1975 in science

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The year 1975 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space exploration

April 19 – Aryabhata, India's first satellite, is launched using Soviet boosters.
July 17 – Apollo–Soyuz Test Project: An American Apollo and a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft dock with each other in orbit marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.
August 20 – Viking program: NASA launches the Viking 1 planetary probe toward Mars.

Biology

August 7 – César Milstein and Georges Köhler report their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.^[1]^[2]
Living specimens of the Chacoan Peccary (Catagonus wagneri), previously known only from fossils, are identified in Paraguay.^[3]

Climatology

August 8 – The term global warming is probably first used in its modern sense by Wallace Smith Broecker.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Computer science

January – Altair 8800 is released, sparking the era of the microcomputer.
March 5 – Hackers in Silicon Valley hold the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club.
April 4 – Bill Gates and Paul Allen form a company at this time called Micro-Soft in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to develop and sell their Altair BASIC interpreter software for the Altair 8800.^[7]
The MOS Technology 6502 is introduced. An 8-bit microprocessor designed by a small team led by Chuck Peddle for MOS Technology, it is, by a considerable margin, the least expensive full-featured microprocessor on the market.

Mathematics

Benoit Mandelbrot coins the term fractal.
The Harada–Norton group is discovered.^[8]^[9]
John N. Mather and Richard McGehee prove that for the Newtonian collinear four-body problem there exist solutions which become unbounded in a finite time interval.^[10]^[11]^[12]
The Monty Hall problem in probability is first posed, by Steve Selvin.^[13]^[14]

Medicine

October 16 – The last naturally occurring case of smallpox is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old Rahima Banu in Bangladesh.^[15]
Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.
Mini–mental state examination (MMSE) or Folstein test introduced to screen for dementia or other cognitive dysfunction.^[16]

Technology

Steven Sasson of Eastman Kodak in the United States produces the first self-contained (portable) digital camera.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Aage Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson, James Rainwater
- Chemistry – John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog
- Medicine – David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
Turing Award – Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon

Births

July 11 – Naomi McClure-Griffiths, American-born astrophysicist.
July 17 – Terence Tao, Australian-born mathematician.
November 14 – Martin Hairer, Swiss-born Austrian-British mathematician.
Catherine A. Lozupone, American microbiologist.

Deaths

February 8 – Sir Robert Robinson b. 1886), British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
February 10 – Elizabeth Kozlova (b. 1892), Russian ornithologist
February 14 – Sir Julian Huxley (b. 1887), English biologist and author.
April 19 – Percy Lavon Julian (b. 1899), African American research chemist.
May 14 – Ernst Alexanderson (b. 1878), Swedish American television pioneer.
May 18 – Christopher Strachey (b. 1916), English computer scientist.
June 8 – Douglas Guthrie (b. 1885), Scottish otolaryngologist and medical historian.
June 27 – Sir Geoffrey Taylor (b. 1886), English physicist.
September 5 – Alice Catherine Evans (b. 1881), American microbiologist.
October 10 – August Dvorak (b. 1894), American educational psychologist.
October 23 – Gordon Hamilton Fairley (b. 1930), British oncologist.
November – Priscilla Fairfield Bok (b. 1896), American astronomer.
November 19 – Tokushichi Mishima (b. 1893), Japanese inventor and metallurgist.
December 13 – Mary Locke Petermann (b. 1908), American cellular biochemist.
December 28 – Frances McConnell-Mills (b. 1900), American toxicologist.

