Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Wikipedia

Chinatown bus lines

This article is about intercity bus travel. For Chinese-owned intracity public transit, see Dollar vans in the New York metropolitan area § Chinatown vans.

Chinatown bus lines are discount intercity bus services in the United States, often operated by Chinese Americans, primarily Fujianese.[1] They operate with lower overhead and lower fares compared to competing services. Destinations include most major cities as well as casinos popular with Asian Americans.

Passengers waiting to board a Travel Pack bus on Mulberry Street in Manhattan en route to Boston in 2004
See caption
Passengers waiting at the now-defunct Fung Wah Bus Transportation ticket window on Canal Street at the Bowery in Manhattan's Chinatown
Passengers boarding a bus on a city street in warm weather
Eastern Bus MCI 102DL3 coach boarding passengers in Manhattan's Chinatown
Color-coded schematic map
2010 schematic map of four eastern U.S. Chinatown bus lines, with New York City as the hub
A woman standing outside a bus with its door open in winter
Bus-ticket saleswoman at the corner of East Broadway and Forsyth Street in the Little Fuzhou neighborhood of Manhattan's Chinatown

As a result of safety issues and several fatal crashes, most Chinatown bus lines were shut down by regulatory authorities in 2012. Others continue to operate with increased oversight.

History

edit

Early history

edit
A large white bus, seen from the front 
Fung Wah Bus Transportation Van Hool C2045 coach on a stopover

Chinese-operated intercity bus service began when the Chinese working class and new immigrants, particularly Chinese restaurant workers who found jobs in other cities, needed to travel to and from New York City, Boston, and Atlantic City.[2][3][4][5][6] The first companies to offer Chinese intercity bus service had minimal features, including unmarked curbside bus stops and no advertising or customer service;[7] this greatly reduced overhead costs.[8] In 1998, two companies began operations: Fung Wah Bus Transportation, between New York and Boston, and Eastern Bus, between New York and Philadelphia.[9] At first, very few non-Chinese made use of the services.[10][11] As word spread, they became popular with non-Chinese travelers due to lower fares and the demographics of these bus lines became similar to those of other intercity bus lines.[5][7][11][12][13][14]

Competition and price wars between newly successful companies, combined with online ticket sales,[5] led to a reduction in fares.[1][15][6][10] Service to smaller cities by Chinatown bus lines had less of a price advantage.[9] The fierce competition led to gang violence in which rival bus operators killed or injured each other.[6] Because of their low fares, Chinatown bus lines had very low profit margins; some went bankrupt and ceased operations.[10] However, the services became more popular and the number of trips by Chinatown bus lines increased.[8]

In 2004, a fully-booked bus net at least $340 profit per round trip after expenses.[10] In 2004, Vamoose Bus was launched by Hasidic Jews to compete with Chinatown bus lines.[16]

By 2005, Chinatown buses appropriated much of the market share of Greyhound Lines in the Northeastern United States.[17]

By 2006, many Chinatown bus lines operated service to/from casinos popular with Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants.[18][19][20] All riders receive free-play vouchers, and some low-income or homeless people sell them before returning to New York.[19]

In 2008, BoltBus was established by Greyhound to compete with the less-expensive Chinatown bus lines,[21] but ceased operations in July 2021.[22]

By 2010, service expanded to many major cities across the U.S.[23]

By 2012, riders of Chinatown buses made up over half the ridership of northeastern intercity buses, bringing annual intercity ridership to over 7 million passengers.[11]

Shutdowns

edit
White bus parked on a city street 
Double Happiness #222 at Herald Square

Double Happyness Travel, Inc. was shut down in December 2011 after it was called "an imminent hazard" by transportation officials.[24]

On May 31, 2012, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) announced the shutdown of Apex Bus, I-95 Coach, New Century Travel, and 23 related entities due to safety violations.[25][26][27]

On March 2, 2013, the United States Department of Transportation shut down Fung Wah Bus Transportation because of its refusal to provide safety records.[28][15][29] The company was later authorized to resume its bus operations[30][31] but shut down anyways in 2015.[32]

On May 25, 2013, a bus operated by Lucky Star was taken out of service when a manhole cover became lodged in its undercarriage.[15] The company was shut down on June 5 due to "flagrant disregard for motor coach passenger safety".[33] Lucky Star conducted an extensive bus upgrade and driver program, passed required inspections, and resumed operations in November 2013.[34]

