A charabanc or "char-à-banc" /ˈʃærəbæŋk/[1] (often pronounced "sharra-bang" in colloquial British English) is a type of horse-drawn vehicle or early motor coach, usually open-topped, common in Britain during the early part of the 20th century. It has "benched seats arranged in rows, looking forward, commonly used for large parties, whether as public conveyances or for excursions".[2][3] It was especially popular for sight-seeing or "works outings" to the country or the seaside, organised by businesses once a year. The name derives from the French char à bancs ("carriage with benches"),[4] the vehicle having originated in France in the early 19th century.[5]
Although the vehicle has not been common on the roads since the 1920s, a few signs survive from the era; a notable example at Wookey Hole in Somerset warns that the road to the neighbouring village of Easton is unsuitable for charabancs.[6] The word is in common usage especially in Northern England in a jocular way referring to works outings by coach.
In Australia a modern similar type of bus or motorcoach, with two lateral doors for each row of seats, survived up to the 1970s and was referred to as side loader bus; but all or most of them were not open-topped. One such a bus based in Echuca, Victoria, has been restored and is used at the Port of Echuca on some public holidays and special events.
Buses with similar arrangement of doors and seats are a common equipment for the antiriot squads of many police forces, as the arrangement lends itself to the squad exiting the vehicle quickly.
History
editIntroduced in the 1830s as a French sporting vehicle, the char à bancs was popular at race meetings and for hunting or shooting parties where it served as a mobile grandstand.[3] It could be pulled by a four-in-hand team of horses or a pair in pole gear. It had two or more rows of crosswise bench seats, plus a slightly lower rear seat for a groom, and most also had a slatted trunk for luggage. Initially used by the wealthy, they were later enlarged with more seats for school or works excursions and tourist transport, as a cheaper version of the tourist coach. The first charabanc in Britain was presented to Queen Victoria by Louis Philippe of France and is preserved in the Royal Mews.[3][7]
Motorized charabancs
editBefore the First World War, motor charabancs were used mainly for day trips, as they were not comfortable enough for longer journeys, and were largely replaced by motor buses in the 1920s.
The charabanc of the 1920s tended to last only a few years. It was normal at the time for the body to be built separately from the motor chassis, and some were fitted in summer only; a second goods body would be fitted in its place in winter to keep the vehicle occupied.
Charabancs were normally open-top, with a large canvas folding hood stowed at the rear in case of rain, much like a convertible motor car. If rain started, this had to be pulled into position, a very heavy task, and it was considered honourable for the male members of the touring party to assist in getting it into position. The side windows would be of mica (a thin layer of quartz-like stone).
The charabanc offered little or no protection to the passengers in the event of an overturning accident, they had a high centre of gravity when loaded (and particularly if overloaded), and they often traversed the steep and winding roads leading to the coastal villages popular with tourists. These factors led to fatal accidents, which contributed to their early demise.
English day outings
editFactory day outings (annual works trips) in the 19th and early 20th century were quite common for workers, especially for those from the northern weaving mill towns of Lancashire and Yorkshire during the wakes weeks. The 1940s and 1950s were relatively hard times due to national recovery being slow after the Second World War; rationing was still evident, and annual holidays had not really become established for poorer workers such as weavers and spinners, so a day's outing to the seaside was a rare treat and all that some workers with large families could afford. "Charabanc trips" were usually only for adults, again due to finance. Occasionally the mill owner would help to pay for these outings, but this was not always the case.
The charabancs, or coaches, were pretty basic vehicles; noisy, uncomfortable and often poorly upholstered with low-backed seats and used mainly for short journeys to the nearest resort town or the races. Some working men's clubs also organised days out, and these trips were often subsidised by the clubs themselves from membership subscriptions that had been paid throughout the year. A few pence a week would be paid to a club or mill trip organiser and marked down in a notebook. This would be paid out to the saver on the day of the trip as spending money on the day. This day out would often be the highlight of the year for some workers and the only chance to get away from the smog and grime of the busy mill towns.
As the mills prospered and things improved financially, the annual "wakes week" took over and a one-week mass exodus from northern mill towns during the summer months took precedence over the charabanc trips, and a full week's holiday at a holiday camp or in a seaside boarding house for the full family became the norm, instead of a single day out.
Cultural references
editThe French char à banc appears in Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina (1877) in part 6, chapter 17 in the Pevear/Volokhonsky translation (2000).