References

^ Kohler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 (5517): 495–497. Bibcode:1975Natur.256..495K. doi:10.1038/256495a0. PMID 1172191. S2CID 4161444.
^ Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576. S2CID 9745527.
^ Naish, Darren (2008-11-24). "New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive". Tetrapod Zoology. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
^ Broecker, Wallace S. (1975-08-08). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". Science. 189 (4201): 460–463. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..460B. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460. PMID 17781884. S2CID 16702835.
^ Stefan (2010-07-28). "Happy 35th birthday, global warming!". RealClimate. Retrieved 2012-01-28. [Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles
^ Johnson, Brad (2010-08-03). "Wally's World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2012-01-28.
^ Alfred, Randy. "April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership". Wired.com. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
^ Harada, Koichiro (1976). "On the simple group F of order $2^{14}\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5^{6}\cdot 7\cdot 11\cdot 19$ ". Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975). Boston, MA: Academic Press. pp. 119–276. MR 0401904.
^ Norton, Simon P. (1975). F and other simple groups. University of Cambridge: PhD Thesis.
^ Mather, J. N.; McGehee, R. (1975). "Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time". Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 38. pp. 573–597. Bibcode:1975LNP....38..573M. doi:10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18. ISBN 978-3-540-07171-6.
^ Saari, Donald G.; Xia, Zhihong (Jeff) (1995). "Off to infinity in finite time" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 42 (5).
^ Chenciner, Alain (2007). "The three body problem". Scholarpedia. 2 (10): 2111. Bibcode:2007SchpJ...2.2111C. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2111.
^ Selvin, Steve (February 1975). "A problem in probability (letter to the editor)". The American Statistician. 29 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121.
^ Selvin, Steve (August 1975). "On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)". American Statistician. 29 (3): 134.
^ Image caption of U.S. Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library image number 7762.
^ Folstein, Marshal F; Folstein, Susan E; McHugh, Paul R (1975). ""Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID 1202204.

[1] Kohler, G.; Milstein, C. (1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity". Nature. 256 (5517): 495–497. Bibcode:1975Natur.256..495K. doi:10.1038/256495a0. PMID 1172191. S2CID 4161444.

[2] Waldman, Thomas A. (2003). "Immunotherapy: past, present and future". Nature Medicine. 9 (3): 269–277. doi:10.1038/nm0303-269. PMID 12612576. S2CID 9745527.

[3] Naish, Darren (2008-11-24). "New, obscure, and nearly extinct rodents of South America, and... when fossils come alive". Tetrapod Zoology. Archived from the original on 16 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-13.

[4] Broecker, Wallace S. (1975-08-08). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". Science. 189 (4201): 460–463. Bibcode:1975Sci...189..460B. doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460. PMID 17781884. S2CID 16702835.

[5] Stefan (2010-07-28). "Happy 35th birthday, global warming!". RealClimate. Retrieved 2012-01-28. [Broecker's article is] the first of over 10,000 papers for this search term according to the ISI database of journal articles

[6] Johnson, Brad (2010-08-03). "Wally's World". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2012-01-28.

[7] Alfred, Randy. "April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership". Wired.com. Retrieved 2016-01-25.

[8] Harada, Koichiro (1976). "On the simple group F of order $2^{14}\cdot 3^{6}\cdot 5^{6}\cdot 7\cdot 11\cdot 19$ ". Proceedings of the Conference on Finite Groups (Univ. Utah, Park City, Utah, 1975). Boston, MA: Academic Press. pp. 119–276. MR 0401904.

[9] Norton, Simon P. (1975). F and other simple groups. University of Cambridge: PhD Thesis.

[10] Mather, J. N.; McGehee, R. (1975). "Solutions of the collinear four body problem which become unbounded in finite time". Dynamical Systems, Theory and Applications. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 38. pp. 573–597. Bibcode:1975LNP....38..573M. doi:10.1007/3-540-07171-7_18. ISBN 978-3-540-07171-6.

[11] Saari, Donald G.; Xia, Zhihong (Jeff) (1995). "Off to infinity in finite time" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 42 (5).

[12] Chenciner, Alain (2007). "The three body problem". Scholarpedia. 2 (10): 2111. Bibcode:2007SchpJ...2.2111C. doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2111.

[13] Selvin, Steve (February 1975). "A problem in probability (letter to the editor)". The American Statistician. 29 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1080/00031305.1975.10479121.

[14] Selvin, Steve (August 1975). "On the Monty Hall problem (letter to the editor)". American Statistician. 29 (3): 134.

[15] Image caption of U.S. Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library image number 7762.

[16] Folstein, Marshal F; Folstein, Susan E; McHugh, Paul R (1975). ""Mini-mental state": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician". Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3): 189–98. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6. PMID 1202204.

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