The 2nd Cavalry Division was a division of the regular British Army that saw service in the Peninsular War and in World War I, when it also known as Gough's Command, after its commanding general. It was part of the British Expeditionary Force that served in France in from 1914 to 1918.[1] It was involved in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force, and also many where the troops were dismounted and effectively served as infantry.[2]
| 2nd Cavalry Division | |
|---|---|
 Division insignia | |
| Active | 13 September 1914 – 31 March 1919 |
| Country |  United Kingdom |
| Branch |  British Army |
| Type | Cavalry |
| Size | Division |
| Part of | Cavalry Corps |
| Engagements | World War I
|
| Commanders | |
| Notable commanders | Hubert Gough Charles Kavanagh Philip Chetwode |
On 11 November 1918 units of the division were east and north-east of Mons, in Belgium. Orders were received that the division would lead the advance of Fourth Army into Germany, a move that was to begin on 17 November 1918. On 1 December it crossed the frontier south of St. Vith. The winter was spent south of Liège, and demobilisation commenced. The division ceased to exist on 31 March 1919.[2]
After the war the division was reformed in the Territorial Army.[3]
History
editNapoleonic Wars
editDuring the Peninsular War, Wellington organized his cavalry into one, later two, cavalry divisions. They performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role;[4] the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments.[5] On 19 June 1811, the cavalry was reorganized as two divisions and the existing Cavalry Division was redesignated as 1st Cavalry Division with the formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division.[6]
Major General Sir William Erskine took command on formation.[6] He was absent from 8 December 1811 to 8 April 1812, though at this time the division only comprised one brigade.[7] He resumed command briefly, but committed suicide in Lisbon on 13 February 1813.[6] The divisions were once again amalgamated as The Cavalry Division on 21 April 1813 with Lieutenant General Stapleton Cotton (of the 1st Cavalry Division) in command.[8]
Assigned Brigades
editThe division was formed on 19 June 1811 with De Grey's and Long's Brigades; Long's Brigade was to remain with the division throughout its existence. Between 8 November 1811 and 23 March 1812 it commanded just one brigade and it never exceed three brigades in strength.[9]
| Brigade | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| De Grey's | 19 June 1811[a] | 5 October 1811[b] |
| Long's | 19 June 1811[c] | 21 April 1813[d] |
| Le Marchant's | 30 August 1811[e] | 8 November 1811[f] |
| von Bock's | 23 March 1812[e] | 14 April 1812[b] |
| Slade's | 14 April 1812[g] | 21 April 1813[d] |
| Rebow's | 25 January 1813[e] | 5 February 1813[b] |
| Grant's | 15 April 1813[e] | 21 April 1813[d] |
First World War
editGough's Command
editOn 6 September, the formerly independent 5th Cavalry Brigade was joined with the 3rd Cavalry Brigade from the Cavalry Division as Gough's Command. Named for the commander of 3rd Cavalry Brigade, Brigadier-General Hubert Gough, it took part in the First Battle of the Aisne (12–15 September). On 13 September, the command was re-designated as the 2nd Cavalry Division, with the addition of divisional troops from the Royal Horse Artillery, Royal Engineers etc.[10]
The 4th Cavalry Brigade joined the division on 14 October from 1st Cavalry Division to bring it up to the standard three brigade strength. The division remained on the Western Front until the end of the war.[11]
1914–1917
editIn 1914, the division took part in First Battle of Ypres, notably the battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October). In 1915, the division was in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–12 March 1915) and the Second Battle of Ypres notable the Battle of St Julien (26 April–3 May) and the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge (24–25 May).[10]
1916 saw no notable actions, but in 1917 the division saw action in the Battle of Arras (First Battle of the Scarpe, 9–11 April). and the Battle of Cambrai (the Tank Attack of 20 and 21 November, the Capture of Bourlon Wood of 24–28 November and the German Counter-Attack of 30 November–3 December).[10] At other times, the brigades formed dismounted units and served in the trenches as regiments under the command of their brigadiers.[12]
