti or legs.^[7] The length of the hypotenuse can be calculated using the square root function implied by the Pythagorean theorem. It states that the sum of the two legs squared equals the hypotenuse squared. In mathematical notation, with the respective legs labelled a and b, and the hypotenuse labelled c, it is written as ${\displaystyle a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}}$ . Using the square root function on both sides of the equation, it follows that

${\displaystyle c={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}.}$ 

As a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem, the hypotenuse is the longest side of any right triangle; that is, the hypotenuse is longer than either of the triangle's legs. For example, given the length of the legs a = 5 and b = 12, then the sum of the legs squared is (5 × 5) + (12 × 12) = 169, the square of the hypotenuse. The length of the hypotenuse is thus the square root of 169, denoted ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {169}}}$ , which equals 13.

The Pythagorean theorem, and hence this length, can also be derived from the law of cosines in trigonometry. In a right triangle, the cosine of an angle is the ratio of the leg adjacent of the angle and the hypotenuse. For a right angle γ (gamma), where the adjacent leg equals 0, the cosine of γ also equals 0. The law of cosines formulates that ${\displaystyle c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos \theta }$  holds for some angle θ (theta). By observing that the angle opposite the hypotenuse is right and noting that its cosine is 0, so in this case θ = γ = 90°:

${\displaystyle c^{2}=a^{2}+b^{2}-2ab\cos \theta =a^{2}+b^{2}\implies c={\sqrt {a^{2}+b^{2}}}.}$ 

Many computer languages support the ISO C standard function hypot(x,y), which returns the value above.^[8] The function is designed not to fail where the straightforward calculation might overflow or underflow and can be slightly more accurate and sometimes significantly slower.

Some languages have extended the definition to higher dimensions. For example, C++17 supports ${\displaystyle {\mbox{std::hypot}}(x,y,z)={\sqrt {x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}}}}$ ;^[9] this gives the length of the diagonal of a rectangular cuboid with edges x, y, and z. Python 3.8 extended ${\displaystyle {\mbox{math.hypot}}}$  to handle an arbitrary number of arguments. ^[10]

Some scientific calculators^[which?] provide a function to convert from rectangular coordinates to polar coordinates. This gives both the length of the hypotenuse and the angle the hypotenuse makes with the base line (c₁ above) at the same time when given x and y. The angle returned is normally given by atan2(y,x).

By means of trigonometric ratios, one can obtain the value of two acute angles, ${\displaystyle \alpha \,}$ and ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$ , of the right triangle.

Given the length of the hypotenuse ${\displaystyle c\,}$ and of a cathetus ${\displaystyle b\,}$ , the ratio is:

 

${\displaystyle {\frac {b}{c}}=\sin(\beta )\,}$ 

The trigonometric inverse function is:

${\displaystyle \beta \ =\arcsin \left({\frac {b}{c}}\right)\,}$ 

in which ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$  is the angle opposite the cathetus ${\displaystyle b\,}$ .

The adjacent angle of the catheti ${\displaystyle b\,}$  is ${\displaystyle \alpha \,}$  = 90° – ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$ 

One may also obtain the value of the angle ${\displaystyle \beta \,}$ by the equation:

${\displaystyle \beta \ =\arccos \left({\frac {a}{c}}\right)\,}$ 

in which ${\displaystyle a\,}$  is the other cathetus.

• Cathetus
• Triangle
• Space diagonal
• Nonhypotenuse number
• Taxicab geometry
• Trigonometry
• Special right triangles
• Pythagoras
• Norm_(mathematics)#Euclidean_norm

• Hypotenuse at Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Hypotenuse". MathWorld.

 

Look up hypotenuse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.