Abiku is a Yoruba word that can be translated as "predestined to death" and refers to the spirit of a child who dies young. It is from (abi) "that which was born" and (iku) "death".
Definition
editNot only is an Abiku a spirit of a child who dies young (usually considered before puberty or 12 years of age), the belief is that the spirit can return to the same mother multiple times, resulting in multiple short-lived children, or transfer to other mothers.[1] It is the belief that the spirit does not ever plan to "stay put in life" so it is "indifferent to the plight of its mother and her grief."[1][2]
When not residing in a person, the spirits are believed to live in trees, especially the iroko, baobab and silk-cotton species.[1][3] They are seen as dangerous, capable of murder, and especially likely to target children on their thirteenth birthday. They are also thought to sometimes (though rarely) eventually reach adulthood.[1]
Seen through the lens of contemporary biomedicine, the Abiku phenomenon could have been a way of understanding sickle cell carrying.[4]
Literature
edit"Ben Okri's novel The Famished Road is based upon an abiku. Debo Kotun's novel Abiku, a political satire of the Nigerian military oligarchy, is based upon an abiku. Gerald Brom's illustrated novel, The Plucker, depicts a child's toys fighting against an abiku," as described by Pulse. An Abiku Child's return also occurs in the writing of Slovenian Novelist Gabriela Babnik, in her novel Koža iz bombaža. We also see Wole Soyinka's poem 'Abiku' rely heavily on this occurrence. Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀'s novel Stay With Me has a couple whose children die at infancy.[5][6][7][8][9] And an abiku is the central character in Tobi Ogundiran's short story "The Many Lives of an Abiku".
Research
editA review of the oral histories around abiku note that:
"Such accounts (sometimes they are just hasty definitions) often mix facts about àbíkú with facts about ògbánje; represent àbíkú as homogeneous across time and space; fail to distinguish between popular and expert, official and heretical, indigenous and exogenous discourses of àbíkú; assume that the belief in àbíkú has a psychological rather than ontological origin; and hastily appropriate àbíkú to serve as a symbol for present-day, metropolitan concepts and concerns."[10]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d Mobolade, Timothy (September 1, 1973). "The Concept of Abiku". African Arts. 7 (1). UCLA James S. Coleman African Studies Center: 62–64. doi:10.2307/3334754. JSTOR 3334754.
- ^ "Histories of Errancy Oral Yoruba Àbíkú Texts and Soyinka's "Abiku"". Retrieved October 16, 2016.
- ^ "Abiku - mythical creature". mythicalcreatureslist.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^ Ekpeki, Oghenechovwe Donald (2021). The Year's Best African Speculative Fiction. Jembefola. pp. 127–142.
- ^ Mounira, Soliman (January 1, 2004). "From Past to Present and Future: The Regenerative Spirit of the Abiku". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics (24). ISSN 1110-8673.
- ^ Quadri, Zaynab. "Nigerian Poetry: 3 African poems about Abiku you should read - Pulse Books - Pulse". Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^ "Wole Soyinka (Abiku) Poem by African Poems - Poem Hunter". PoemHunter.com. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^ "Wole Soyinka's Protracted Struggle With Àbíkú, the Metaphor of the Nigerian State". www.theluminafoundation.org. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
- ^ "Of Stay With Me". Becoming The Muse. 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2020-05-03.
- ^ "Histories of Errancy Oral Yoruba Àbíkú Texts and Soyinka's "Abiku"". Retrieved October 16, 2016.
10. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/features/scd-related-death-age.html
- "abiku definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26.
- Jones, Gertrude. Dictionary of Mythology Folklore and Symbols. New York:Thevj Scarecrow Press, 1962.
External links
edit- Sacred Texts.com gives more explanations about Abikus - facsimile of a chapter from Yoruba-Speaking peoples of the slave coast of West Africa by A. B. Ellis, 1894