War of movement
edit1918 saw the return of the war of movement and the division took part in the First Battle of the Somme notably the Battle of St Quentin (21–23 March), the Battle of the Lys (Battle of Hazebrouck of 14–15 April), the Battle of Amiens (8–11 August) and the Second Battle of the Somme (Battle of Albert of 21–23 August and the Second Battle of Bapaume of 31 August–3 September).[13]
The division was then split up with the 3rd Cavalry Brigade serving with First Army, 4th Cavalry Brigade with Third Army and 5th Cavalry Brigade with Fourth Army.[13] The brigades variously took part in the battles of the Hindenburg Line: the battles of Canal du Nord (27 September–1 October), St. Quentin Canal (29 September–2 October), Beaurevoir Line (3–5 October) and Cambrai (8–9 October) and the Pursuit to the Selle (9–12 October). Its final action was to take part in the Advance in Picardy (17 October–11 November) including the Battle of the Sambre (4 November) and the capture of Mons (11 November, 3rd Canadian Division with 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers and one section[h] of D Battery, RHA).[13]
Armistice
editAt the Armistice, units of the division had reached Clairfayts (5th Cavalry Brigade with Fourth Army), Erquelinnes (4th Cavalry Brigade with Third Army) and Havré and St. Denis (3rd Cavalry Brigade with First Army). On 15 November, the division was re-assembled near Maubeuge and ordered to advance into Germany as an advance screen for Fourth Army and form part of the Occupation Force. The move began on 17 November, Ciney and Rochefort were reached five days later and the 5th Cavalry Brigade crossed the German border south of St. Vith on 1 December.[13]
In late December, the division moved to winter quarters south and south-east of Liège. It remained here until 30 January 1919 when it exchanged regiments with 1st and 3rd Cavalry Divisions then gradually moved back to England. The Division ceased to exist at midnight 31 March / 1 April 1919.[13]
Order of battle
edit3rd Cavalry Brigade
editThe brigade joined Gough's Command on 6 September from The Cavalry Division and remained with the division until the end of the war.[10]
| Unit | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| 4th (Queen’s Own) Hussars | Mobilization | |
| 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers | Mobilization | |
| 16th (Queen’s) Lancers | Mobilization | |
| 1/1st Leicestershire Yeomanry | 4 April 1918[i] | |
| D Battery, RHA | 17 September 1914[j] | |
| 3rd Signal Troop, Royal Engineers | Mobilization | |
| 3rd Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance | Mobilization | 13 September 1914[k] |
| 3rd Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC | 29 February 1916[l] |
4th Cavalry Brigade
editThe brigade joined the division on 14 October from 1st Cavalry Division and remained with the division until the end of the war.[11]
| Unit | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| Household Cavalry Composite Regiment | Mobilization | 11 November 1914[m] |
| 6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) | Mobilization | |
| 3rd (King's Own) Hussars | Mobilization | |
| 1/1st Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars | 11 November 1914[n] | |
| J Battery, RHA | 16 September 1914[o] | |
| 4th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers | Mobilization | |
| 4th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance | Mobilization | 16 October 1914[p] |
| 4th Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC | 28 February 1916[l] |
5th Cavalry Brigade
editThe brigade, formerly independent, joined Gough's Command on 6 September and remained with the division until the end of the war.[10]
| Unit | From | To |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys) | Mobilization | |
| 12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's) | Mobilization | |
| 20th Hussars | Mobilization | |
| J Battery, RHA | Mobilization | 16 September 1914[o] |
| E Battery, RHA | 17 September 1914[q] | |
| 4th Field Troop, Royal Engineers | Mobilization | 15 October 1914[r] |
| 5th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers | Mobilization | |
| 5th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance | Mobilization | 13 September 1914[s] |
| 5th Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC | 28 February 1916[l] |
Divisional Artillery
