File:Human karyotype with bands and sub-bands.png

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Description	Add language/edit English: Schematic and relatively language-neutral karyogram of a human. Even at low magnification, it gives an overview of the human genome, with numbered chromosome pairs, its main changes during the cell cycle (top center), and the mitochondrial genome to scale (at bottom left). High magnification (of full size version) more clearly depicts a scale to the left of each chromosome pair that shows the length in terms of million base pairs, and the scale to the right of each chromosome pair shows the designations of the bands and sub-bands. It shows darker and brighter regions as seen on G banding. Each row is vertically aligned at centromere level. The chromosomes are organized into the groups A to G in regard to size, position of the centromere and sometimes the presence of a chromosomal satellite. The chromosome copy numbers are those seen in G₀ and G₁ of the cell cycle, and at top center it also shows the state of the chromosome 3 pair in the metaphase of the cell cycle, after the synthesis of a copy of each chromosome. The karyogram shows: - 22 homologous autosomal chromosome pairs - Both the female (XX) and male (XY) versions of the two sex chromosomes (in green rectangle at bottom right). - The human mitochondrial genome to scale (at bottom left). For more information and context, see Wikipedia:Karyotype. Printing: For a regular printer, adjust to fill at least 2 x 2 pages (A4 or standard letter size) in portrait mode, and preferably print in color on photo paper. For poster printing, the suggested size is approximately 47.0 x 77.7 cm (18.5 x 30.6 inches). The pdf version is 20 x 32 inches. Svenska: Schematiskt och relativt språkneutralt karyogram av människan. Även på låg förstoring ger den en översikt över det mänskliga genomet, med numrerade kromosompar, deras huvudsakliga förändringar under cellcykeln (överst i mitten), och mitokondriernas genom i samma skala (längst ner till vänster). Högre förstoring (av fullstorleksversionen) ger tydligare en skala till vänster om varje kromosompar som visar längden i form av miljoner baspar, och skalan till höger om varje kromosompar visar beteckningarna för band och sub-band. Den visar mörkare och ljusare områden som ses på G-banding (med Giemsa-färjning). Varje rad av kromosomer är justerat så att varje centromer ligger i samma nivå. Kromosomerna är organiserade i grupperna A till G med avseende på storlek, placering av centromeren och ibland närvaron av en kromosomsatellit. Antalet kromosomkopior är de som ses i G₀ och G₁ i cellcykeln. Karyogrammet visar: - 22 homologa autosomala kromosompar - Både den kvinnliga (XX) och den manliga (XY) versionen av de två könskromosomerna (i grön rektangel längst ner till höger). - Det mänskliga mitokondriella genomet i samma skala (längst ner till vänster). Mer detaljerad beskrivning av detta karyogram finns på engelska Wikipedia: Wikipedia:Karyotype. Utskrift: För en vanlig skrivare, justera till att fylla minst 2 x 2 sidor (A4) i stående läge. För affischtryck är en föreslagna storleken cirka 47.0 x 77.7 cm, och helst i färg på fotopapper. pdf-versionen är 20 x 32 tum (50.8 x 81.28 cm). العربية: رسم بياني للشكل الخلوي المضاعف للصبغيات عند الإنسان، يبين تنظيم الجينوم البشري على هيئة صبغيات حتى قبل تكبير الصورة. يُظهر الرسم أزواج الصبغبات مرقمة، والتغييرات الرئيسة خلال دورة الخلية (في الأعلى والمركز)و علم الوراثة البشري الميتوكوندري (في الأسفل على اليسار). تصور تصويراً واضحاً الصورة بالدقة العالية المقياس الأيسر طول الأزواج الصبغية مقدراً بالمليون، فيما يظهر أيمن الزوجين الصبغيين تسميات العصابات والنطاقات الفرعية. يظهر مناطق أكثر قتامة وإشراقا كما يظهر في النطاق G. يتم محاذاة كل صف عموديا عند مستوى سنترومير. يتم تنظيم الكروموسومات في المجموعات من أ إلى ز فيما يتعلق بحجم وموقع السنترومير وأحيانا وجود قمر صناعي كروموسومي. أرقام نسخ الكروموسوم هي تلك التي تظهر في G0, G1 من دورة الخلية، وفي المركز العلوي يظهر أيضا حالة زوج الكروموسوم 3 في الطور لدورة الخلية ، بعد تخليق نسخة من كل كروموسوم. يظهر مخطط كاريوجرام:22 متماثل جسمي أزواج كروموسوم - كلا النسختين الأنثوية (س س) والذكور (س ع) من الاثنين كروموسوم جنسي (في مستطيل أخضر في أسفل اليمين).- الجينوم الميتوكوندريا البشرية لتوسيع نطاق (في أسفل اليسار). 中文：相对语言中性的人类核型图示意图。即使在低倍放大下，它也能概览人类基因组，包括编号的染色体对，细胞周期（顶部中心）中的主要变化，以及按比例显示的线粒体基因组（左下角）。高倍放大（完整版本）更清晰地显示了每对染色体左侧的刻度，表示以百万碱基对为单位的长度，右侧的刻度显示了条带和亚条带的标记。它显示了在G显带上看到的深浅不同的区域。每一行在着丝粒水平垂直对齐。染色体根据大小、着丝粒位置以及有时是否存在染色体卫星被组织为A到G组。染色体的拷贝数是在细胞周期的G₀和G₁期看到的，顶部中心还显示了细胞周期中期时第3对染色体的状态，即每条染色体复制一份后的状态。核型图显示： - 22对同源常染色体 - 两种性染色体的女性（XX）和男性（XY）版本（右下角绿色矩形中）。 - 按比例显示的人类线粒体基因组（左下角）。更多信息和背景，请参见zh:核型。打印: 对于普通打印机，调整以填满至少2 x 2页（A4或标准信纸大小）的纵向模式，最好在照片纸上彩色打印。对于海报打印，建议尺寸约为47.0 x 77.7厘米（18.5 x 30.6英寸）。PDF版本尺寸为20 x 32英寸。 Add language/edit
Date	20 November 2022
Source	edit Own work, integrating the following Public Domain pictures: Chromosomes, with annotated bands and sub-bands, by User:Was a bee, in turn using data from the Human Genome Project, as displayed in the Ensembl genome database: Ensembl - Homo sapiens: Animal Cell.svg by Kelvin Ma (for mitochondrial localization) Animal cell cycle-en.svg by Kelvin Ma (for cell cycle changes at top) Female shadow (for the female silhouette), by Mikael Häggström Autodominant en.svg by Michał Komorniczak (for the male silhouette) The purple hue for the chromosomes and cell nuclei was digitally sampled from the following image: Human Chromosomes (crop), before conversion to grayscale, by SANCHITA20. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Author	Mikael Häggström, M.D. Author info - Reusing images - Conflicts of interest: None Mikael Häggström, M.D. - The work integrates Public Domain source images by Was A Bee, Kelvin Ma and Michał Komorniczak - Also, a special acknowledgement to everyone involved in the Human Genome Project for generating the source data. edit
Other versions	edit Human karyogram: .png file .svg file .pdf file Human karyogram, less detailed and Giemsa-purple converted to grayscale: .png file. .svg file .png: Can be viewed in most apps and programs. Raster graphics. .svg: Use this version to make edits (such as in Inkscape), and then export/save as .png/.pdf to upload new versions of the files. Vector graphics. .pdf: May be optimal for poster printing (see description above). Vector graphics.

