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1868

1868 (MDCCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1868th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 868th year of the 2nd millennium, the 68th year of the 19th century, and the 9th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1868, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

From top left, clockwise: A series of devastating earthquakes strike Ecuador (left) and southern Peru (centre), killing a culminative estimate of 95,000 people; the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnons, the earliest modern humans to occupy Europe, are discovered in Dordogne in France; the Meiji Restoration occurs in Japan after the Tokugawa shogunate is defeated in the Boshin War; Māori general Tītokowaru wages an initially successful war against the British and the New Zealand colonial government in South Taranaki; the Spanish Glorious Revolution leads to the deposition and exile of Isabella II; Helium is named by English astronomer Norman Lockyer two months after contemporary Pierre Jannsen accidentally discovers it; the expensive British expedition to Abyssinia is successful in rescuing hostages of Emperor Tewodros II.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1868 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1868
MDCCCLXVIII
Ab urbe condita2621
Armenian calendar1317
ԹՎ ՌՅԺԷ
Assyrian calendar6618
Baháʼí calendar24–25
Balinese saka calendar1789–1790
Bengali calendar1275
Berber calendar2818
British Regnal year31 Vict. 1 – 32 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar2412
Burmese calendar1230
Byzantine calendar7376–7377
Chinese calendar丁卯年 (Fire Rabbit)
4565 or 4358
    — to —
戊辰年 (Earth Dragon)
4566 or 4359
Coptic calendar1584–1585
Discordian calendar3034
Ethiopian calendar1860–1861
Hebrew calendar5628–5629
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1924–1925
 - Shaka Samvat1789–1790
 - Kali Yuga4968–4969
Holocene calendar11868
Igbo calendar868–869
Iranian calendar1246–1247
Islamic calendar1284–1285
Japanese calendarKeiō 4 / Meiji 1
(明治元年)
Javanese calendar1796–1797
Julian calendarGregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar4201
Minguo calendar44 before ROC
民前44年
Nanakshahi calendar400
Thai solar calendar2410–2411
Tibetan calendar阴火兔年
(female Fire-Rabbit)
1994 or 1613 or 841
    — to —
阳土龙年
(male Earth-Dragon)
1995 or 1614 or 842
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1868.

Events

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January–March

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January 3: Emperor Meiji.

April–June

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July–September

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July 25: Wyoming Territory.

October–December

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November 27: Battle of Washita River.

