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Haraldskær Woman

The Haraldskær Woman (or Haraldskjaer Woman) is the name given to a bog body of a woman preserved in a bog in Jutland, Denmark, and dating from about 490 BC (pre-Roman Iron Age).[1][2] Workers found the body in 1835 while excavating peat on the Haraldskær Estate. The anaerobic conditions and acids of the peat bog contributed to the body's excellent preservation. Not only was the intact skeleton found, but so were the skin and internal organs. Scientists settled disputes about the age and identity of this well-preserved body in 1977, when radiocarbon dating determined conclusively that the woman's death occurred around the 5th century BC.[3]

Haraldskær Woman on display in a glass-covered sarcophagus in Vejle, Denmark

The Haraldskær Woman's body is on permanent display in a glass-covered sarcophagus inside The Cultural Museum in central Vejle, Denmark.[4][5]

Details

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Haraldskær Estate in 1857
 
The body of the Haraldskær Woman

Excavators found the body of the Haraldskær Woman in a supine position in an excellent state of preservation. She was naked and her clothes, consisting of a leather cape and three woollen garments, had been placed on top of her.[6] Hurdles of branches and wooden poles pinned the body down.[7] The complete skin envelope and the internal organs were both intact. The body had a lancing wound to the knee joint area, where some object (possibly one of the sharp poles) penetrated to some depth.[8] Her skin was deeply bronzed with a robust skin tone due to tannins in the peat, and all the body joints were preserved with overlying skin in a state as if she had died only recently. Doctors determined she had been about 50 years old when she died and in good health without signs of degenerative diseases (such as arthritis) which are typically found in human remains of that age.[9]

In 1979, doctors at Århus Hospital undertook a further forensic examination of the Haraldskær Woman. By this time, the body had desiccated, and shrunken, and the skin was leathery, severely wrinkled and folded.[10] A CT-scan of the cranium more accurately determined her age to be about 40 at the time of her death.[11] The body height now measured only 133 cm (4 ft 4 in), but doctors used the original 1835 descriptions to estimate she would have stood about 150 cm (4 ft 11 in).[12]

In 2000, Lone Hvass of the Elsinore Museum, Miranda Aldhouse-Green of Cardiff University, and the Department of Forensic Science at the University of Århus performed a re-examination of the Haraldskær Woman.[9] Forensic analysis revealed stomach contents of unhusked millet and blackberries. Her neck had a faint groove as if someone applied a rope for torture or strangulation. The scientists concluded bog acids caused the swelling of the knee joint and that the woman was probably already dead before the branches pinned her down.[9] Because of her careful placement, and since cremation was the prevailing mode of interment during that period in Jutland, the examiners guess the Haraldskær Woman was a victim of ritual sacrifice.[9]

Relation to other bog bodies

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The principal locations where bog bodies have been discovered are the Northern European countries of Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Ireland, and especially Denmark.[13] The oldest of these bodies dates to about 8000 BC, although the majority of specimens in Denmark are from the Pre-Roman Iron Age to Roman Iron Age era (about 500 BC to AD 400).[14] As of 2006, more than 700 ancient bodies have been discovered in these sites,[15] although other estimates have placed the number in the thousands. It is difficult for scientists to ascertain a precise number because many of the bodies have been lost or destroyed.[16] Before archaeologists began actively searching for bog bodies, the bodies were discovered mostly during the routine extraction of peat, and then reburied or discarded.[16] After the discovery that the systematic conservation of Iron Age bodies was attributable to the acidic anaerobic environs, major excavations have occurred in Jutland.[17] Other bog bodies recovered on the Jutland peninsula that have undergone as extensive an analysis as the Haraldskær Woman include Tollund Man, Grauballe Man, Elling Woman, Huldremose Woman and the Borremose Woman.[14][18]

Mistaken identity

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After the discovery of the body, early theories of her identity centred on the persona of Queen Gunnhild of Norway, who lived around 900–1000 CE. Most of the bog bodies recovered indicate the victim died from a violent murder or ritualistic sacrifice. These theories are consistent with the body being put into a bog as opposed to burial in dry earth.

According to the Jomsvikinga Saga, Harald Bluetooth of Denmark ordered Queen Gunnhild be drowned in a bog.[19] Based upon the belief of her royal personage, King Frederick VI of Denmark-Norway commanded an elaborately carved sarcophagus to hold her body.