Assessment


	This is a featured picture on Wikimedia Commons (Featured pictures) and is considered one of the finest images. See its nomination here. This is a featured picture on the Arabic language Wikipedia (صور مختارة) and is considered one of the finest images. See its nomination here. This is a featured picture on the English language Wikipedia (Featured pictures) and is considered one of the finest images. See its nomination here. If you have an image of similar quality that can be published under a suitable copyright license, be sure to upload it, tag it, and nominate it.

Licensing

	This file is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication.
	The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of their rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. CC0falsefalse

File history

Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

	Date/Time	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	14:59, 20 April 2024	9,684 × 16,008 (9.58 MB)	Obscure2020	The file was previously encoded as RGBA, which unnecessarily inflated the file size, because the image is completely opqaue. I have corrected the image to RGB with the help of OxiPNG.
	03:43, 7 February 2023	9,684 × 16,008 (11.83 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Minor adjustments
	01:06, 6 February 2023	9,684 × 16,008 (11.83 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Removed excessive margins
	01:03, 6 February 2023	11,600 × 17,789 (12.1 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Tiny adjustment
	02:26, 5 February 2023	9,684 × 16,008 (11.83 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Slight reduction in size without affecting relevant information
	04:04, 9 January 2023	13,887 × 22,956 (18.88 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Same gray hue
	03:51, 9 January 2023	13,887 × 22,956 (18.88 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Switched to grey around chromosomes and white around. Some other adjustments
	04:11, 30 December 2022	13,887 × 22,956 (20.04 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Minor adjustments
	03:40, 28 December 2022	13,887 × 22,956 (20.04 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Improved metaphase cell
	18:29, 24 December 2022	13,887 × 22,956 (20.02 MB)	Mikael Häggström	More realistic shapes of metaphase cell and chromosomes