1795 in science

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The year 1795 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Astronomy

December 13 – A meteorite falls to Earth at Wold Newton, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, the first to be recognised in modern times.

The 18-year-old Carl Friedrich Gauss develops the basis for the method of least squares analysis.^[1]

The British Royal Navy makes the use of lemon juice mandatory to prevent scurvy, largely due to the influence of Gilbert Blane.^[2]

April 7 – The gram is decreed in France to be equal to "the absolute weight of a volume of water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of the metre, at the temperature of melting ice."^[3]

Georges Cuvier identifies the fossilised bones of a huge animal found in the Netherlands in 1770 as belonging to an extinct reptile.

November 30 – Joseph Bramah is granted a British patent for hydraulic machinery, notably the hydraulic press.^[4]

Johann Matthäus Bechstein publishes his treatise on songbirds Naturgeschichte der Stubenvögel ("Natural History of Cage Birds") in Gotha.
Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire publishes "Histoire des Makis, ou singes de Madagascar", introducing his theory of the unity of organic composition.

Leonhard Euler's Letters to a German Princess, On Different Subjects in Physics and Philosophy are first translated into English by Scottish minister Henry Hunter, targeted at women, whom Hunter felt Euler intended to educate.^[5]^[6]

January 21 – Samuel Wallis, English navigator (born 1728)
March 21 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist (born 1714)
May 6 – Pieter Boddaert, Dutch physician and naturalist (born 1730)
June 1 – Pierre-Joseph Desault, French anatomist and surgeon (born 1744)
June 9 – François Chopart, French surgeon (born 1743)
June 17 – Gilbert Romme, French politician and mathematician (born 1750)
June 18 – Marie Marguerite Bihéron, French anatomist (born 1719)
June 24 – William Smellie, Scottish naturalist and encyclopedist (born 1740)
July 3 – Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish explorer (born 1716)
August 14 – George Adams, English scientific instrument maker (born 1750)
October 1 – Robert Bakewell, English agriculturalist and geneticist (born 1725)
December 28 – Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian medical hygienist, lawyer and journalist (born 1747)

^ Not published until 1809.
^ Bown, Stephen R. (2003). Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail. Penguin Books Australia. p. 222.
^ "Decree on weights and measures". 1795. Archived from the original on 24 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008. Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure égal au cube de la centième partie du mètre , et à la température de la glace fondante
^ McNeill, Ian (1972). Hydraulic Power. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-12797-1.
^ Goodwin, Gordon (1891). "Hunter, Henry" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 28. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Klyve, Dominic (Spring 2011). "Euler's Letters to a German Princess:Betrayal and Translation" (PDF). Opusculum. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-21.
^ "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 21 July 2020.