The shutdowns led to an increase in bus fares and some say the shutdowns were unnecessary. Jim Epstein, a writer for libertarian publication Reason, called the FMCSA practices overly harsh, writing that the agency targets Chinatown bus companies because owners are rarely fluent in English and alleging that inspectors were overly strict about defective components, confiscating several buses for minor issues.[15][35]

Post-shutdowns

edit

Despite these shutdowns, in 2015, Chinatown bus lines operated 5.3 million passenger trips and 48.5 million annual miles of service, up 14% from 2013 and up 26% since 2008.[36]

In May 2019, Eastern Bus, a Chinatown bus line, reached a deal with Flixbus, in which Flixbus handles all marketing and sales for the company.[37]

edit
Colorfully-decorated bus at a traffic light 
A 2000 Coach bus in New York City

In 2003 and 2004, bus burnings, driver assaults, murders, and other gang violence in New York City were linked to the possible infiltration of Asian organized crime gangs in the industry.[38]

Among the crimes associated with gang activity was a deadly shooting in May 2003 on a busy street, which may have been in retaliation for a driver backing his bus into a rival;[1] in revenge, two buses were set on fire the following year.[13] Fatal stabbings occurred in October 2003[6][13] and in 2004.[13] The boyfriend of a bus-company employee was fatally shot in an apparent bus feud in January 2004,[6][1] and a Chinatown bus operator was shot to death two months later.[1] In a June 2004 incident tied to criminal gangs, two people—a Chinatown bus driver and a bystander—were murdered in a bar in Flushing, Queens; another was shot in the leg. The accused shooter was arrested in Toronto in 2011, and was extradited to the United States.[13] After the 2004 shootings, the New York City Police Department increased its enforcement of Chinatown-bus laws.[1] Bus-feud crime subsided by 2007.[39]

In 2008, the Banya Organization, a Chinese gang, was accused of assaulting employees of Chinatown bus lines in an attempt to extort partial ownership and a share of the profits.[40]

In 2013, police confiscated 254 guns and arrested 19 members of the largest gun-smuggling ring in New York City history; the suspects were accused of shipping guns via Chinatown bus lines.[41] In 2020, Chinatown bus lines were again accused of being a conduit for gun trafficking.[42]

Safety record

edit

Chinatown buses have been involved in several incidents, and there were 34 intercity bus crashes across the United States from 2001 to 2011.[15] On a 2006 safety scale of 0 to 100, where 0 was the safest and 100 the most dangerous, Chinatown bus lines were rated between 71 and 99; Greyhound was rated 0.[6] "Calculations of safety and risk are inverted," according to a 2013 City University of New York study.[11] A report in 2011 found that curbside Chinatown buses were often more dangerous than buses that stop in terminals.[43] As of 2011, many travelers were not discouraged.[44] Intercity bus crashes are rare.[39]

In February 2004, after several murders connected with employees of rival Chinatown bus companies, officials conducted a surprise inspection and seized buses.[45]

In 2012, General Bus, a Chinatown bus line, was noted to have a safety record worse than 99.5% of other intercity bus lines.[46]

In 2017, federal data showed that three Chinatown bus lines were among the worst safety violators among U.S. intercity bus lines.[47]

