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Aaron Philip Hart (Hebrew name; משה אורי בן יחזקאל, Moses Uri ben Ezekiel; August 16, 1724 – December 28, 1800) was a businessman in Lower Canada and one of the first Jews to settle in the colony. He is considered the father of Canadian Jewry.[1] He was one of the founding members of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue of Montreal (Shearith Israel), a wealthy man with numerous landed estates, and the married father of four sons, including the future politician Ezekiel Hart, and four daughters.
Aaron Hart | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | August 16, 1724 London, England |
| Died | December 28, 1800 (aged 76) Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada |
| Other names | משה אורי בן יחזקאל |
| Occupation | Businessman |
| Spouse |
Dorothea Judah (m. 1768) |
Biography
editEarly life
editAaron was born August 16, 1724, at London, England, to Yehezkel (Ezekiel) and Judith Hirsh, immigrants from Fürth, now in Bavaria (they later changed their name to Hart, the English version of their name).[2] He became a member of the St. Paul's Lodge of Freemasons on June 10, 1760, making him one of the first Jews in North America to become a Mason.
Some accounts say mistakenly that Hart crossed the Atlantic with Sir Frederick Haldimand during the Seven Years' War between England and France.[citation needed] Hart was appointed commissary officer in Jeffrey Amherst's army, and he travelled north and entered Montreal with Amherst's army in 1760. He settled at Trois-Rivières in 1761.[3] Hart supplied the British troops stationed there.[citation needed] He was appointed postmaster of Trois-Rivières in August 1763.[4]
One of the first Jews in Canada, in 1768 Hart became a founding member of Canada's first synagogue; Shearith Israel, the Sephardic synagogue in Montreal. He was an Ashkenazi Jew who spoke and wrote fluent Jiddisch-Deutsch (Jewish-German, related to Yiddish), but at that time, most of the British Jews were of Sephardic descent and ritual.
Marriage and family
editOn January 14, 1768, Aaron wed his cousin Dorothea Catherine Judah in Portsmouth, England.[2]
Career
editHart invested in the fur trade, then quite lucrative, and later acquired a vast amount of property, having more than seven seigneuries, notably the seigneuries of Sainte-Marguerite, Vieux-Pont, and Bécancour. He bought the fief of Bruyères, the marquisate of Le Sable, and numerous other properties in and around Trois-Rivières. He also owned part of Trinity Island, and the mouth of Saint-Maurice.
Hart also operated a store in Trois-Rivières, where he conducted a diverse wholesale and retail business. He made commercial and real estate loans throughout a wide area around the town. Prospering by these diverse operations, he bequeathed a huge legacy to his and Catherine's eight children; his four sons inherited the vast bulk of his estate, while his four daughters received £1,000 each.
At their residence in Trois-Rivières, the Harts received a visit from Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (father of Queen Victoria), and received the Papal Envoy.[5]
Hart participated in repelling Montgomery's invasion in the winter of 1775. He took an active part in the military operations during the American Revolutionary War.
Death
editHart died at Trois-Rivières on December 28, 1800, at the age of 76. At his death he was reputed to be the wealthiest man in British Canada.
He was survived by his wife Dorothea Catherine and four sons: Moses, Ezekiel, Benjamin, and Alexander, and four daughters: Catharine, Charlotte, Elizabeth, and Sarah.[6]
A number of his descendants settled in New York, where they became members of the Congregation Shearith Israel. Most of Aaron Hart's children and grandchildren had remained Jews, and despite speculation to the contrary, many of Aaron Hart's descendants continue to live in the Jewish faith to this day.[citation needed]
His second son, Ezekiel Hart, who entered into the family business at Trois-Rivières and later opened a brewery with his brothers, was elected to the legislative assembly. Later he was expelled from his seat because he was a Jew.[citation needed] His son Moses became a businessman at William-Henry (later Sorel) and ran unsuccessfully several times for a seat in the legislative assembly. His son Benjamin became an important businessman in Montreal.
References
edit- ^ "Hart, Aaron". Exposition Shalom Québec. Archived from the original on July 27, 2010. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
- ^ a b Langlais, Jacques; Rome, David (2010). Jews and French Quebecers: Two Hundred Years of Shared History. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 23. ISBN 9781554587261.
- ^ "This day, Mary 15, in Jewish history". Cleveland Jewish News. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
- ^ Godfrey, Sheldon J. (1995). Search Out the Land: The Jews and the Growth of Equality in British Colonial America, 1740-1867. McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history. Vol. 23. McGill Queen's Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780773564824.
- ^ Wolff, Martin. "The Jews of Canada" (PDF). American Jewish Year Book. p. 156. Retrieved May 5, 2014.
- ^ "Hart Family Tree at the American Jewish Archives" (PDF). (663.79 KB)
- Vaugeois, Denis (1979). "Hart, Aaron". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
- Denis, Vaugeois (2012). First Jews in North America: The Extraordinary Story of the Hart Family. Baraka Books. ISBN 978-1926824093.
- Langlais, Jacques; Rome, David (1991). Jews & French Quebecers. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 0-88920-998-7.
- Douville, Raymond (1938). Aaron Hart: Récit Historique. Trois-Rivières: Éditions du Bien Public.
- Hart, Arthur Daniel (1926). The Jew in Canada. Jewish Publications Limited.
- Gibbon, John Murray (1939). Canadian Mosaic. J. M. Dent.
- Sack, Sallyann Amdur; Mokotoff, Gary (2004). Avotaynu Guide to Jewish Genealogy. Avotaynu. ISBN 1-886223-17-3.
- Rosenberg, Stuart E. (1970). The Jewish Community in Canada. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 9780771077371.
- Southall, A.E.; Moody, C.H. (1914). Imperial Year Book for Dominion of Canada. Imperial Year Book.
- Abella, Irving M. (1990). A Coat of Many Colours: Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada. Lester & Orpen Dennys. ISBN 0-88619-251-X.
- Sack, Benjamin G. (1965). History of the Jews in Canada. Harvest House. ISBN 9780608135915.
- Mendelsohn, Ezra (2004). Jews and the State: Dangerous Alliances and the Perils of Privilege. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517087-3.
- Tulchinsky, Gerald (1993). Taking Root: The Origins of the Canadian Jewish Community. University Press of New England. ISBN 0-87451-609-9.
- Tulchinsky, Gerald (2008). Canada's Jews: A People's Journey. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9386-8.
- Corcos, Arlette (1997). Montréal, les Juifs et l'école. Les Éditions du Septentrion. ISBN 2-89448-078-4.
- Fox, Chaim Leib; Anctil, Pierre (2005). Cent ans de littérature yiddish et hébraïque au Canada. Les Éditions du Septentrion. ISBN 2-89448-429-1.
- Canadian Jewish Year Book. Canadian Jewish Year Book reg'd. 1941.
- "Aaron Hart". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved March 24, 2009.