This careful treatment of the Haraldskær Woman's remains explains the excellent state of conservation of the corpse;[3] conversely, Tollund Man, a later discovery, was not properly conserved and most of the body has been lost, leaving only the head as original remains in his display.

In 1842, the young Danish archaeologist J. J. A. Worsaae disputed the identification of the Haraldskær Woman with Gunnhild.[20] A pioneer in archaeological stratigraphy, Worsaae presented evidence the Haraldskær Woman dated from the Iron Age. Later radiocarbon dating confirmed the body was not Gunnhild, but rather a woman of the early Iron Age who lived about 490 BCE.[1][2]

Literary references

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Danish author Steen Steensen Blicher, an amateur archaeologist and one of the first to visit the site, made the first literary reference to the Haraldskær Woman.[21] In 1836, he published his novella Gravhøjen which was a parody about a mistaken archaeological find. However, by 1841 Blicher seemed to have changed his mind about the Haraldskær Woman's identity when he wrote the poem Dronning Gunhild, a lament for the dead queen in the bog.[22] In 1846, the Danish playwright Jens Christian Hostrup wrote his comedy, A Sparrow Doing a Crane Dance, (En Spurv i Tranedans), in which the ghost of Queen Gunnhild gives a magical ring to a scheming tailor and makes everyone blind to his actions.[23] Hostrup's play indirectly satirized the theory that the Haraldskær Woman was Queen Gunnhild, and became the first major public endorsement of Worsaae’s hypothesis.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ebbesen, Klaus (1986). Døden i mosen (in Danish). Copenhagen: Carlsen's Forlag. p. 7. ISBN 978-87-562-3369-9. OCLC 18616344.
  2. ^ a b Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J (2004). An archaeology of images [Iconology and cosmology in Iron Age and Roman Europe]. London/New York: Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 0-415-25253-9. OCLC 53099015.
  3. ^ a b Archaeological Institute "Haraldskaer Woman: Bodies of the Bogs", Archaeology, Archaeological Institute of America, December 10, 1997.
  4. ^ Fodor, John D. Rambow, ed. (2002). Denmark [the guide for all budgets, completely updated]. Fodor's Scandinavia. New York/London: Fodor's. ISBN 0-676-90203-0.
  5. ^ "Cultural Museum". vejlemuseerne.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  6. ^ Hvass, Lone (1998). Dronning Gunhild - et moselig fra jernalderen. København: Sesam. p. 26. ISBN 87-7801-725-4.
  7. ^ Aldhouse-Green, Miranda J. (2006). Boudica Britannia. Pearson Education. pp. 95–96. ISBN 1-4058-1100-5.
  8. ^ (Aldhouse-Green 2004, p. 93)
  9. ^ a b c d (Aldhouse-Green 2006, pp. 95–6)
  10. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 58)
  11. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 62)
  12. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 61)
  13. ^ Lang, Karen E., Tales from the Bog, National Geographic Magazine, September (2008)
  14. ^ a b Fischer, Christian: Tollundmanden. Gaven til guderne. Mosefund fra Danmarks forhistorie. Hovedland 2007.
  15. ^ Hirst, Kris K."Bog Bodies" Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Archaeology, About.Com
  16. ^ a b Knudsen, Anne, Moselig, Weekendavisen, Nr. 40, 5-11, Oct. 2007.
  17. ^ Hamerow, Helena, 2003. Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in North-West Europe 400-900, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-924697-1
  18. ^ Andersen, S., Geertinger, P., "Bog Bodies Investigated in the Light of Forensic Medicine", Journal of Danish Archaeology Vol. 3 (1984), p. 111-119.
  19. ^ Ashley, Julian; Lock (1998). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. New York: Carroll & Graf. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7867-0405-7.
  20. ^ Rowley-Conwy, Peter (2007). From Genesis to Prehistory: The Archaeological Three Age System and Its Contested Reception in Denmark, Britain, and Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-19-922774-7.
  21. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 23)
  22. ^ (Hvass 1998, p. 30)
  23. ^ Hostrup, Jens Christian, En Spurv i Tranedans, Folkecomedie i 4 akter, (1846)

Further reading

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55°42′10″N 9°26′22″E / 55.70278°N 9.43944°E / 55.70278; 9.43944

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