edit- III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery
- D Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 3rd Cavalry Brigade[t]
- E Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 5th Cavalry Brigade[t]
- J Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 4th Cavalry Brigade[t]
- 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA (TF)[u]
- III Brigade Ammunition Column
Divisional Troops
editThe division was supported by the following units:[11]
| Unit | From | To | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Engineers | 2nd Field Squadron, Royal Engineers | 16 October 1914[r] | |
| Signals | 2nd Signal Squadron, Royal Engineers | 28 September 1914 | |
| Medical | 2nd Cavalry Field Ambulance | 13 September 1914[v] | |
| 5th Cavalry Field Ambulance | 13 September 1914[s] | ||
| 4th Cavalry Field Ambulance | 16 October 1914[p] | ||
| No. 4 Sanitary Section | 12 January 1915[12] | ||
| 2nd Cavalry Division Field Ambulance Workshop | 26 February 1915 | 16 April 1916[w] | |
| Veterinary | 7th Mobile Veterinary Section | 16 September 1914 | |
| 8th Mobile Veterinary Section | 16 September 1914[x] | ||
| 9th Mobile Veterinary Section | 15 October 1915[y] | ||
| Army Service Corps | 424th (Horsed Transport) Company, ASC HQ 2nd Cavalry Divisional ASC |
10 October 1914 | |
| 575th (Horsed Transport) Company, ASC 2nd Cavalry Divisional Auxiliary (Horse) Company |
25 September 1915 | ||
| 46th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC 2nd Cavalry Divisional Supply Column |
Formation | ||
| 413th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC 2nd Cavalry Divisional Supply Column |
Formation | 10 October 1916[z] | |
| 56th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC 2nd Cavalry Divisional Ammunition Park |
Formation | 23 December 1917 | |
| Others | 772nd Divisional Employment Company | 16 September 1917 |
Territorial Army
editIn the 1920s the division was reformed from Yeomanry regiments in the Territorial Army with the following organisation:[3]
- Yorkshire Hussars (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own)
- Yorkshire Dragoons (Queen's Own)
- Nottinghamshire Yeomanry (Sherwood Rangers)
- Warwickshire Yeomanry
- Staffordshire Yeomanry (Queen's Own Royal Regiment)
- Leicestershire Yeomanry (Prince Albert's Own)
- 11th (Honourable Artillery Company and City of London Yeomanry) Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery
- A & B HAC Batteries
- No 1 City of London (Yeomanry) Battery
- 2nd Cavalry Divisional Royal Engineers
- 2nd (Cheshire) Field Squadron
- 2nd Cavalry Divisional Signals (Middlesex Yeomanry)
- A & B (Middlesex Yeomanry) Squadrons
- 2nd Cavalry Divisional Train
- No 529 (Cheshire) Cavalry (Horse Transport) Company
- No 530 (Cheshire) Cavalry (Mechanical Transport) Company
- 170th Cavalry Field Ambulance
- 2nd Cavalry Divisional Detachment
On the outbreak of World War II 2nd Cavalry Division's units were reorganised as 1st Cavalry Division and served in Palestine, Iraq and Syria before being converted into 10th Armoured Division on 1 August 1941.[22]
Commanders
editThe 2nd Cavalry Division had the following commanders:[23]
| From | Rank | Name |
|---|---|---|
| Formation | Major-General | Sir H. de la P. Gough |
| 19 April 1915 | Major-General | C.T.McM. Kavanagh |
| 15 July 1915 | Major-General | Sir P.W. Chetwode, Bt. |
| 6 November 1916 | Brigadier-General | T.T. Pitman (acting) |
| 16 November 1916 | Major-General | W.H. Greenly[aa] |
| 22 March 1918 | Brigadier-General | T.T. Pitman (acting) |
| 27 March 1918 | Major-General | W.H. Greenly (sick, 28 March 1918) |
| 28 March 1918 | Brigadier-General | T.T. Pitman (acting) |
| 16 April 1918 | Major-General | T.T. Pitman |
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ De Grey's Brigade transferred from The Cavalry Division on formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division.
- ^ a b c Brigade transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division.
- ^ Long's Brigade was formed on 13 June 1811 and joined 2nd Cavalry Division on formation on 19 June 1811.
- ^ a b c Brigade transferred to The Cavalry Division when the two cavalry divisions were amalgamated.
- ^ a b c d Brigade was newly formed and joined the division.
- ^ Le Marchant's Brigade transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division to replace Madden's Portuguese Brigade.
- ^ Brigade transferred from the 1st Cavalry Division.