Crashes and incidents

edit
  • February 8, 2003 – A bus operated by Dahlia transporting passengers to the Taj Mahal Casino Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey, spun off the Garden State Parkway and flipped on its side on a snowy embankment, killing two people and injuring 28 people.[48]
  • March 18, 2005 – A Boston-bound Chinatown bus operated by Lucky Star/Travel Pack stopped and evacuated its passengers on the Massachusetts Turnpike shortly before it burst into flames. No one was injured.
  • August 16, 2005 – A New York-bound bus operated by Fung Wah Bus Transportation caught fire on Interstate 91 near Meriden, Connecticut. Although the passengers later criticized the driver for being unhelpful and untrained in evacuating the bus, no injuries were reported.[49] After the August 2005 bus fire, the Massachusetts Department of Telecommunications and Energy began conducting three surprise inspections per month on all bus companies leaving Boston's South Station terminal. Senator Chuck Schumer of New York proposed a four-point federal plan which would includes surprise inspections and a national safety standard for bus operators.[50]
  • August 15, 2006 – A Shun Fa bus traveling from New York to Pittsburgh crashed. Ten passengers were injured, five of whom were hospitalized, one in critical condition.[6][51]
  • September 6, 2006 – A bus operated by Fung Wah Bus Transportation rolled over in Auburn, Massachusetts, injuring 34 passengers.[6][52] Excessive speed was cited as a factor and the bus company was fined.[53]
  • January 3, 2007 – A bus operated by Fung Wah Bus Transportation lost its back two wheels in Framingham, Massachusetts, early in a trip to New York. No injuries were reported.[54]
  • February 14, 2007 – A bus operated by Fung Wah Bus Transportation en route to New York went out of control and struck a traffic barrier on the Massachusetts Turnpike, I-90, in Allston. No injuries were reported. State officials had advised Fung Wah Bus Transportation to suspend operations because of a winter storm that day.[55] Fung Wah reached an agreement with regulators in which its buses would be subject to inspections and driver checks for 30 days. The company agreed to improve safety, including removing unclean, unsafe buses from service.[56]
  • February 18, 2007 – A bus owned by Tremblay Motorcoach and operated by Sunshine Travel caught fire on the Massachusetts Turnpike near interchange 10A in Millbury, Massachusetts. All 50 passengers were evacuated, and no injuries were reported. The cause of the fire was unknown. The bus was returning to Chinatown, Boston from the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut.[57]
  • March 23, 2007 – A New York-bound bus operated by Fung Wah Bus Transportation from Boston got stuck on a cement lane divider at a tollbooth on the Massachusetts Turnpike at Massachusetts Route 128 in Weston, Massachusetts, when the driver tried to change lanes. No one was injured, and passengers boarded a later bus.[58]
  • May 20, 2007 – A New York-bound bus crashed in Pennsylvania, killing 2 riders and injuring 32 more.[6][59]
    Front of a bus, struck by a dump truck 
    June 23, 2008 Fung Wah Bus Transportation bus crash
  • June 23, 2008 – A bus loading passengers was struck by an out-of-control dump truck at the intersection of Canal Street and the Bowery in New York's Chinatown. The impact pushed the bus onto the sidewalk and into a bank. A sign attached to a light pole fell, injuring a 57-year-old woman who later died. Several people, including two police officers, were treated for minor injuries.[60][61] State Department of Transportation inspectors found that the dump truck, owned by CPQ Freight Systems, had eight mechanical issues including faulty brakes which led to the crash.[62]
  • March 12, 2011 – World Wide Tours bus crash - A bus operated by World Wide Tours traveling to Chinatown from the Mohegan Sun casino in Uncasville, Connecticut crashed, killing 15 people.[63][64][65] The crash was a result of driver fatigue.[66] The driver was charged with manslaughter but was acquitted.[67]
  • March 14, 2011 – On the New Jersey Turnpike, a bus crash killed the driver and injured 40, two critically.[68][69][70] In March 2011, these two crashes led officials to confiscate six buses for inadequate brake air pressure, steering violations, and missing driver paperwork.[71]
  • May 31, 2011 – A commercial tour bus operated by Sky Express crashed on Interstate 95, killing four people and injuring dozens.[72][73]
  • September 21, 2014 – A Chinatown bus overturned and killed two people and injured 48 people in Delaware.[74]
  • March 31, 2015 – A Chinatown bus hit and killed a pedestrian in Virginia.[75]
  • September 23, 2017 – A bus operated by Dahlia Group slammed into a city bus in Flushing, killing Dahlia’s driver, a city bus passenger, and a pedestrian, and injuring 16 people.[76][77]
  • January 5, 2020 – A Chinatown bus crash killed five people and injured over 60 people on the Pennsylvania Turnpike.[78]

Other criticism

edit

Buses often do not follow their scheduled timetables;[5][79] many are unreliable, sometimes skipping scheduled stops.[39]

Buses are also criticized for being uncomfortable.[80] Buses are generally older and unmarked.[81] The buses are also known to break down.[82][83]

The curbside bus stops used by Chinatown bus lines led to many complaints from nearby residents and business owners due to noise, pollution, trash, blocked traffic, and sidewalk overcrowding.[84][85] The complaints led to increased regulations in several cities, including permit requirements, bus stop requirements, fines and fees, as well as the construction of the Independence Transportation Center in Philadelphia.[5][86][87][88][89][90][91] These regulations were also allegedly influenced by Peter Pan Bus Lines and Greyhound Lines, which face competition from Chinatown bus lines.[92]

See also

edit
  • Xe Đò Hoàng (lit. 'Hoàng Bus') or Hoang Express is an intercity bus service based in Orange County, California with a route connecting Little Saigon in Orange County with the community in San Jose.