The charabanc is notably mentioned in Dylan Thomas's short story "A Story", also known as "The Outing".[8] In this piece the young Thomas unintentionally finds himself on the annual men's charabanc outing to Porthcawl. Within the story the charabanc is referred to as a "chara" in colloquial Welsh English.
Cider with Rosie by Laurie Lee features a 1917 charabanc outing from rural Gloucestershire to Weston-super-Mare.[9]
The first verse of “Maginot Waltz” by Ralph McTell starts: “All off to Brighton in a char-a-banc”.
Vince Hill's A Day at the Seaside begins with the line "Climb up little darling, into the charabanc".[10] The song, written by Les Vandyke, came fifth in the 1963 Song for Europe competition.[11]
A char-a-banc also figures prominently in Rudyard Kipling's short story "The Village that Voted the Earth Was Flat" (1913).[12]
Char-a-bancs are mentioned in Dorothy Edwards' book The Witches and the Grinnygog in the chapter entitled "Mrs. Umphrey's Ghost Story". In it, Mrs. Umphrey tries to reassure the ghost of Margaret that the char-a-bancs are not the chariots of devils.
"Peaches", a single by the Stranglers makes reference to a charabanc, with vocalist Hugh Cornwell explaining to the listener how he will be stuck on a beach "the whole summer" after missing a charabanc.
In Agatha Christie's "The Dead Harlequin", from The Mysterious Mr Quin series, the young artist Frank Bristow reacts angrily to the older Colonel Monkton's dismissive (and presumably snobbish) attitude towards charabancs and their use in tourism. They are also mentioned in the story "Double Sin" when the motor coach Poirot and Hastings are traveling on stops for lunch at Monkhampton: "...in a big courtyard, about twenty char-a-bancs were parked—char-a-bancs which had come from all over the country". It appears also in "Halowe'en Party": "...in the manner of someone doing the honours of a stately home to party of charabanc goers,...".
Charabancs appeared several times in John Le Carre's The Little Drummer Girl.
The Jethro Tull song "Wond'ring Again" by Ian Anderson uses the term: "Incestuous ancestry's charabanc ride..."[citation needed]
George Harrison described the plot of The Beatles' 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour "a charabanc trip".[13]
On the Small Faces' 1968 album Ogden's Nut Gone Flake, the title character of the Happiness Stan suite of songs taking up side 2 lives in a Charabanc, described in characteristic fashion by narrator Stanley Unwin as "a four-wheeled fillolop out the backgrove". On the 1968 performance by the band of the suite on BBC2's Colour Me Pop, Unwin renders this section as "an ancient Victoriana Charabanc – and this was the old type, sit-up-and-beg, rotate fit a poppy with solid wheels."[14]
The charabanc appears in Louisa May Alcott's Little Women. Mr Lawrence, the March's wealthy neighbour, lends it to the March girls. Jokingly, they call it the "cherry bounce".
In Malta, a British colony until 1964, the term (spelled xarabank) survives today, and is used to designate a public transport bus in Malta.
A trip to the seaside is the subject of the humorous song The Charabanc by Ivor Biggun.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "char-à-banc". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 855.
- ^ a b c Smith, D.J.M. (1988). A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. pp. 42–43. ISBN 0851314686. OL 11597864M.
- ^ "World Wide Words: Charabanc". World Wide Words. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "charabanc". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Flickr (28 April 2008). "This road is not suitable for charabancs". Retrieved 25 October 2008.
- ^ Smith, D. J. (1994). Discovering Horse-drawn Vehicles. Osprey Publishing. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7478-0208-2.
- ^ The Collected Stories, by Dylan Thomas. New Directions Publishing, 1984.
- ^ Stage adaptation of Cider with Rosie. Archived 17 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine at the Theatre Royal, Bury St Edmunds.
- ^ "Replies". archive.is. 5 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2013. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "Vince Hill – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links". AllMusic. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ "R. Kipling's short story: The Village That Voted the Earth Was Flat". Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ^ The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books. 2000. p. 272. ISBN 9780811826846.
- ^ "Small Faces - Ogdens Nut Gone Flake Colour Me Pop Performance 1968". Official Ronnie Lane Records. 24 May 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2022 – via YouTube.
Further reading
edit- Libourel, Jean Louis (7 September 2024). "Le Char-à-bancs : une voiture conviviale" [The Char-a-bancs: a friendly carriage]. attelage-patrimoine.com (in French).