Date unknown

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Births

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January–March

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Felix Hoffmann
 
Countess Markiewicz

April–June

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Nicholas II of Russia
 
John L. Hines
 
Robert Falcon Scott
 
Karl Landsteiner
 
Miklós Horthy

July–September

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October–December

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Mary Brewster Hazelton
 
Arturo Alessandri
 
Fritz Haber

Deaths

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January–June

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John Crawfurd

July–December

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Gioachino Rossini
 
Adah Isaacs Menken
 
Mongkut

References

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  2. ^ Satow, Ernest (1921). A Diplomat in Japan: the inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored. London: Seeley, Service.
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  4. ^ Polak, Christian (2001). Soie et lumières: l'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon. p. 75.
  5. ^ Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-231-12340-2. OCLC 46731178
  6. ^ Rice, Daniel (2011). "The 'Uniform Rule' and its exceptions: a history of Congressional naturalization legislation" (PDF). Ozark Historical Review. 40. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 5, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
  7. ^ Kochhar, R. K. (1991). "French astronomers in India during the 17th –19th centuries". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 101 (2): 95–100. Bibcode:1991JBAA..101...95K.
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  12. ^ Coe, Brian (1978). Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940. London: Ash & Grant. ISBN 0-904069-24-9.
  13. ^ Ley, Willy (1959). Exotic Zoology. New York: Viking Press.
  14. ^ Philip James Bone (1914). The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers. Schott. p. 243.
  15. ^ William Henry Kautt; William Kautt (1999). The Anglo-Irish War, 1916-1921: A People's War. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-275-96311-8.
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  18. ^ Frank Marshall Borras (1967). Maxim Gorky, the Writer: An Interpretation. Oxford. p. ix.
  19. ^ E. J. Freeman (1995). Edmond Rostand, Cyrano de Bergerac. University of Glasgow French and German Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-85261-467-9.
  20. ^ Laura Paola Pellegrini (April 27, 2012). Le Fantôme de l'Opéra by Gaston Leroux: The novel's evolution and its theatrical and cinematic adaptations in the twentieth century. LED Edizioni Universitarie. p. 20. ISBN 978-88-7916-584-6.
  21. ^ Alexander Wasil Benko (1991). Emperor Alexander the First of Russia: A Sketch. A.W. Benko. p. 88.
  22. ^ Robert Falcon Scott. In the Hands of a Child. p. 7.
  23. ^ Douglas Percy Bliss (1978). Charles Rennie Mackintosh and Glasgow School of Art: Furniture in the School Collection. The School. p. 7.
  24. ^ Von Engel, A. (1957). "John Sealy Edward Townsend. 1868-1957". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 256–272. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0018. S2CID 186208966.
  25. ^ Rous, P. (1947). "Karl Landsteiner. 1868–1943". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 5 (15): 294–324. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1947.0002. JSTOR 769085. S2CID 161789667.
  26. ^ Fiery Ted: Anzac Commander by Michael Smith (2008, Christchurch NZ) ISBN 978-0-473-13363-4
  27. ^ Lamb, Gregory M. (July 5, 2005). "Before computers, there were these humans..." Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
  28. ^ Alan Myers (1995). Myers' Literary Guide: The North East. Mid Northumberland Arts Group. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-85754-199-1.
  29. ^ Nicholas Martin; Jasper Rees (May 5, 2016). Florence Foster Jenkins. Pan Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-5098-2469-4.
  30. ^ Paul Claudel (1964). The Correspondence, 1899-1926, Between Paul Claudel and André Gide. Beacon Press. p. 242.
  31. ^ Livro de Registo de Baptismos 1869 (folha 15 v.), Paróquia de Santa Maria do Castelo, Tavira - Arquivo Distrital de Faro
  32. ^ Born, Max, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, 1868–1951, Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society Volume 8, Number 21, pp. 274–296 (1952)
  33. ^ Goran, Morris (1967). The Story of Fritz Haber. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-8061-0756-1. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
  34. ^ Eleanor H Porter (September 2018). Pollyanna : Om Illustrated Classics. Om Books International. p. 117. ISBN 978-93-80070-87-2.
  35. ^ Alyn Shipton (February 21, 2002). Jazz Makers: Vanguards of Sound. Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-976130-2.
  36. ^ Gordon, Margaret Maria (1881). The home life of sir David Brewster. D. Douglas. pp. 231–236. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  37. ^ John Guy Porter; Patrick Moore (1967). Yearbook of Astronomy. W. W. Norton. p. 47.
  38. ^ William Harbutt Dawson (1888). German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle: A Biographical History of German Socialistic Movements During this Century. S. Sonnenschein. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-598-44389-2.
  39. ^ BBC Music Magazine. BBC Magazines. 2000. p. 45.
  40. ^ Edwin Legrand Sabin (January 1, 1935). Kit Carson Days, 1809-1868: Adventures in the Path of Empire. U of Nebraska Press. p. 800. ISBN 0-8032-9238-4.
  41. ^ The Statistician and Economist: 1st-23d Issue 1876-1905/06. L.P. McCarty. 1876. p. 133.
  42. ^ Franceschetti, Donald (1999). Biographical encyclopedia of mathematicians. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 377. ISBN 9780761470717.
  43. ^ Edward Ledger (1874). The Era Almanack, Dramatic & Musical. Era. p. 2.
  44. ^ Day, Lance (1996). Biographical dictionary of the history of technology. London New York: Routledge. p. 1345. ISBN 9781134650194.
  • "American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868". American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year. 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company: 14 v. 1871. hdl:2027/coo.31924106392040. + via Google Books
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