References

edit
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Chinatown's bus war turning fatal". The Washington Times. March 7, 2004.
  2. ^ Liang, Zai (2023). From Chinatown to Every Town. University of California Press . doi:10.1525/9780520384989-006 – via De Gruyter.
  3. ^ Rutkoff, Aaron (June 14, 2010). "The Secret History of the Chinatown Bus". The Wall Street Journal.
  4. ^ Hilgers, Lauren (October 13, 2014). "Chinatown's Kitchen Network". The New Yorker.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Chinatown Bus Study" (PDF). New York City Department of Transportation. October 2009.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Nanos, Janelle (May 28, 2007). "Penny-Pinching Peril". New York.
  7. ^ a b Jeffries, Adrianne (November 27, 2014). "The Amazing Chinatown Bus Network". Vice Media.
  8. ^ a b Klein, Nicholas (2009). "Emergent Curbside Intercity Bus Industry". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2111: 83–89. doi:10.3141/2111-11. S2CID 109266853.
  9. ^ a b Carpenter, Mackenzie (August 16, 2006). "'Chinatown bus services' have grown quickly since 1998". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  10. ^ a b c d Luo, Michael (February 21, 2004). "In Chinatown, a $10 Trip Means War; Weary Owners Struggle to Stay Afloat in Cutthroat Competition". The New York Times.
  11. ^ a b c d Klein, Nicholas J.; Zitcer, Andrew (2012). "Everything but the Chickens" (PDF). Edward J. Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy.
  12. ^ Kliff, Sarah (January 30, 2012). "Why we love Chinatown buses". The Washington Post.
  13. ^ a b c d e Wilson, Michael (October 7, 2011). "Crime Scene: Collateral Damage in the Chinatown Bus Wars". The New York Times.
  14. ^ Clark, Patrick (July 17, 2014). "How Chinatown Buses Survived Competition, Regulation, and the Occasional Gang War". Bloomberg News.
  15. ^ a b c d e Epstein, Jim (November 2, 2013). "The Government's Cheap, Dishonest Campaign Against the Chinatown Bus Industry". The Daily Beast.
  16. ^ Gerson, Daniela (February 14, 2006). "If You Want To Vamoose in DeLuxe Style, You're in Luck". The New York Sun.
  17. ^ Newman, Barry (January 28, 2005). "On the East Coast, Chinese Buses Give Greyhound a Run". The Wall Street Journal.
  18. ^ Brulliard, Karin (November 24, 2006). "For Many Asians, an Atlantic City Pilgrimage". The Washington Post.
  19. ^ a b Assad, Matt (April 12, 2014). "Sands casino cracks down on bus riders". The Morning Call.
  20. ^ Taft, Chloe (July 2, 2014). "Ticket to a New York Casino License Is on the Chinatown Bus". HuffPost.
  21. ^ BEHRLE, JIM (April 6, 2011). "Bolt Bus v. Fung Wah: Which Cheap Bus To Boston Is Least Annoying?". The Awl.
  22. ^ Kiley, Brendan (July 1, 2021). "BoltBus, the affordable, trendy bus company has discontinued service; Greyhound will take over its routes". The Seattle Times.
  23. ^ BEEHNER, LIONEL (June 20, 2010). "IN TRANSIT; 'Chinatown' Buses Expand Routes". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Feldmar, Jamie (December 29, 2011). "Feds Shut Down Sketchy Chinatown Bus". Gothamist.
  25. ^ "Gov't cracking down on unsafe bus companies operating along East Coast's I-95 corridor". Times Herald-Record. Associated Press. May 31, 2012.
  26. ^ UNGERLEIDER, NEAL (June 5, 2012). "Business Lessons From Chinatown Buses". Fast Company.
  27. ^ DOIG, WILL (June 9, 2012). "When libertarianism fails". Salon.com.
  28. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (February 26, 2013). "Cheap Bus Fare Lures Riders Despite Company's Troubles". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Weir, Richard (March 2, 2013). "Feds close Fung Wah's doors". Boston Herald.
  30. ^ Newsham, Jack (December 18, 2014). "Fung Wah gets federal approval to return to the road". The Boston Globe.
