Auguste Bravais (French pronunciation: [oɡyst bʁavɛ]; 23 August 1811, Annonay, Ardèche – 30 March 1863, Le Chesnay, France) was a French physicist known for his work in crystallography, the conception of Bravais lattices, and the formulation of Bravais law. Bravais also studied magnetism, the northern lights, meteorology, geobotany, phyllotaxis, astronomy, statistics and hydrography.
Auguste Bravais | |
|---|---|
 Auguste Bravais (c. 1850) | |
| Born | 23 August 1811 Annonay, France |
| Died | 30 March 1863 (aged 51) Le Chesnay, France |
| Alma mater | École Polytechnique |
| Known for | Bravais lattices |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | crystallography |
He studied at the Collège Stanislas in Paris before joining the École Polytechnique in 1829, where he was a classmate of groundbreaking mathematician Évariste Galois, whom Bravais actually beat in a scholastic mathematics competition.[1] Towards the end of his studies he became a naval officer, and sailed on the Finistere in 1832 as well as the Loiret afterwards. He took part in hydrographic work along the Algerian Coast. He participated in the Recherche expedition and helped the Lilloise in Spitzbergen and Lapland.
Bravais taught a course in applied mathematics for astronomy in the Faculty of Sciences in Lyon, starting in 1840. He succeeded Victor Le Chevalier in the Chair of Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1845 until 1856 when he was replaced by Henri Hureau de Sénarmont. In 1844 he published a paper on the statistical concept of correlation, and arrived at a definition of the correlation coefficient before Karl Pearson.[2][3] He is, however, best remembered for his work on Bravais lattices, particularly his 1848 discovery that there are 14 unique lattices in three-dimensional crystalline systems, correcting the previous scheme, with 15 lattices, conceived by Frankenheim three years before.[4] Bravais published a memoir about crystallography in 1847. A co-founder of the Société météorologique de France, he joined the French Academy of Sciences in 1854. Bravais also worked on the theory of observational errors, a field in which he is especially known for his 1846 paper "Mathematical analysis on the probability of errors of a point".
The mountain Bravaisberget, in Svalbard, is named after Bravais.[5][6]
References
edit- ^ Toti Rigatelli, L.: "Evariste Galois 1811–1832" ISBN 978-3-7643-5410-7, page 41
- ^ Analyse Mathematique. Sur les probabilités des erreurs de situation d'un point (tr. "On the probabilities of locational errors of a point") Mem. Acad. Roy. Sei. Inst. France, Sci. Math, et Phys., t. 9, p. 255–332. 1844
- ^ Wright, S., 1921. Correlation and causation. Journal of agricultural research, 20(7), pp. 557–585
- ^ Bravais, A.: Mémoire sur les systèmes formés par des points distribués regulièrement sur un plan ou dans l'espace, (tr. "Dissertation on systems formed by points regularly distributed on a plane or in space") Journal de l'Ecole Polytechnique 19: 1-128; in a German translation by C. et E. Blasius: Abhandlung über die Systeme von regelmässig auf einer Ebene oder im Raum vertheilten Punkten, Leipzig: Engelmann, 1897 (= Ostwalds Klassiker der exakten Wissenschaften (tr. "Ostwald's classics of the exact sciences"), Volume 90).
- ^ "Bravaisberget (Svalbard)". Norwegian Polar Institute. Retrieved 3 November 2013.
- ^ Lauritzen, Per Roger, ed. (2009). "Bravaisberget". Norsk Fjelleksikon (in Norwegian). Arendal: Friluftsforlaget. ISBN 978-82-91-49547-7.