Buddhism is among the smallest minority-religions in Canada, with a very slowly growing population in the country, partly the result of conversion, with only 4.6% of new immigrants identifying themselves as Buddhist.[1] As of 2021, the census recorded 356,975 or 1% of the population.[2]
History
editBuddhism has been practised in Canada for more than a century. Buddhism arrived in Canada with the arrival of Chinese labourers in the territories during the 19th century.[3] Modern Buddhism in Canada traces to Japanese immigration during the late 19th century.[3] The first Japanese Buddhist temple in Canada was built at the Ishikawa Hotel in Vancouver in 1905.[4] Over time, the Japanese Jōdo Shinshū branch of Buddhism became the prevalent form of Buddhism in Canada[3] and established the largest Buddhist organization in Canada.[3]
A substantial expansion of Buddhism in Canada began in the last half of the 20th century. Changes in Canadian immigration and refugee policies corresponded to increasing communities from Sri Lanka, Japan, and Southeast Asian nations with Buddhist traditions. In addition, the popularity and goodwill ushered in by Tibet's Dalai Lama (who has been made an honorary Canadian citizen) put Buddhism in a favourable light. Many non-Asian Canadians (Namgyal Rinpoche, Glenn H. Mullin, and Richard Barron for instance) have embraced Buddhism in various traditions and some have become leaders in their respective sanghas.
In 2012, there were 489 Buddhist organizations in Canada,[5] including temples, centres, associations, retreats, charities and businesses. All lineages (Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana and Navayana newer schools) are represented. The following universities in Canada have incorporated Buddhist Studies either as a sub-discipline of religious studies, or as a subsidiary to Asian Studies: the University of Toronto has two professors specialized in Buddhism,[6] and the University of Calgary also maintains two professorships related to Buddhism.[7] Smaller universities in Canada will typically have just one professor assigned to Buddhism (sometimes the same professor responsible for all Asian Religions) as, e.g., at the U. of Lethbridge.[8]
Although the temples constructed by immigrant communities in the major cities are more visible (e.g., the Sri Lankan Sinhalese "Maha-Vihara" of Toronto),[9] there are also examples of small Buddhist temples constructed by immigrants and refugees in Canada's smaller cities, such as Regina, Saskatchewan's tiny Lao temple.[10]
Various immigrant and refugee populations (Chinese, Tibetan, Thailand, Lao, Japanese, Korean, Burmese/Myanmar, and Vietnamese) have tried to replicate or maintain their traditions in Canada, while small numbers of Canadians of non-Asian ancestry have also been converting to Buddhism.[11] The book Choosing Buddhism[12] by the cultural anthropologist Mauro Peressini provides a survey of the history of Buddhism in Canada and documents the conversion to Buddhism of eight notable contemporary Canadian Buddhists including Ajahn Viradhammo, Jim Bedard, Albert Low, Taigen Henderson, Zengetsu Myōkyo, Louis Cormier, Kelsang Drenpa and Tsultrim Palmo.
Demographics
editThe Buddhist population in Canada according to the 2011 Census.[13][14][15]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 51,955 | — |
| 1991 | 163,415 | +214.5% |
| 2001 | 300,345 | +83.8% |
| 2011 | 366,830 | +22.1% |
| 2021 | 356,975 | −2.7% |
| Year | Percent | Increase |
|---|---|---|
| 1991 | 0.6% | |
| 2001 | 1% | +0.40% |
| 2011 | 1.1% | +0.1% |
| Province | Buddhists |
|---|---|
| 163,750 | |
| 90,620 | |
| 52,390 | |
| 44,410 | |
| 6,770 | |
| 4,265 | |
| 2,205 | |
| 975 | |
| 400 | |
| 170 | |
| 560 | |
| 290 | |
| 20 | |
| 366,830 |
The percentage of Buddhists by province/territory in Canada
| Province | Buddhists |
|---|---|
| 1.29% | |
| 2.1% | |
| 0.68% | |
| 1.24% | |
| 0.58% | |
| 0.42% | |
| 0.24% | |
| 0.13% | |
| 0.08% | |
| 0.42% | |
| 0.41% | |
| 0.89% | |
| 0.06% | |
| 1.1% |
Prison population
editPrison statistics for the year 2011 indicated that 2% of inmates are Buddhist in Canada's federal prison system.[16]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ 1991 & 2001 Canadian Census data, summarized and displayed as a bar-chart at the following blog: http://a-bas-le-ciel.blogspot.ca/2012/08/religious-identity-in-canadian-census.html Archived 2013-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-02-09). "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Canada [Country]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
- ^ a b c d "Buddhism" Archived 2018-04-12 at the Wayback Machine. The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ^ "A Journalist's Guide to Buddhism" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2009-01-20.
- ^ Negru, John H. (2013). Highlights from the Survey of Canadian Buddhist Organizations Archived 2017-05-11 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Global Buddhism 14, 1-18
- ^ (1) Prof. Frances Garret & (2) Prof. Christoph Emmrich. http://www.religion.utoronto.ca/people/faculty/frances-garrett/ Archived 2012-11-03 at the Wayback Machine & "Emmrich, Christoph | Department of Historical Studies". Archived from the original on 2012-11-03. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ "| Faculty of Arts | University of Calgary". Archived from the original on 2012-11-24. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ "Campus Directory: John Harding". Archived from the original on 2013-01-07. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ "Toronto Maha Vihara". Archived from the original on 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ "The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details". Archived from the original on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ John S. Harding, Victor Sogen Hori and Alexander Soucy (2010). Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3666-1.
- ^ Mauro Peressini (2016). Choosing Buddhism: The Life Stories of Eight Canadians. Ottawa University Press; 1st edition. ISBN 978-0-776-62333-7. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
- ^ "Religions in Canada—Census 2011". Statistics Canada/Statistique Canada. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
- ^ "North America :: Canada — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. 20 May 2022. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census) Archived 2011-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Non-Christian prison chaplains chopped by Ottawa". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
Further reading
edit- Harding, John, Victor Sogen Hori and Alexander Soucy, Eds. Wild Geese: Buddhism in Canada (2010)
- Harding, John, Victor Sogen Hori and Alexander Soucy, Eds. Flowers on the Rock: Local and Global Buddhisms in Canada (2014)
- Matthews, Bruce, Ed. Buddhism in Canada (2006)
- McLellan, Janet Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto (1999)
- Mauro Peressini (2016). Choosing Buddhism: The Life Stories of Eight Canadians. Ottawa University Press; 1st edition. ISBN 978-0-776-62333-7.