  31. ^ Sheets, Connor Adams (December 18, 2014). "Fung Wah's Chinatown Buses To Return To Road In 2015". International Business Times.
  32. ^ Fuchs, Chris (July 17, 2015). "Fung Wah Bus Company Shuts Down for Good". NBC News.
  33. ^ "Investigators: Lucky Star Bus Violations Uncover 'Flagrant Disregard For Passenger Safety'". CBS News. June 6, 2013.
  34. ^ Johnston, Katie (November 7, 2013). "Lucky Star buses will roll once more". The Boston Globe.
  35. ^ EPSTEIN, JIM (May 5, 2013). "Government Assault on the Chinatown Bus Industry Fueled By Bogus Federal Study". Reason.
  36. ^ Jaffe, Eric (January 25, 2016). "The Triumphant Return of the Chinatown Bus". Bloomberg News.
  37. ^ Schwieterman, Joseph; Antolin, Brian (July 11, 2019). "How Greyhound, Coach USA sales will impact intercity bus lines". Metro Magazine.
  38. ^ McPhee, Michelle; McQuillan, Alice (January 19, 2004). "Chinatown barrage stumps cops". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 12, 2005.
  39. ^ a b c Kiu, Gena (August 1, 2007). "All Aboard, Next Stop Chinatown". Hyphen.
  40. ^ Golding, Bruce (October 23, 2008). "Feds' kung pow!". New York Post.
  41. ^ Robbins, Christopher (August 19, 2013). "Photos: Largest Gun Seizure In NYC History Involves Chinatown Buses, Stop & Frisk". Gothamist. Archived from the original on October 31, 2015.
  42. ^ Xiaoqing, Rong (November 18, 2020). "Cops Say Unlicensed Buses Have Become Hotbed for Gun Trafficking". City Limits.
  43. ^ Bowen, Alison (October 31, 2011). "Boltbus, Megabus and Fung-Wah: Curbside buses more dangerous: Buses that pick up passengers off the street are more dangerous than those that use a terminal, a new report found". Metro International. Archived from the original on June 15, 2012.
  44. ^ Lewis, Sam (March 15, 2011). "Many Travelers Not Deterred by Deadly Bus Crashes". WNYC. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.
  45. ^ Haberman, Zach (February 18, 2004). "CHINATOWN BUSES SEIZED". New York Post.
  46. ^ "General Bus ranks worse than 99.5 percent of motorcoach companies for unsafe driving". WCNC-TV. February 12, 2012.
  47. ^ Furfaro, Danielle; Jaeger, Max (September 24, 2017). "3 Chinatown bus companies are among the nation's worst: feds". New York Post.
  48. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (February 8, 2003). "Bus to Casinos Skids Off Parkway; 2 Die and 28 Are Injured". The New York Times.
  49. ^ "Riders Flee Fire on Boston-New York Chinatown Shuttle Bus". Firehouse.com. Associated Press. August 17, 2005.
  50. ^ O'Leary, Lizzie (September 15, 2005). "Chinatown Buses Seek to Add Safety to Savings". WNYC.
  51. ^ SIMONICH, MILAN (August 15, 2006). "10 hurt as tour bus crashes". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.
  52. ^ "34 hurt, driver cited for Fung Wah bus rollover in Auburn". The Portsmouth Herald. Associated Press. September 6, 2006.
  53. ^ "Fung Wah bus company fined for Auburn rollover". The Portsmouth Herald. Associated Press. October 31, 2006.
  54. ^ "Fung Wah Bus Loses Wheels". WCVB-TV. January 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
  55. ^ "Fung Wah Bus Crashes On Turnpike". WCVB-TV. February 14, 2007. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007.
  56. ^ Chung, Jen (September 12, 2006). "Fung Wah Agrees to Bus Inspections". Gothamist.
  57. ^ Ring, Kim (February 19, 2007). "Passengers OK after bus fire on Turnpike". Telegram & Gazette.
  58. ^ Ryan, Tim (March 23, 2007). "Fung Wah Bus Involved In Mishap". WCVB-TV. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007.
  59. ^ Armas, Genaro C. (May 20, 2007). "2 Dead, 32 Hurt in Pa. Bus Crash". The Washington Post. The Associated Press.
  60. ^ "Fung Wah crash kills Brooklyn woman". Boston Herald. June 24, 2008.
  61. ^ Konigsberg, Eric; Moynihan, Colin (June 24, 2008). "Woman Is Killed When Truck Hits Bus in Chinatown". The New York Times.