- ^ A Subsection consisted of a single gun and limber drawn by six horses (with three drivers), eight gunners (riding on the limber or mounted on their own horses), and an ammunition wagon also drawn by six horses (with three drivers).[14] Two Subsections formed a Section and in a six gun battery these would be designated as Left, Centre and Right Sections.[15]
- ^ Leicestershire Yeomanry was originally with 8th Cavalry Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division. It left the brigade on 14 March 1918 to become a cyclist unit, then to form a machine gun battalion with the North Somerset Yeomanry. The German spring offensive forestalled this plan and the regiment was remounted and sent to the 2nd Cavalry Division. From 4 April it was split up with a squadron joining each regiment in 3rd Cavalry Brigade.[16]
- ^ D Battery, RHA was permanently attached to 3rd Cavalry Brigade from the Division's III Brigade, RHA.[11]
- ^ 3rd Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance remained with 1st Cavalry Division when the brigade transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division.[17]
- ^ a b c Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadrons were formed from the machine gun sections of the brigades' constituent regiments.[21]
- ^ The Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was broken up and the squadrons rejoined their parent regiments.[18]
- ^ Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment, joined from 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade to replace the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment.[19]
- ^ a b J Battery, RHA transferred from 5th Cavalry Brigade to 4th Cavalry Brigade and was permanently attached thereafter.[20][11]
- ^ a b 4th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division when the brigade joined from 1st Cavalry Division.[11]
- ^ E Battery, RHA was permanently attached to 5th Cavalry Brigade from the Division's III Brigade, RHA.[11]
- ^ a b 4th Field Troop, RE absorbed into 2nd Field Squadron, RE.[11]
- ^ a b 5th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division when the brigade joined the division.[11]
- ^ a b c Equipped with six 13 pounders.[11]
- ^ 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA was attached from 4 December 1914 to 14 April 1915. It then transferred to 9th Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division.[12]
- ^ 2nd Cavalry Field Ambulance joined with 3rd Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
- ^ 2nd Cavalry Division Field Ambulance Workshop absorbed into Divisional Supply Column.[12]
- ^ 8th Mobile Veterinary Section joined with 3rd Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
- ^ 9th Mobile Veterinary Section joined with 4th Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
- ^ 413th (M. T.) Company, ASC absorbed into 46th (M. T.) Company, ASC.[11]
- ^ Assigned to temporary command of 14th (Light) Division on 22 March 1918.[23]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ "royalirishlancers".
- ^ a b Baker, Chris. "The 2nd Cavalry Division in 1914-1918". The Long Long Trail. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
- ^ a b TA 1927.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 1990, p. 103
- ^ Reid 2004, p. 75
- ^ a b c Reid 2004, p. 81
- ^ Reid 2004, p. 82
- ^ Reid 2004, p. 85
- ^ Reid 2004, pp. 80–85
- ^ a b c d e Becke 1935, p. 14
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Becke 1935, p. 12
- ^ a b c d Becke 1935, p. 11
- ^ a b c d e Becke 1935, p. 15
- ^ Clarke 1993, p. 43
- ^ Clarke 1993, p. 45
- ^ James 1978, p. 22
- ^ Becke 1935, p. 5
- ^ James 1978, p. 11
- ^ James 1978, p. 26
- ^ Becke 1935, p. 4
- ^ Baker, Chris. "Cavalry units of the Machine Gun Corps". The Long Long Trail. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
- ^ Joslen, pp. 25–6, 33, 189–91.
- ^ a b Becke 1935, p. 9
Bibliography
edit- Becke, Major A.F. (1935). Order of Battle of Divisions Part 1. The Regular British Divisions. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. ISBN 1-871167-09-4.
- Clarke, W.G. (1993). Horse Gunners: The Royal Horse Artillery, 200 Years of Panache and Professionalism. Woolwich: The Royal Artillery Institution. ISBN 09520762-0-9.
- Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1990). The Napoleonic Source Book. London: Guild Publishing.
- James, Brigadier E.A. (1978). British Regiments 1914–18. London: Samson Books Limited. ISBN 0-906304-03-2.
- Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1960]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939–1945. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1.
- Reid, Stuart (2004). Wellington's Army in the Peninsula 1809–14. Vol. 2 of Battle Orders Series. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-517-1.
- Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927.
External links
edit- Baker, Chris. "The 2nd Cavalry Division in 1914-1918". The Long, Long Trail. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
- "2nd Cavalry Division on The Regimental Warpath 1914 - 1918 by PB Chappell". Archived from the original on 26 November 2007. Retrieved 7 August 2013.