  62. ^ El-Ghobashy, Tamer (June 25, 2008). "Rig in fatal crash had faulty brakes". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008.
  63. ^ Debusmann Jr., Bernd (March 14, 2011). "Bus driver in deadly New York crash faces scrutiny". Reuters.
  64. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (March 13, 2011). "Carnage on I-95 After Crash Rips Bus Apart". The New York Times.
  65. ^ Grossman, Andrew; El-Ghobashy, Tamer (March 15, 2011). "Bus Crash Toll Grows". The Wall Street Journal.
  66. ^ "NTSB: Bronx Tour Bus Crash 'One Of The Deadliest' Ever Investigated". CBS News. June 5, 2012.
  67. ^ Wall, Patrick; Shapiro, Julie (December 7, 2012). "Bus Driver Ophadell Williams Acquitted in Fatal Bronx Crash". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  68. ^ Paddock, Barry; Nestel, Matthew (March 14, 2011). "Another fatal bus crash, in N.J.". New York Daily News.
  69. ^ "N.Y. Chinatown Bus Crash Kills Two". The Daily Beast. March 15, 2011.
  70. ^ Grossman, Andrew (March 15, 2011). "Another Chinatown Bus in Fatal Crash". The Wall Street Journal.
  71. ^ El-Ghobashy, Tamer; Fleisher, Lisa; Barrett, Devlin (March 16, 2011). "NYPD Cracks Down on Buses". The Wall Street Journal.
  72. ^ Glorioso, Chris (May 31, 2011). "Driver Charged, Bus Company Shut Down After Fatal I-95 Crash". NBC News.
  73. ^ Yakas, Ben (June 1, 2011). "After Fatal Virginia Crash, Chinatown Bus Company Shut Down". Gothamist.
  74. ^ Chung, Jen (September 22, 2014). "2 Dead After Chinatown Tour Bus Crashes In Delaware". Gothamist.
  75. ^ Dougherty, Scott (March 3, 2016). "Lawsuit: Chinatown bus fatally hit pedestrian on side of road, kept driving to Norfolk". The Virginian-Pilot.
  76. ^ McGeehan, Patrick; Hu, Winnie (September 24, 2017). "Budget Bus Lines Flout the Rules With Little Consequence". The New York Times.
  77. ^ Lee, Kristen (September 19, 2017). "Fatal Bus Crash In NYC Reveals Bus Line's Troubling History". Jalopnik.
  78. ^ MATTHEWS, DAVID (January 6, 2020). "Brooklyn girl, 2 more NYC residents among 5 dead in Pa". New York Daily News.
  79. ^ Lockie, Alex (December 24, 2015). "I took an 18-hour bus ride from New York City to Atlanta for $40, and I liked it better than flying". Business Insider.
  80. ^ NOTTE, JASON (March 15, 2013). "Chinatown Bus: Ode to a Cheap Thrill". TheStreet.com.
  81. ^ "Not Your Parents' Greyhound". Rutgers University. December 17, 2010.
  82. ^ DANG, MIKE (July 8, 2014). "Riding the Chinatown Bus, and Considering Its True Cost". The Awl.
  83. ^ "Forget It, Jake, It's the Chinatown Bus". Vice Media. February 28, 2013.
  84. ^ Arino, Lisha (January 15, 2015). "Chinatown Bus Stop Makes Life 'Unbearable' for Neighbor". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  85. ^ McGeehan, Patrick (March 11, 2013). "Critics Wait for City to Rein In Bus Lines". The New York Times.
  86. ^ Starcic, Janna (June 1, 2005). "Surviving the Motorcoach Rate-Cutting War". Metro Magazine.
  87. ^ Morrissey, Aaron (May 17, 2011). "Is This The End of the Chinatown Bus?". WAMU. Archived from the original on February 23, 2024.
  88. ^ Hagen, Elizabeth; Shapiro, Julie (August 17, 2012). "New Chinatown Bus Rules Signed Into Law". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved September 24, 2023.
  89. ^ Arino, Lisha (July 16, 2014). "City Will Begin Fining Illegal Chinatown Buses by August". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016.
  90. ^ "NYC to begin fining Chinatown buses by August". Metro Magazine. July 18, 2014.
  91. ^ Knafo, Saki (June 8, 2008). "Dreams and Desperation on Forsyth Street". The New York Times.
  92. ^ Policastro, John Liam (March 2, 2013). "The Passing of a Magnificent Wind". Vice Media.

Further reading

edit
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinatown bus lines.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinatown_bus_lines&oldid=1251151067"